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STUDIES ONTREATMENT OF WASTEWATER BY

PHYTOREMEDATIONPROCESS

Submitted by- Sandip P. Ajmire , in partial fulfillment of the award of thedegree of Master of Technology in Environmental Engineering.


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MANOHARBHAI PATEL INSTITUTE OF

ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY GONDIA

Guided By

A.M. Deshpande

Asst. Prof. Civil Engineering

MIET Gondia


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MANOHARBHAI PATEL INSTITUTE OF

ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY GONDIA

A.L.Nashine

AssociateProf. &Head of

Department

Civil Engg.

MIET Gondia

D.K. Mishra

Associate Prof.

& P.G.Co-Ordinator

Dept. of Civil

Engg. MIET

Gondia

Dr. S.S.RathorePrincipalMIET,Gondia


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INDEX

What is the Phytoremadation Importance of Plant to reduce pollution Technical terms of Phytoremadation

Advantage/Disadvantage of Phytoremadation Water pollution and Phytoremadation Plants for Phytoremadation Why Duckweed ?

Labortory setup Result Conclusion


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What is the Phytoremadation

Technology that use plants to cleanup contaminated sites.

Green technology that uses plantssystems for remediation and

restoration.


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Importance of Plant to reduce

pollution


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Importance of Plant to reduce pollution(contd.)

Recently research at TheUniversity of Florida have

determined that a species offern, native to South eaststores high concentration ofarsenic in its fronds And stemsmore than 200 times the

concentration in the soil.


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Importance of Plant to reduce pollution (contd.)

1995, Sunflowers wereused in a pond near

Chernobyl approx. 1 weekthey had hyper accumulated

several thousand times theconcentration of cesiumand strontium.


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The Yale University team haspublished its findings in the

article Biodegradation ofPolyester Polyurethane byEndophytic Fungi for the

Applied and EnvironmentalMicrobiology journal.


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A team from Yale University has founda fungus that could be used to breakdown certain kinds of plastic, raisinghopes more could be discovered in thefuture.

However, U.S. researchers now believe

that a fungus could be used to breakdown plastic, and so rescue the worldfrom one of its biggest man-made

environmental threats.


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PHYTOREMEDATION

ORGANICMETAL


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METAL ORGANIC

METAL METAL

PHYTOEXTRACTION

RHIZOFILTRATION

PHYTOSTABILIZATION

PHYTODEGRADATION

RHIZODEGRADATION

PHYTOVOLATILISATION


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Technical terms of Phytoremadation(Contd.)

Phytoextraction(Phytoaccumulation)

Ph i ( d )


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Phytoextraction(contd.)


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Phytoextraction(contd.)

Uptake of chemical by the plant.

Works well on metals such as lead, cadmium,

copper, nickel etc.

Detroit lead contaminated site was removed with

Sunflower and Indian Mustard.

-


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Rhizofiltration


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Rhizofiltration (CONTD)

Rhizofiltration is similar inconcept of Phytoextraction but

is concerned with theremadation of contaminatedground water rather than the

remediation of polluted soil.Roots uptake polluted water andcontaminants along with it.


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Phyto-stabilization


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Phyto-stabilization(Contd.) Vegetation holds contaminated soils in

place root system and low growingvegetation prevent mechanicaltransportation of pollutants from windand erosion.

Trees transpire large quantities of water(more than 15 gal/day) so pumping actionprevents contaminants from migration intothe water table.


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PHYTODEGRADATION


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PHYTODEGRADATION(contd.)

Phytodegradation or breakdown oforganic contaminants by internal andexternal Metabolic processes

hydrolyses.Organic compounds into smaller units

that can be absorbed by the plants.Some contaminants can be absorbed bythe plant & are then broken down byplant enzymes.


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PHYTODEGRADATION (Contd.)

These smaller pollutant moleculesmay then be used by plant as it grows,thus becoming incorporated into the

plant tissues. Plant enzymes have been identified

that breakdown ammunition wastes,chlorinated solvents such as TEC(Trichloroethane ) & others whichdegrades organic herbicides.


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RHIZODEGRADATION


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RHIZODEGRADATION(CONTD.)

Rhizo- degredation is break down oforganic contaminants in the soil by soildwelling microbes which is by rhizo-

spheres presence. Certain soil dwellingmicrobes digest organic pollutants suchas fuels and solvents, producing

harmless products through a processknown as Bio-remediation.


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PHYTOVOLATILISATION


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PHYTOVOLATILISATION(Contd.)

PHYTOVOLATILISATIONis the process where plants uptakecontaminants which are water soluble

and release them into atmosphere asthey transpire the water.The contaminant may become modified

along the way, as the water travelsalong the plants vascular system fromthe roots to the leaves, wherebycontaminants evaporateor volatilize

into the air surrounding the plant.


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Advantages Of Phytoremedition Cost effective when compared to other moreconventional methods.

Nature method, more aesthetically pleasing, minimal landdisturbance.

It is more economically viable using the same tools and supplies asagriculture.

It is less disruptive to the environment and does not involve waitingfor new plant communities to recolonise the site.

Disposal sites are not needed.

It is more likely to be accepted by the public as it is more

aesthetically pleasing then traditional methods.

It avoids excavation and transport of polluted media thus reducingthe risk of spreading the contamination.

It has the potential to treat sites polluted with more than one typeof pollutent

Advanta es Of Phytoremedition


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Advantages Of Phytoremedition

Cost effective when compared to other moreconventional methods.

Nature method, more aestheticallypleasing, minimal land disturbance.

It is more economically viable using thesame tools and supplies as agriculture.

It is less disruptive to the environment anddoes not involve waiting for new plantcommunities to recolonise the site.


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Advantages Of Phytoremedition(Contd,)

Disposal sites are not needed.

It is more likely to be accepted by the public asit is more aesthetically pleasing then traditional

methods.

It avoids excavation and transport of pollutedmedia thus reducing the risk of spreading the

contamination.

It has the potential to treat sites polluted withmore than one type of pollutent


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DisadvantagesofPhytoremediation

It is dependant on the growing conditions required by theplant (i.e. climate, geology, altitude, temperature). Slow rate and difficult to achieve acceptable levels of

decontamination. Potential phase transfer of contaminant. Possibility of contaminated plants entering the food chain. Possible spread of contaminant through falling leaves. Trees and plants require care. Success is dependant on the tolerance of the plant to the

pollutant. Large scale operations require access to agricultural

equipment and knowledge.

Contaminant solubility may be increased leading to greaterenvironmental damage and the possibility of leaching.


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DisadvantagesofPhytoremediation

It is dependant on the growing conditionsrequired by the plant (i.e. climate, geology,altitude, temperature).

Slow rate and difficult to achieve

acceptable levels of decontamination. Potential phase transfer of contaminant.

Possibility of contaminated plants enteringthe food chain.

Possible spread of contaminant throughfalling leaves.


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DisadvantagesofPhytoremediation(Contd)

Trees and plants require care.

Success is dependant on the tolerance ofthe plant to the pollutant.

Large scale operations require access toagricultural equipment and knowledge.

Contaminant solubility may be increasedleading to greater environmental damageand the possibility of leaching.


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Water pollution and Phytoremadation

Aquatic plants are chosen for absorbparticular nutrient and to removepathogens, metals and other contaminants

from wastewater.

Aquatic plants have been shown to be very

effective as a secondary or tertiary statefor water treatment and nutrient removal.


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Plants for Phytoremadation

Floating-leaved(Nymphaea odorata)

Submerged(Hydrillaverticillata)

Emergent(Panicum hemitomon)


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Aquatic plants for wastewatertreatment

Aquatic plants are chosen for absorb particular

nutrient and to remove pathogens, metals and

other contaminants from wastewater.

Aquatic plants have been shown to be very

effective as a secondary or tertiary state for

water treatment and nutrient removal.

Aquatic plant for waste water


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Aquatic plant for waste watertreatment

Water Lily has an extensive root system with rapid

growth rates, but is sensitive to cold temp, it is an idealplant for water treatment in warm climates.

Duckweed (Lemma spp.) has greater cold tolerance and a

good capacity for nutrient absorption.

Penny wort (Hydrocotyl spp) is relatively cold tolerant

with a very good capacity for nutrient uptake.

Water hyacint uptake of heavy metal eg.,Pb,Cu,Cd,Hg

from contaminated water.


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OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT

1. Identification of plants & micro-aquatic plant for removal of municipal

waste water.2. Fabrication of experimental &laboratory setup.

3. Conducting batch studies for theremoval of pollutants from municipalwaste water & find optimum operating

condition of various parameters.


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Constructed wetlands or phytoremediation:This is a technology for treating wastewater. A

constructed wetland consists of a gravel bed onwhich suitable wetland plants are grown. As waterpasses through the substrate, it is purified throughthe activity of bacteria attached to the gravel, plant

roots, soil and other particles.


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Why Duckweed: (Lemna)

A small, floating aquaticplant that forms a solidcover on the surface offreshwater ponds,

marshes, lakes andquiet streams

Very important in theaquatic ecosystem as

an essential link in thefood chain. Eaten by fish

birds (ducks, herons)


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Why Duckweed: (Lemna)(contd)

It is used for bothremediation i.e. metal &organicIt is also used forremediation of radio-active substance.


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Lemna gives aesthetically pleasing, minimal land disturbance

PHYTOREMEDATION


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Lab Mechanisms

Continues Type Laboratory Experiment


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Batch Study


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Shades extensive areas of a pond,reducing algae growth

Good for bioremediation projects

Ability to take out nitrogen and phosphorusfrom water

Useful as a water crop

as a source of food for animals and poultry


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Structure of Duckweed

Leaves and stems

merge in a common

structure called a

frondorthallus Has one root

Fronds have 3 veins

Air spaces help the

plant to float


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Reproduction Reproduction is asexual

Vegetative reproduction

Unlike the leaves of more ordinary plants,each duckweed frond contains buds fromwhich more fronds may grow.

Until they mature, daughter fronds remainattach to the parent frond

Rapidly growing plants can have 3-4attached fronds


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How do Duckweed Survive?

Autotrophic

Make their own foodthroughphotosynthesis

Require sunlight

Require nutrients

Phosphorous,

nitrogen, otherminerals

Need space to grow


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Water Quality Results

Average for total dissolved solids

Average for chlorine and sulfates

Average for specific conductance

Zero positive for coliform Zero positive for

fecal bacteria

Zero positive fore.coli

Negative for lead

Negative for copper

R lt


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Result


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0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Ini.Conc 2nd Day 4Th Day 6Th Day 8th Day

Phosphorus

O'Phosphate

Phosphate

Ammonia

Nitrate


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Conclusion

Although much remains to be studied,phytoremediation will clearly play somerole in the stabilization and remediation

of many contaminated sites. The mainfactor driving the implementation ofphytoremediation projects are low costswith significant improvements in siteaesthetics and the potential forecosystem restoration.

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