services from the sea surface to the reservoir

DnV SERVIng THE EnERgy InDUSTRymanaging deep and ultra-deepwater technology

eXpand inTo deeper waTer

The power To

DNV maiN NoN-classificatioN serVices withiN Deepwater techNology

Verification/certificationSHE risk managementTechnology qualification (TQ)

Asset risk management (ARM)Enterprise risk management (ERM)

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coNteNts

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04 The global picture06 On the sea surface08 From the sea surface to the seabed10 On and below the seabed

12 Drilling and wells13 Materials and DnV offshore codes14 Main services

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The era of ‘easy oil’ is over. Operators are moving into more remote and deepwater areas to explore and produce oil and gas. DnV has been involved with offshore technology over the last 40 years and serviced the operators and contractors into deep and ultra-deep waters.

This brochure presents some of DnV experiences and services within the field of deepwater technology.

The power To eXpand inTo deeper waTer

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The Global picTure

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VerIfIcatIon and certIfIcatIonWe ensure your projects are properly managed through transparent risk based verification and certification.

SHe rISk ManageMentWe develop, implement, maintain and continuously improve the best practices in SHE management.

tecHnology QualIfIcatIonWe provide you with the confidence that your technology will function reliably.

aSSet rISk ManageMentWe safeguard integrity and maintain optimal production safely and cost-efficiently.

enterprISe rISk ManageMentWe provide a complete view of your organisations total risk exposure and manage these risks in an integrated way.

typIcal water deptH defInItIonS:Shallow water: 0 – 150 m Deep water: 150 – 1500 m Ultra deep water: beyond 1500 m

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metoceaNAdequate modelling of environmental conditions is vital when assessing the integrity of offshore structures. Uncertainties in wave, wind and cur-rent conditions govern the applied loads and may well be more important than the corresponding uncertainties in the capacity of an offshore structure.

The modelling of waves, wind and current has been an important part of DNV services for several decades. Some important projects in the past have been “Ocean Research Design Criteria” for Conoco, “Norwegian Ocean Current Data Analysis Project (NOCDAP)” for Exxon, and verifica-tion of the wave conditions at Ekofisk for Phillips. In Fig. 1 a typical Hs/Tp contour plot is shown.

DNV has extensive project experience in analysis of measured data and hind-cast data for specific locations. Independent analysis and verification of environmental design bases have been performed for several areas.

hyDroDyNamics When dealing with deepwater technol-ogy the floater is an integral part of a dynamic system that includes the mooring, tendons, risers, umbilicals, and other fluid transfer lines con-nected to the floater via other nearby structures/floaters.

A hydrodynamic analysis is usually the starting effort, either as a simple fre-quency domain analysis, or a more advanced, time domain, coupled analysis.

For generation of hydrodynamic mod-els the DNV Software suite of programs are utilised and models may include:

Traditional WADAM panel model of a floater with focus on 1. order wave frequent and 2. order drift forces (difference frequency).Panel (1/4) model of a TLP with associated surface mesh for analysis of 2. order sumfrequency forces (springing). See Fig.2.Panel model with surface mesh for time-domain analysis using WASIM with consistent treatment/analysis of hydrostatics during a wave cycle.

Relevant DNV codes:DNV-RP-C205, Environmental Conditions and Environmental Loads.DNV-RP-F205, Global Performance Analysis of Deepwater Floating Structures.DNV-OS-F201 Dynamic Risers.

global performaNce The slender structures and the floater comprise an integrated dynamic sys-tem. This implies that the slender structures influence the floater motions, and the floater motions influ-ence the response in the slender structures.

The motion response characteristics of a floater is usually described by three components:

The mean offset which is governed by the mean environmental loading due to wind, waves and current and the total system restoring character-istics.

The low frequency (LF) response is due to dynamic excitation from wind and wave drift forces. The wave frequency (WF) loading due to 1. order wave forces.

Examples of global performance analyses:

Coupled analysis model of a GoM Truss Spar with, mooring lines, top tensioned risers (TTRs) and steel catenary risers (SCRs). The TTRs are simulated with advanced stick/slip modelling. See Fig.3.Multibody simulations of a FPSO with mooring lines and SCRs and transfer lines over to a TLP with TTRs and tendons. This could be simulated with, or without hydrody-namic interaction.

More peculiar TLP responses like ring-ing and springing are usually denoted high frequency (HF) responses. These HF responses requires special type of higher order analyses.

Relevant DNV code:DNV-RP-F205, Global Performance Analysis of Deepwater Floating Structures.

mariNe operatioNsDNV has over 30 years experience in delivering verification work and war-ranty approval to the offshore industry.

History tells that major offshore acci-dents occur due to the fact that certain areas have not received proper atten-tion. The verification carried out has been satisfactory, but undefined grey areas between the different parties

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on The sea surface

involved have not been handled satis-factorily, or in many cases, at all. This emphasises the importance of continu-ity between the different stages of design, construction, installation and in-service operation and calls for an integrated approach, not fragmented verification carried out by different bodies. DNV provides independent assessments, verification, or approval

services for complete operations, or elements thereof. Example in Fig. 4 shows a template installation where independent CFD simulations (1/2 model) have been performed using the software COMFLOW.

Relevant DNV codes:DNV Rules for Planning and Execution of Marine Operations

DNV-RP-H101 Risk Management in Marine and Subsea OperationsDNV-RP-H102 Marine Operations during Removal of Offshore InstallationsDNV-RP-H103 Modelling and Analysis of Marine Operations.

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mooriNg systems Within DNV, the typical mooring ser-vices comprise classification, certifica-tion, verification, testing, execution of JIPs, research on mooring materials and components as well as consultancy services and independent analyses. Fig.1 shows testing of a fiber rope for a GoM installation.

Classification of mooring systems mainly according to DNV’s own stand-ard, or other internationally recog-nised standards.

Mooring analysis calculations maycomprise:

line tensions under extreme conditionsanalysis of marine operationsfatigue calculationsstructural reliability calculationsdimensioning and material selection.

Relevant DNV codes:DNV-OS-E301, Position MooringDNV-OS-E302, Offshore Mooring ChainDNV-OS-E303, Offshore Mooring Fibre RopesDNV-OS-E304, Offshore Mooring Steel Wire RopesDNV-RP-E304, Damage Assessment of Fibre Ropes for Offshore Mooring.

riser systemsServices related to metallic as well as flexible risers are part of DNV’s core services and are provided at all our major offices around the world. The

services are mainly focused on verifica-tion, certification and consultancy services. Design of dynamic riser sys-tems rely heavily on being able to ana-lyse these systems and DNV is regarded as being at the forefront of this. Our key software for these type of analyses are DeepC, which include the Marintek developed software RIFLEX and SIMO.

Project examples shown comprise:Inspection of flexible risers and umbilicals hung off from a semi submersible in the North Sea. See Fig.2.Riser and umbilical interference. See Fig.3.

Relevant DNV codes:DNV-OSS-302, Offshore Riser SystemsDNV-OS-F201, Dynamic RisersDNV-RP-F201, Design of Titanium RisersDNV-RP-F202, Composite RisersDNV-RP-F203, Riser InterferenceDNV-RP-F204, Riser Fatigue DNV-RP-F206, Riser Integrity Management.

Fatigue is usually one of the critical failure modes for dynamic riser systems and for SCRs the critical areas are hang off and touch down (TD). DNV has put a lot of effort into refined analyses of these high stress areas.

For riser systems the knowledge and experience management throughout the life cycle is crucial to ensure risers are:

managed cost effectively and safely,reliable and available, and that due focus is given to personnel, assets, operations and the environment.

Umbilicals Over the last decade DNV has been heavily involved with umbilicals. Our services and involvements have evolved from traditional verification and certifi-cation services to advanced analyses of this special type of product. Umbilicals are considered a highly multidiscipline type of product requiring a complex risk/reliability assessment (e.g. need for redundant functional lines). Usually there will be tailor made solu-tions with novel aspects involved and it can be argued that there is a general lack of industry accepted acceptance criteria (e.g applicable SN curves, or other material qualifications).

Umbilicals are light-weight structures and hence often challenges global design/analysis as well as stresscalculations (fatigue analyses).

The figures 4 and 5 shows:Typical umbilical cross-sectional design.Analytical model for fatigue stress calculation in helix elements using the DNV software HELICA.

from The sea surface To The seabed

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sUbsea strUctUres aND systems DNV performs technology qualifica-tion, quality surveillance, verification, technical risk management, in-service and failure investigation services for subsea systems and components, such as:

x-mas trees and wellhead systemsmanifold systems with supporting and protective structuresPLETS, PLEMS, jumpers, and pilestie in and connection systemspipeline and flowline repair systemssubsea boosting and subsea separa-tion systemssystems for prevention of corrosion, hydrate and wax formation.

Concept design/engineering/modelling:

RISK (from identification to management)installation and operation proce-dures and pitfallswicked problemsconcept engineeringbenchmarking/best practices/joint industry projectsevaluation of alternativesgap analysisdocumentation.

Package solutions:concept design/high-end analysissystem evaluationspecifications SIT/FATHAZOP/HAZIDinstallationspare part philosophyintegrity management

operating manuals and system-wide procedures.

Relevant DNV codes:DNV-OSS-306 Verfification of Subsea FacilitiesDNV-RP-C204 Design against Accidental LoadsDNV-RP-F112 Design of Duplex Stainless Steel Subsea Equipment Exposed to Cathodic ProtectionDNV-RP-F301 Subsea Separator Structural DesignDNV-RP-F302 Selection and Use of Subsea Leak Detection SystemsDNV-RP-O401 Safety and Reliability of Subsea SystemsDNV-RP-O501 Erosive Wear in Piping Systems.

geotechNicalDNV foundations take the structures down to the ground. See Fig.1, provid-ing an overview of services.

Our services involves soil interpretations and soil structure interaction analyses mainly within anchors, subsea struc-tures, pipelines, jackets, jack-ups, GBS, wind turbines, and ports and terminals. Our services are related to classification, verification and consultancy.

Relevant tools:PLAXIS 2D and 3DFlac2D and Flac3DABAQUSSPLICESHAKEGRLWEAPDIGIN (fluke anchors)IMPACT, LACSAC, ROTSTAB

DROPIN (Torpedo piles).

Relevant DNV codes:DNV RP-E301 Design and Installation of Fluke Anchors in ClayDNV RP-E302 Design and Instal-lation of Plate Anchors in ClayDNV Classification Notes 30.4 “Foundations” DNV-OS-C101 Design of offshore steel structures DNV-OS-E301 Position MooringDNV-OS-F101 Submarine Pipeline Systems.

pipeliNesA pipeline system is a significant finan-cial investment and forms a key ele-ment of the oil and gas value chain. The vast number of both planned and installed pipelines puts increasing focus on asset integrity management and life extension. From well to shore, concept to operation, internal flow to external threat, ensuring that each pipeline is designed, fabricated and operated in a safe, reliable and cost-effective manner involves many profes-sional disciplines. DNV offers the full range of services for all phases of off-shore pipeline systems – such as design, manufacturing, installation, testing, operation and abandonment services. See Fig.2.

For our customers, DNV has developed new pipeline training programmes covering all aspects of pipeline tech-nology from concept to operation.

DNV’s first submarine pipeline code was issued in 1976. Since then, DNV,

on and below The seabed

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together with the pipeline industry, have created a series of internationally recognised standards and recom-mended practices.

Relevant DNV codes:OSS-301–Certification and Verification of PipelinesOSS-313–Pipe Mill and Coating Yard QualificationOS-F101–Submarine Pipeline SystemsRP-F101–Corroded PipelinesRP-F102–Pipeline Field Joint Coating and Field Repair of LinepipeRP-F103–Cathodic Protection of Submarine Pipelines by Galvanic Anodes RP-F105–Free Spanning PipelinesRP-F106–Factory Pipeline External

Pipeline Coatings for Corrosion ControlRP-F107–Risk Assessment of Pipeline ProtectionRP-F108 – Fracture Control of Pipeline Installation Methods Introducing Cyclic Plastic StrainRP-F109–On Bottom Stability design of submarine Pipelines

RP-F110–Global Buckling of Submarine Pipelines Structural design due to HPHTRP-F113–Pipeline Subsea RepairRP-F116–Integrity Management of Submarine Pipeline SystemsRP-F118–Pipe Girth Weld AUT Qualification.

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DrilliNg aND wellsDNV is offering services towards the development of drilling and well sys-tems. These services includes verifica-tion of drilling systems, recertification of BOPs and well control systems, qualification of new technologies for drilling and wells and also by perform-ing reliability studies and concept evaluations of well completion systems, smart well solutions and subsea systems.

strUctUral well iNtegrityDNV is presently running a joint indus-

try project (JIP) to develop improved methodology for wellhead fatigue calculations, ultimate and accidental structural capacity and integrity management.

We also perform structural analysis of wellhead systems and dynamic analysis of riser tension systems. Fig. 1 and 2 shows a typical analytical model of a riser system with tensioner/floater interface and global and local soil structure interaction (SSI) models.

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drillinG and wells

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Severe safety, environmental and finan-cial consequences of potential equip-ment failure in deep water production require assuring the mechanical integ-rity of the subsea system during the entire life cycle.

Materials degradation in service is a constant threat in all operating sys-tems, but poses major challenges in deep water production due to the harsh physical environment that may be present, as well as difficulty of accessing deep water components for inspection, repair or replacement.Carbon steel is still the first material of choice, due to its availability, good weldability and low cost, but in some cases corrosion resistant alloys are required to prevent materials degradation.

This creates a variety of problems, since existing materials may not be adequate for new applications and systems. Stretching the design envelope there-

fore requires not only innovation in materials design, but also deeper insight into the limitations of existing ones. This will allow the industry to cost-effectively and safely design, manu-facture and operate better systems.

Corrosion can be controlled through design, materials selection, application of coatings and claddings, and cathodic protection. Ongoing monitor-ing and maintenance also help to maintain system integrity throughout the intended design life.

With a broad and deep competence in materials and corrosion technology and testing, DNV is well positioned to help the energy industry in addressing these challenges. We provide services such as corrosion control consultancy, materials selection, verification, qualifi-cation of new technology, laboratory testing, failure investigation and fabri-cation follow-up.

Laboratories are an important part of the technology base at DNV and are fully integrated with our entire range of technical disciplines. We have full scale corrosion testing facilities to verify that materials, corrosion inhibi-tors and coatings meet defined require-ments. We take a collaborative approach to both science and engi-neering, in order to develop the best solutions for the client.

DNV staNDarDs aND recom-meNDeD practicesOver the last 40 years DNV has issued rules and standards for the offshore industry. The three level hierarchy provides a flexible and user friendly menu covering services (OSS), techni-cal standard (OS) and recommended practices (RP). Over the years this system has been expanded to cover the key disciplines and all phases, and also provides reference to other, interna-tionally accepted standards.

DNV Service Descriptions

DNV Offshore Standards

Supporting documents

Offshore Service Specification (OSS)

Offshore Standards (OS)

RPs

Operation

Design construction and assembly

Supply of materials, components and equipment

Classification

Object and special facilities

Systems and structures

Materials and componentsDNV

notes

Non DNV documents

DNVrecommendedpractices

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maTerials and offshore codes

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VerificatioN aND certificatioNVerification are activities aiming at satisfying the expectations or require-ments of owners, authorities and other stakeholders in terms of safety, environ-mental protection and functionality. Verification is an examination to con-firm that an activity, a product or a service is in accordance with specified requirements.

Certification is a confirmation through the provision of objective evidence that specified requirements have been fulfilled. Scope is defined by DNV, or an authority.

The SoW for verification is ultimately decided by the customer, while the scope of work for certification is decided by DNV (or the national authorities when we issue certificates on their behalf).

Certification is documented with a Certificate. Verification is documented by a report, or a statement of compli-ance, not a certificate. For certification the work is always carried out by an independent third party.

The verification services offered by DNV shall be risk based, transparent and recognised as best industry prac-tice. See Fig. 1.

she serVicesdropped objectsDropped objects risk assessments uses analytical techniques to quantify the risk associated with dropped objects on subsea structures. The analysis calcu-

lates dropped object frequencies and impact energies based on topsides lifting requirements to assess the need for structural protection or relocation of subsea equipment and pipelines.DNV-RP-F107 Risk Assessment of Pipeline Protection. DNV proprietary software (DORA) applies the method-ology defined in RP F107.

Subsea release and dispersion Modelling analytical methods to assess the impact of subsea releases on top-sides infrastructure with respect to loss of buoyancy, ignition of gas clouds and potential pool fires on the sea surface.Quantitative techniques for modelling subsea releases, their subsequent dis-persion and consequential impact to topsides facilities. Techniques include modelling of subsea release rates (DNV Piperup software), quantification of dispersion and surface bubble zone (DNV Plumerise software) and above surface dispersion/consequence assess-ments (DNV PHAST software and CFD tools).

performance forecasting/inter-vention assessment Reliability, availability and maintain-ability (RAM) assessments are used to predict the performance expected from a deepwater development to find the trade-off between production avail-ability and corresponding costs. Tailor made solutions using the DNV propri-etary MAROS simulator, are widely used in the industry. DNV extends the traditional RAM assessment to include logistics associated with subsea inter-ventions. This allows infrastructure investment decisions to be based

on through life cycle cost, not just CAPEX. See Fig. 2.

techNology qUalificatioNTen years ago DNV issued a procedure for qualification of new technology. Over these years many projects have been executed with basis in the TQ process described in DNV-RP-A203 and many clients have adopted this struc-tured process for qualifying new tech-nology. See Fig. 3.

Qualification is the process of providing the evidence that the technology will function within specific limits with an acceptable level of confidence. DnV TQ definition

Some of the benefits include:improved end users’ confidence in the systemoptimised qualification testing and analysis interface between manufacturers and sub-vendors uncoveredreduced risk cost during operation by reducing uncertainties and increasing the reliability

main services

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a standardised qualification process.

Examples of TQ participation by DNV include:

subsea processing, compression, boosting pipeline applications: direct electric heating, dual director wye, cryogenic pipe-in-pipe, etc.subsea equipment: MPFM, wet and dry mate connectors, pumps, power umbilicals, etc.dry tree semi concepts.

Relevant DNV codes:DNV-OSS-401 Technology Qualification ManagementDNV-RP-A203 Qualification Procedures for New Technology.

asset risk maNagemeNtARM is about helping organisations to safely and responsibly obtain maxi-mum value from facilities, equipment and people without compromising safety or the environment. Business unit managers and asset managers constantly have to identify new oppor-tunities that better control operational results and associated risks. Those assets that succeed in operating more efficiently and reliably than their com-petitors will be positioned to ensure long-term success.

DNV has developed a range of solu-tions to help anticipate and manage these challenges. The approach selected by DNV is to work closely with our customers to understand the unique characteristics of their opera-tions and develop the best solutions for their assets. Our services range from assessment and benchmarking through management and implementation to advanced materials technology investigations.

Typical solutions brought to the mar-ket are assessment and benchmarking, asset operation management, produc-tion optimisation, maintenance and

inspection management and devel-opment of solution to failures. See Fig. 4.

eNterprise risk maNagemeNtERM seeks to provide an overall risk picture for an enterprise and can increase the value of the enterprise by supporting decision-making, reducing surprises and increasing the ability to meet the enterprise objectives.

ERM can be defined as a systematic approach to improve the chances of reaching enterprise goals by:

understanding and ranking threats and opportunities with respect to their influence on enterprise goals controlling risks and exploiting opportunities on the basis of risk/ reward considerationsconsidering all sources of risk (SHE, asset, project, reputation, political, organisational)a design of ERM frameworks to describe and regulate the execution of enterprise risk managementan application of formal processes to implement the ERM frameworks in corporate operations and strategy considerations. See Fig. 5.

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Qualification Basis

Technology Assessment

Threat IdentificationConcept

Improvement

Develop Qualification Plan

Analysis and Testing

Performance and Testing

Technology Deployment

Fig.3

Global services To The mariTime and enerGY indusTries

Safety, health and environmental risk management Enterprise risk management

Asset risk management Technology qualification Verification

Ship classification Offshore classification

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SingaporeDnV Technology Centre10 Science Park DriveSingapore 118224Phone: +65 6508 3750

main enerGY offices

det norSke VerItaS aSnO-1322 Høvik, norway i Tel: +47 67 57 99 00 i Fax: +47 67 57 99 11www.dnv.com

tHIS IS dnVDnV is a global provider of services for managing risk, helping customers to safely and responsibly improve their business performance. Our core competence is to identify. assess and advise on risk management. DnV is an independent foundation with presence in more than 100 countries.

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