semi final 3

7/31/2019 Semi Final 3

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STUDIES ONTREATMENT OF WASTEWATER BY

PHYTOREMEDATIONPROCESS

Submitted by- Sandip P. Ajmire , in partial fulfillment of the award of thedegree of Master of Technology in Environmental Engineering.


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MANOHARBHAI PATEL INSTITUTE OF

ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY GONDIA

Guided By

A.M. Deshpande

Asst. Prof. Civil Engineering

MIET Gondia


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INDEX

What is the Phytoremadation Importance of Plant to reduce pollution Technical terms of Phytoremadation

Advantage/Disadvantage of Phytoremadation Water pollution and Phytoremadation Plants for Phytoremadation Why Duckweed ?

Labortory setup Result Conclusion


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What is the Phytoremadation

Technology that use plants to cleanup contaminated sites.

Green technology that uses plantssystems for remediation and

restoration.


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Importance of Plant to reduce

pollution


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Importance of Plant to reduce pollution(contd.)

Recently researchers at theUniversity of

Florida have determined thata species offern, native to the south east,stores high concentrations ofarsenic in its fronds and stemsmore than 200 times theconcentration in the soil.


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Importance of Plant to reduce pollution (contd.)

1995, Sunflowers wereused in a pond near

Chernobyl approx. 1 weekthey had hyper accumulated

several thousand times theconcentration of cesiumand strontium.


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The Yale University team haspublished its findings in the

article Biodegradation ofPolyester Polyurethane byEndophytic Fungi for the

Applied and EnvironmentalMicrobiology journal.


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A team from Yale University has founda fungus that could be used to breakdown certain kinds of plastic, raisinghopes more could be discovered in thefuture.

However, U.S. researchers now believe

that a fungus could be used to breakdown plastic, and so rescue the worldfrom one of its biggest man-made

environmental threats.


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PHTOREMEDATION

ORGANICMETAL


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METAL ORGANIC

METAL METAL

PHYTOEXTRACTION

RHIZOFILTRATION

PHYTOSTABILIZATION

PHYTODEGRADATION

RHIZODEGRADATION

PHYTOVOLATILISATION


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Technical terms of Phytoremadation(Contd.)

Phytoextraction(Phytoaccumulation)


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Phytoextraction(contd.)

Uptake of chemicalby the plant.Works well on metals

such as lead,cadmium,copper, nickel etc.

Detroit leadcontaminated site wasremoved with

Sunflower and

Indian Mustard.


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Rhizofiltration

Rhizofiltration is similar in concept of

Phytoextraction but is concerned with the

remadation of contaminated ground water

rather than the remediation of polluted soil.Roots uptake polluted water and

contaminants along with it.


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Phyto-stabilization


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Phyto-stabilization(Contd.) Vegetation holds contaminated soils in

place root system and low growingvegetation prevent mechanicaltransportation of pollutants from windand erosion.

Trees transpire large quantities of water(more than 15 gal/day) so pumping actionprevents contaminants from migration intothe water table.


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PHYTODEGRADATION


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PHYTODEGRADATION

Phytodegradation or breakdown oforganic contaminants by internal andexternal Metabolic processes

hydrolyses.Organic compounds into smaller units

that can be absorbed by the plants.Some contaminants can be absorbed bythe plant & are then broken down byplant enzymes.


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PHYTODEGRADATION (Contd.)

These smaller pollutant moleculesmay then be used by plant as it grows,thus becoming incorporated into the

plant tissues. Plant enzymes have been identified

that breakdown ammunition wastes,chlorinated solvents such as TEC(Trichloroethane ) & others whichdegrades organic herbicides.


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RHIZODEGRADATION


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RHIZODEGRADATION(CONTD.)

Rhizo- degredation is break down oforganic contaminants in the soil by soildwelling microbes which is by rhizo-

spheres presence. Certain soil dwellingmicrobes digest organic pollutants suchas fuels and solvents, producing

harmless products through a processknown as Bio-remediation.


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PHYTOVOLATILISATION


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PHYTOVOLATILISATION(Contd.)

PHYTOVOLATILISATIONis the process where plants uptakecontaminants which are water soluble

and release them into atmosphere asthey transpire the water.The contaminant may become modified

along the way, as the water travelsalong the plants vascular system fromthe roots to the leaves, wherebycontaminants evaporateor volatilize

into the air surrounding the plant.


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Advantages Of Phytoremedition Cost effective when compared to other moreconventional methods.

Nature method, more aesthetically pleasing, minimal landdisturbance.

It is more economically viable using the same tools and supplies asagriculture.

It is less disruptive to the environment and does not involve waitingfor new plant communities to recolonise the site.

Disposal sites are not needed.

It is more likely to be accepted by the public as it is more

aesthetically pleasing then traditional methods.

It avoids excavation and transport of polluted media thus reducingthe risk of spreading the contamination.

It has the potential to treat sites polluted with more than one typeof pollutent


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DisadvantagesofPhytoremediation

It is dependant on the growing conditions required by theplant (i.e. climate, geology, altitude, temperature).

Slow rate and difficult to achieve acceptable levels ofdecontamination.

Potential phase transfer of contaminant. Possibility of contaminated plants entering the food chain. Possible spread of contaminant through falling leaves. Trees and plants require care. Success is dependant on the tolerance of the plant to the

pollutant. Large scale operations require access to agricultural

equipment and knowledge.

Contaminant solubility may be increased leading to greaterenvironmental damage and the possibility of leaching.


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OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT

1. Identification of plants & micro-aquatic plantfor removal of municipal waste water.2. Fabrication of experimental setup.

3. Fabrication of laboratory setup.4. Conducting batch studies for the removal ofpollutants from municipal waste water.5. Conducting batch studies to find optimum

operating condition of various parameters.


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CONVETINOL Vs PHYTOREMEDATION

CONVENTIAL METHOD

Mechanical means are needed.

For secondary or tertiarytreatment of waste water isnecessary.

Needs very much cost to reachStandards for deposal.

Land for disposal is needed.

PHYTOREMEDATION METHOD Mechanical means are not

needed.

For secondary or tertiarytreatment of waste water is notnecessary.

0.05 $/m3 needs to reachStandards for deposal.

Land for disposal is not needed.

Multiple contaminantscan be removed withthe same plant.


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Aquatic plants for wastewatertreatment

Aquatic plants are chosen for absorb particular

nutrient and to remove pathogens, metals and

other contaminants from wastewater.

Aquatic plants have been shown to be very

effective as a secondary or tertiary state for

water treatment and nutrient removal.

A B C


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Scirpus lacustris

Egeria densa

A B C

choenoplectus lacustris

Phragmites australis

Typha capensis

Elodea nuttallii

AlgaeMyriphyllumaquaticum

Spirodela polyrhiza

Pistia stratiotes

Salvinia rotundifolia

Lemna

LagorosiphonMajor

Typha latifolia

Canna flaccida

Scirpus robustus

Scirpus pungens

Glyceria maxima

o
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2Bdomingensis%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG%26um%3D1http://images.google.com.my/imgres?imgurl=http://siera104.com/images/bio/ecology/Phragmites%2520australis16-05-04.jpg&imgrefurl=http://siera104.com/bio/ecotrip.html&usg=__wE09B1rot6rd77PFM9l34SjqSus=&h=640&w=480&sz=85&hl=en&start=4&um=1&tbnid=bTB_PjtZpRKNRM:&tbnh=137&tbnw=103&prev=/images%3Fq%3DPhragmites%2Baurtralis%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG%26um%3D1http://www.floracyberia.net/spermatophyta/angiospermae/monocotyledoneae/cyperaceae/schoenoplectus_lacustris.jpghttp://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/aquariumplants2/Aquarium_&_Pond_Plants_of_the_World/key/Aquarium_&_Pond_Plants/Media/Images/salvinia_rotundi_lge.jpghttp://images.google.com.my/imgres?imgurl=http://www.akvaryumdoktoru.com/akvaryum/files/images/e_densa.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.akvaryumdoktoru.com/akvaryum/egeria-densaanacharis-elodea%3Fsort%3Dasc%26order%3DKa%25C3%25A7%2Bkere%2BBak%25C4%25B1ld%25C4%25B1&usg=__fpmvW4SSOG4sL5C-q9DBFAb8qbA=&h=328&w=300&sz=42&hl=en&start=2&um=1&tbnid=E7Ucd8sCU12WnM:&tbnh=118&tbnw=108&prev=/images%3Fq%3DEgeria%2Bdensa%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG%26um%3D1http://images.google.com.my/imgres?imgurl=http://www.afloredeau.fr/plantes/images/scirpus%2520lacustris%2520marca.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.afloredeau.fr/plantes/images/&usg=__lZDAVX9wneQFuI6Rl1bZc6o8rmk=&h=1333&w=1000&sz=762&hl=en&start=5&um=1&tbnid=QnAmIjH-tIPgLM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=113&prev=/images%3Fq%3DScirpus%2Blacustris%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG%26um%3D1


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Constructed wetlands or phytoremediation:This is a technology for treating wastewater. A constructed wetland consists of a

gravel bed on which suitable wetland plants are grown. As water passes through

the substrate, it is purified through the activity of bacteria attached to the gravel,

plant roots, soil and other particles.


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The Yale University team

has published its findings in

the article Biodegradation of

Polyester Polyurethane by

Endophytic Fungi for the

Applied and Environmental

Microbiology journal.


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A team from Yale University has found

a fungus that could be used to break

down certain kinds of plastic, raisinghopes more could be discovered in the

future

However, U.S. researchers now believethat a fungus could be used to break

down plastic, and so rescue the world

from one of its biggest man-madeenvironmental threats.


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Lemna gives aesthetically pleasing, minimal land disturbance

PHYTOREMEDATION


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Lab Mechanisms

Continues Type Laboratory Experiment


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Floating-leaved

(Nymphaea odorata)

Submerged

(Hydrilla verticillata)

Emergent

(Panicum hemitomon)


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Azolla caroliniana


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Azolla caroliniana

How does it work?


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How does it work?

- Plants in conjunction with bacteria and fungi

in the rhizosphere transform, transport or store harmful

chemicals.

- Plants attributes make them good candidates

root system surface area to absorb substances andefficient mechanisms to accumulate water, nutrientsand minerals.

selectively take up ions

developed diversity and adaptivity to tolerate highlevels of metals and other pollutants.


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M h isms


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Mechanisms

Phytotransformation/Phytodegradation

pollutant is taken up by the plant andtransformed in plant tissue (to be effective

must be transformed to a less toxic form).

Trichloroethylene (TCE), a prevalent groundwater contaminant, transformed to less toxic

metabolites by using hybrid poplar tree.


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Phytoextraction


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Phytoextraction

Uptake of chemical by the plant.

Works well on metals such as lead, cadmium,

copper, nickel etc.

Detroit lead contaminated site was removed with

Sunflower and Indian Mustard.

-


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recently researchers at the Universityof

Florida have determined that aspecies offern, native to the south east, storeshigh concentrations of arsenic in its

fronds and stems more than 200times the concentration in the soil.


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Phytostabilization

Vegetation holds contaminated soils in place- root system and low growing vegetation

prevent mechanical transportation of pollutants

from wind and erosion.- Trees transpire large quantities of water

(more than 15 gal/day) so pumping action

prevents contaminants from migration into the

water table.

Rhi fil i


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Rhizofiltration

Use the extensive root system of plants as a

filter.

1995, Sunflowers were used in a pond nearChernobyl

- approx. 1 week they had hyperaccumulatedseveral thousand times the concentration of

cesium and strontium.

- hyperaccumulation can contain 100 times ormore of contaminant than normal plant.


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Rhizosphere Bioremediation

- Increase soil organic carbon, bacteria, andmycorrhizal fungi, all factors that

encourage degradation of organic chemical

in soil.- The number of beneficial bacteria increased

in the root zone of hybrid poplar trees and

enhanced the degradation of BTEX,organic chemical, in soil.

Aquatic plant for waste water


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Aquatic plant for waste watertreatment

Water Lily has an extensive root system with rapid

growth rates, but is sensitive to cold temp, it is an idealplant for water treatment in warm climates.

Duckweed (Lemma spp.) has greater cold tolerance and a

good capacity for nutrient absorption.

Penny wort (Hydrocotyl spp) is relatively cold tolerant

with a very good capacity for nutrient uptake.

Water hyacint uptake of heavy metal eg.,Pb,Cu,Cd,Hg

from contaminated water.


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Contaminant removal mechanisms

Physical Chemical Biological

Sedimentation Precipitation Bacterial metabolism

Filtration Adsorption Plant metabolism

Adsorption Hydrolysis reaction Plant absorption

Volatilization Oxidation reaction Natural die-off


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Rhizofiltration

Applicability

A suitable plant for rhizofiltration applications canremove toxic metals from solution over an extendedperiod of time with its rapid-growth root system.Various plant species have been found to effectivelyremove toxic metals. Low level radioactivecontaminants also can be removed from liquid

streams.

Rhizofiltration (cont.)


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f ( )

LimitationsRhizofiltration is particularly effective in applications

where low concentrations and large volumes of waterare involved.

Data Requirements- Depth of contamination,

- Types of heavy metal present,- Level of contamination must be determined and

monitored.

- Vegetation should be aquatic, emergent, or

submergent plants.

- Hydraulic detention time and sorption by the plant

roots must be considered for a successful design.

Rhizofiltration (cont )


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Rhizofiltration (cont.) Other factors that should be considered

- Potential of failure modes and contigenciesRhizofiltration may not succeed for a number of reasons,

including mortality of plants for reasons such as

management, weather extremes, soil conditions or pest.

- Field studies

Field studies are required before full-scale application.Specific information include rates of remediation, irrigation

requirements, rates of soil amendments, and plant selection.

Formulating clear objectives, appropriate treatments,

experimental units and planning are important considerations in fieldstudies.

- Economic

This technique should be less cost than traditional technologies such

as excavation, thermal desorption, landfilling etc.


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Why Duckweed: (Lemna)

A small, floating aquaticplant that forms a solidcover on the surface offreshwater ponds,

marshes, lakes and quietstreams

Very important in theaquatic ecosystem as an

essential link in the foodchain. Eaten by fish

birds (ducks, herons)


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Shades extensive areas of a pond,reducing algae growth

Good for bioremediation projects

Ability to take out nitrogen and phosphorus

from water

Useful as a water crop

as a source of food for animals and poultry


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Structure of Duckweed

Leaves and stems

merge in a common

structure called a

frondorthallus Has one root

Fronds have 3 veins

Air spaces help the

plant to float


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Reproduction Reproduction is asexual

Vegetative reproduction

Unlike the leaves of more ordinary plants, eachduckweed frond contains buds from which morefronds may grow.

Until they mature, daughter fronds remain attachto the parent frond

Rapidly growing plants can have 3-4 attachedfronds


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How do Duckweed Survive?

Autotrophic

Make their own food

through

photosynthesis

Require sunlight

Require nutrients

Phosphorous,

nitrogen, otherminerals

Need space to grow

W t Q lit R lt


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Water Quality Results

Average for total dissolved solids

Average for chlorine and sulfates

Average for specific conductance

Zero positive for coliform Zero positive for

fecal bacteria

Zero positive fore.coli

Negative for lead Negative for copper


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Conclusion

Although much remains to be studied,phytoremediation will clearly play somerole in the stabilization and remediation

of many contaminated sites. The mainfactor driving the implementation ofphytoremediation projects are low costswith significant improvements in siteaesthetics and the potential forecosystem restoration.


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semi final 3

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