1.Food Secure Arab World: Enhancing Crop and Livestock Productivity through Science and TechnologyInternational Conference on Food Secure Arab World: A Road Map for Policy and Research IFPRI-ESCWA, Beirut Lebanon, 6-7 February 2012Mahmoud El Solh, Ph.D.Director GeneralInternational Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA)CGIAR

2. Outline Challenges facing enhancing foodsecurity in Arab countries/dry areas; Sources of increase in food production; Applications of science and technologyto enhancing crop and livestockproductivity towards Food Security; Looking Ahead: CGIAR ResearchProgram for Integrated and SustainableProduction Systems for Improved FoodSecurity and Livelihoods in Dry Areas(CRP1.1); Conclusion. 3. Challenges Facing Food Security in the Arab World 4. Arab World: Dryland Fragile Eco-systems Physical waterscarcitym-10 Decrease of the Souss Rapid natural -20 aquifer level in Moroccoresource-30degradation and -40desertification -50 Groundwater -60depletion -70-80 Drought 19821985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 Salinity Climate change 5. Implications of Climate Change- Changes in precipitation and drought;- Extreme temperatures;- Changes in climatic zones;- Shorter growing season;- Emerging diseases and insect pests. 6. Relative change of mean annual precipitation1980/1999 to 2080/2099Relative change of mean annual precipitation 1980/1999 to 2080/2099, scenario A1b, average of 21 GCMs(compiled by GIS Unit ICARDA, based on partial maps in Christensen et al., 2007) 7. Climate change affects not only food production ...... it affects all four dimensions of food securityAvailability Loss in food production Direct natural resource degradation & More abiotic and biotic StressesAccess Infrastructure damage, asset losses Loss of income and employment opportunities Stability Increased livelihood risks, pressure on food prices Higher dependency on food imports and food aid Increased variability in abiotic and biotic stressesSource: FAO Policy Learning ProgrammeUtilizationHuman health risks, nutritionModule 2: Specific Policy Issues Climate Change Session 2.1 8. Further Challenges to Food Security in the Developing Countries Inadequate agricultural policies forsustainable agricultural development Insufficient investment in agriculturalresearch and development 9. Politically volatile region:Importance of economic and political stability 10. The Food Insecurity Trap Interrelationships between key challenges in the Arab World Land degradation,water scarcity, loss ofbiodiversityClimate Change: Desperation leads toDrought, heat, over-exploitation ofnatural resourcessalinity Food Insecurity: poverty, hunger and malnutrition InsufficientPopulation growthinstitutional supportLack of employment opportunities Lack of Improved Migration technologiesSocio-political upheavalsCGIAR 11. Dependency on food imports in the Arab World * (Cereal Exports Imports) / Food available for human consumption (kcal) 12. The Arab Region is the largest grain importer(2010 million metric tons)Global TradeNet cereal imports (in million MT),by region, 2010Former Soviet Union+16.1 +91.2+17.5 -58.8 North America Europe-65.8Asia-18.0 Arab +6.3 Countries OceniaLatin America and Sub-Saharan +18.6the CaribbianAfrica+ Net Exports- Net ImportsSources: adapted from USDA 2011 13. Arab Countries with High Cereal Import Dependency and Large Fiscal Deficits are Most Vulnerable at the Macro Level(2007 Fiscal Balancespercentage of GDP, 2005 Cereal Balances metric) tons)*Source: Authors. Adapted from FAO, 2008b; IMF, 2008; World Bank, 2008b.Note: Cereal import dependency is measured by net cereal imports/total cereal consumption.* 2007 fiscal balances were drawn from the IMF. The most recent FAOSTAT data on cereal balances is for 2005. 14. Food Insecurity in Developing Regions of the WorldCereals imports of developing regions1970-2030 Historical Development Projections240East AsiaSouth Asia190 million tonnesNear East/North AfricaLatin America140 S.S.Africa9040-10197019801990 2000 20152030 Source: FAO, 2002 World Agriculture: towards 2015/30, http://www.fao.org/es/ESD/gstudies.htm 15. Implications of the Food Crisis in the Arab World:Countries moving from self-reliance to self sufficiency 16. Pathways towards Food Security in the Arab WorldResilient production systemsSustainable use ofCoping withnatural resources: Climate Change Enhancing WUEImplications FoodSecurity & BetterLivelihoods Improved Human resourcetechnologiesdevelopmentBetter employment Diversificationopportunities Pro-poor policy and and access tomarkets institutional options Peace and social stability 17. Sources of increase in food production Agriculture intensification Increase 70 %in arable land10%20%Croppingintensity 18. Country TopologyTo increase food security in the developing world, twoparameters are used to explore the trade off betweenproduction intensification and the potential for landexpansion of rainfed cultivated area at the country level(Fischer and Shah, 2010) 1. Yield gap: the amount that actual yields, from eitherirrigated or rainfed areas, fall short of potential yieldsunder optimum management; 2. Relative Land Availability: ratio of non-forested, non-cultivated suitable land area for rainfed productionrelative to what is actually cultivated. 19. Country Classification on based on Yield Gap and the Potential for Land Cultivation (Fischer and Shah, 2010) Type 1:Little land available for expansion, low yield gap Type 2:Suitable land available for expansion, low yield gap Type 3:Little land available for expansion, high yield gap Type 4:Suitable land available for expansion, high yield gap. 20. Yield Gaps and Relative Land Availability forDifferent Countries of the WorldType 1 :Little land available forexpansion, low yieldgapType 2Suitable land availablefor expansion, lowyield gapType 3Little land availablefor expansion, highyield gapType 4Suitable land availablefor expansion, highyield gap 21. Potential availability of land for rainfed cultivation in different regions (1000 ha) 22. Bridging Yield Gap: Sustainable Agricultural Intensification Agricultural intensification would bridge the yield gap and is very important in all developing countries to enhance food Security. However, it is a serious threat to the environment and natural resources (biodiversity, water, land, and soil) unless it is practiced in a sustainable manner particularly in dry areas..Thus, to bridge the yield gap the trend should and will betowards ..Sustainable Agricultural Intensification of Production Systems and consequently towardsAgricultural Modernization 23. Major Yield Gap Issues Efficiency of Technology Transfer Use of recommended: Sowing date, seed rate, fertilizer amount, rotation, use of proper farm machinery, disease and pest management practices Proper targeting of Varieties / Production zones Timely Availability of Inputs Quality Seed Fertilizers Water Government intervention and Policies: (Inputs andMarketing issues) 24. Bridging Yield Gap: S & T and Agricultural Modernization Science based technological change is the keyforce for causing agriculture to undergo atransition from traditional to modernizingcondition to enhance Food Security; We can not feed the Arab World with traditionalagriculture; However, the challenge in the dry areas in general and the Arab world in particular is how to produce more with less and adopt/adapt advances in science and technology. 25. Major Intervention Areas to Bridge Yield Gap,Enhancing Water and Agricultural Productivity towards Food Security Natural resource Crop & livestock management andgenetic improvement inputsIntegration at farmand field levels Socio-economic & policy, and institutional support 26. ICARDAs Experience in the Application of S & Tin Enhancing Food Security Under Water Scarcity 27. ICARDA as a CGIAR Center 28. ICARDAs Research ProgramsBiodiversity and Crop Integrated WaterGenetic Improvement and LandManagementSustainableIntensificationSocial, Economicof Productionand Policy ResearchSystems 29. ICARDAs geographic mandate 30. Enhancing Food Security in the Arab WorldThrough Crop Genetic Improvement 31. ICARDA Gene Bank Holdings (up to 2010)Crop AccessionsBarley24,975Wheat 34,227Wild cereals 7,671Food legumes33,313Wild Food legumes 857Forage legumes28,469Forage and range spp.5,744Total135,256Mostly landraces and unique set of wild relatives 32. Geographic coverage of the conserved plantgenetic resources at ICARDA # # ## #### ## # ### # # # # ## ## ## # ## ### # ### # # #### # # # # # # ##### ##### ## # ## # # #### # # # # ## # # ## # # # # # # # # ### ## # # ### ## # # #### # ## # # ## ##### ## ##### # ##### # ### # # ###### # # #### # # # ###### # ## # ## ## # # # # ## # # # ## ### ##### # # # ##### # ## # ## ### ## # # ###### ## ## # # ## #### ## ## # # # # # ## # ##### # #### # # ## ## ### # ## ## ## ## # # ### # # # # ## # # # ### # # # ## # # # ## # # # ########### # ## # # # ## # ### #### # # ##### # ### ## ## ## ## # # ####### ### # # ## # #### #### ### # # #### ## #### # ### # # ## #### ## ###### ## ##### # # ###### # ##### #### ####### # ##### ## # ######## # # # # # # # # # # # # ##### ## ## ####### ############ # ########## ## ### ################ ### # ########## # ## ##### # # ###### ##### ## ########## ############ # # ## #### ###### # # # # ####### # ## ## ### ####### ##### ### ### ## ## ## ## # # #### #### # ## ######## ## ####### ###### ########## ## ## ### #### ######### ## ########## # #### ### # # #### # ## ### # ## # # ## ###### ## ## ## ############# # ####### ######## # # ## ### ## #### # ## ###### # # ### ### ###### ##### ###### ## ### #### ##### # ### # #### # ## # # # ### # #### ## #### # # #### # # #### ######## # # ################################ ### #### #################### ## #### ###################### # ##### #### #################### # # ## ########## ##### # # ### # ## ### ###### ### # ## # # # ##### ####### # ####### # ## # # ###### # # ### # ### ######### ### ############## # ####### ## # # ##### ########################## # ## # ######### # ## ### ######### # #### # # # ### ################### # # ### ##### ## #### # ## ##### ######## # ############ ## ####### # # ####### # # ### # ## # ### #### ### ######## ### ################ ## ######## # # ## ###### ####### # ## # ######## ## ### # ################## ### ### ###### # ## # ## ### ## # ####### ### ### #################### # ##### # ######### ###### ##### ### # ## # # # ##### ## ###### ## ### #### ### # # ### ## ### ##### # ### ## ######### # ##### # ######### ### ############################### # # ########### ### # ######## # # # ### #### ############ ### ################################# ########### ##### ###### ### ## ################### ### ###### ######### ## ## ########## # ## ########### #################### ### ############################################# ## #### ## ### ## ##### # # ## ###### # ##### # ### #### # #### ########### ### # ## ### ######## # ###### ### ## ########### ## ##### # ######### #### ## #### ## # # # # ## # ###### # # ## # ### ## ######### ###### ### ##### ##### ################ #### # #### ## ### ## ## ## ## # # #### # ## ############## ## # ############## ################ ### # ######### ################ #### #### ## ##### ########## # ## # ### ## ########## # ## # ################ # # ## # # ######## # ##### ####### # # ## # # # # ######## ## ######## # ## # ## ## ## # ############# # ## # # ######### ### ## ## ####### #### ############## # # # ##### ## ######## ## ## ###### ######## ####### ####### ### # ###### ### ### ###### # #### ## # ## ### ######### #### ### # ### #### ## # ## ####################### #### ######### ######### ## ###### #### ## ##################### # # ####### ### ## # #### # ######### # ## ####### ###### # # # # # ## ## ##### # # ####### # # ## ## # # #### ####### # ## ## ## ## ### # # ####### ###### ### ##### ##### ## ##### ##### ### # ## ##### # # # ########### ## # ######### ############### # # ## ############## # # # ######## ## # # # # ## # # ## ### # # # ### ####### ### # # ## # ##### ####### # # # # # # # # ##### # ### #### # ### # ## ### ### #### ## ###### #### # ### #### # ### # ### # ## ## # ## #### # # # #### # # #### # #### ### # ### # ###### # ####################### ### ### # # # #### ### #### # # ### #### ### #### ## ## # ### ###### # ######## ### # # ### ## ##### # ############ #### ### # ##### ### # ### ## #### ## ########### ######### # # ############ ## # # ## #### ### # ### # #### # ###### ### ### ## # ##### # # ## ## # # # ######### ##### # ## # # ######## ## # ## ## # # ### ######## ## # # ###### ## # # # ### ### ## # # # # # # # # # ### ### # ## # # #### ## ##### ########## ## # # ## # #### ## # ## #### ## ## # # # # ## # # # ## # ## ### ## # # # ## ### #### ## #### # ## ## # ######### # # ## # ### ######## #### ### # # ## ## # # # # ### # ###### # # ### ### # # ## #### ### # # #### ## ## ### ### # ## # ## # # ##### # ## ### #### #### ### ## ### ## ###### # ########### ######## ### ####### # ### # # ### # ### ##################### ############## ####### ### # # # # ## ###### ### # # ##### ## #### ######### ##### # #### ### #### # ### ### # # # #### # # # # ##### # # # ## # # ## ## ## ###### #### ## # # # ### # # #### # ## # ## ## ##### ## # # ### # # ICARDAs holdings 33. Conventional Plant Breeding 34. Biotechnology Tools Genomics Marker AssistedSelection Double Haploids Embryo Rescue Tissue Culture DNA Fingerprinting Genetic Engineering 35. Crop Improvement: Varieties Released using ICARDA Germplasm Worldwide, 1977 to 2010 1977 - 2010Last 2 yearsDeveloping Industrialized AllCropCountriesCountries CountriesBarley 175 316Durum Wheat102 141Bread Wheat22469Chickpea 108 319Faba Bean51 61Lentil 96169Forages30 22Peas90 0Sub-Total761 120Total88137 NET ESTIMATED BENEFIT = about US $850 m / year 36. Varieties Released High yield potential Agronomic traits: e.g. earliness, canopy architecture Tolerance to abiotic stresses:- Drought- Heat- Cold- Salinity Resistance/tolerance to biotic stresses- Diseases- Insect pests- Parasitic weeds 37. Distribution of cereal and food & forage legumeVarieties Released international nurseries and germplasm 38. Example of the role of S & T in enhancing food security: Synthetic wheat, tolerance to excessive droughtParent Variety Yield % recurrent t/haparentCham 6*2/SW2 1.6147Cham 6*2/SW2 1.5138Cham-6 1.10 100Attila-7 1.3-Yield of synthetic derivatives compared to parentsunder drought stress. (Tel Hadya 2008 -- 211 mm) 39. Yields (kg/ha) of promising durum wheat genotypes under rainfed (RF) and supplemental irrigation (SI)12000Mean (kg/ha) 11 t/haMax(kg/ha)1000080006/t/ha6000 3.7t/ha40002000 0Rf (321 mm)Rf+SI (321+70 mm)RF (321 mm)RF+SI (321+70 mm) RF+SI (524+70mm) Fvrbl+SI (524+70mm) RF = Rainfed; SI = Supplemental Irrigation 40. Wheat in Syria: Achieving Self Sufficiency99 Area Needed Actual Area . Actual Production Precipitation Linear (Area Trend) Linear (Production Trend)8877 Production (million tons)Precipitation (mm) /100Wheat area (million ha)66554433221100 41. Project Example: Enhancing Food Security in Arab Countries Increasing the Productivity of Wheat-Based Production SystemGoalContribute to achieving food securityand agricultural sector growth in theArab Countries under the challengingscenarios of: Climate change Global economic crisis (food prices) Increasing population 42. Enhancing Food Security in Arab Countries Project (contd) Project Financing Scheme: Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development (AFESD): US$ 2,000,000 Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development (KFAED): US$ 2,000,000 Islamic Development Bank (IDB): US$ 1000,000 OPEC Fund International Development (OFID): US$ 150,000 Countries involved: (At this stage) Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, Syria, Sudan, Tunisia. Algeria and Iraq (through OFID grant) Other Arab Countries can be added at later stages (Yemen) Duration of Phase: Three years: 2011- 2013 43. Enhancing Food Security in Arab Countries Project (contd) Integration among different disciplines and partners Scientists/Researchers Farmers participation(planning, field days, farmersfields schools) Extensions Staff Policy Makers 44. Enhancing Food Security in Arab Countries:Egypt, 2010 - 2011 seasonAverage grain yield (ton/ha) of improved wheat cultivars in and out of demonstration plots Average of 91 farmers demonstrations in Sharkia governorate: Wheat productivity increase on the average: 1.20 t/ha or 18% with 25% saving in water consumptionNo. Cultivar Grain Yield (ton/ha) IncreaseInOut of ton/ha% demonstration demonstration 1Sids 128.83 -- ---- 2Misr 2 8.71 -- ---- 3Misr 1 8.57 -- ---- 4Sakha 94 8.006.70 1.30 19.4 5Gemmiza 97.986.98 1.00 14.3 6Giza 168 7.876.67 1.20 18.0 7Sakha 93 7.546.25 1.29 20.6 8Gemmiza 10-- 5.75----Mean 8.21 6.47 1.20 18.1 45. Large scale demonstration fields in irrigated conditions:at Kairouan, Tunisia, 2010-2011Average grain yield (q/ha) of improved wheat cultivars 20% to 40% increase over farmers varietiesYield (tons/ha)5.956.395.844.57 46. Large scale Wheat Demonstrations at El Bab, Syria 2010-2011Effect of improved wheat varieties and supplemental irrigation on grain yieldin El Bab, Syria: 10-20% in rainfed areas; 15-40 % in irrigated areasRainfed (220 mm of rain)Variety Productivity (kg/ha) Increase over check Bohouth 4 1024 11% Cham 61128 22% Mean1076 local check (Cham 8) 920Rainfed (170 mm of rain) + one supplemental irrigationVarietyProductivity (kg/ha)Increase over check Bohouth 41644 16% Cham 6 2005 41% Mean 1824 local check (Cham 8) 1420 47. New Winter Sowing Technology to boost ChickpeaYield in West Asia & North Africa Winter sownTraditional Spring sown 48. Enhancing Food Security in Arab Countriesthrough Plant protection & Integrated Pest Management (IPM) 49. Resistance/Tolerance to Hessian Fly in Wheat:An Outcome of Morocco/ICARDA Collaboration Hessian Fly ResistantVarietyHessian fly causes economic damage inNorth Africa and North KazakhstanResistance lines 50. Breeding for Disease Resistance:Heavy yellow rust infestation in West Asia in 201050 51. Yellow Rust Resistance in WheatSusceptible Resistant SusceptibleReady for multi-location testing and fast-trackseed multiplication for distribution to affected countries 52. Enhancing Food Security in the Arab World Improving Crop Productivity 53. Water Research: Scales and drivers to conserve and optimize water productivity At the basin level: Competition among uses (Environ., Agric., Domestic.) Conflicts between countries Equity issues At the national level: Food security Reduce imports Socio-politics At the farm level: Maximizing economic return Nutrition in subsistence farming At the field level: Maximizing WUE, productivity & income 54. Benchmark Sites forIntegrated Water & Land ManagementSupported by AFESD, IFAD and OFID 55. Implementation in Three Agro-Ecologies Rainfed AreasIrrigated AreasMarginal Lands 56. Research Outputs & Technologies in WaterManagementEnhancing Crop productivity through better Water Management: Changing Irrigation Systems (including pressured system) andModifying Cropping Patterns; Supplemental Irrigation (Systems and management); Macro- and Micro-Water Catchments (Vallerani and other types); Deficit Irrigation as a water management strategy for the water scarce areas; Broad-bed planting system Watershed management. 57. Enhancing Food Security in Arab Countries Integrated Crop/Rangelands/Livestock Production Systems in Marginal Lands 58. Integrated Approach for Small Ruminants Systems Research: Value Chain Socioeconomicenvironment Function and productsPolicy Gender aspects environmentNatural Cropland Collective actions LivestockResource Rangeland Production Policies & regulationsBase Animal GeneticSystem & animal health issues Organization of Resourcesfarmers Feed production and use System productivity and Marketsresilience from arable land Market Ecology and productivity Efficient management,breeding and healthopportunities of rangelands Consumer demands Characterization and Efficiency of feeding system sustainable use of genetic Product quality (food safety)Value chain analysis resources Market integration Effects of climate changeValue addition 59. Small Ruminants System ResearchGoal: Improve food security and livelihoods throughmarket-oriented small ruminant production and processingactivities that generate income and employmentResearch Components: Rangeland Ecology & Management Forage Systems Research Feeding Systems Genetic Resources Characterization Breeding programs Value Addition Market Research Crop-Range-Livestock Integration 60. Development of Integrated Crop/Rangelands/Livestock Production Systems in Marginal Lands (IFAD/AFESD Project)Successful Technologies By-products - feed blocksOn-farm feed production Flock management Barley productionCactus & fodder shrubsNatural pastures & rangeland management 61. Examples of Rangeland ImprovementMulti-Purposes PastoralSpecies Alley-CroppingLand Scarification Fodder Reserves Seed Germination & Establishment Biodiversity Conservation of Threatened Pastoral Species 62. Cactus Research: A Crop to Meet the Challenges ofClimate Change in Dry Areas of the Arab WorldMultipurpose species: Fruit, Agri-food, Forage, Red dye, Cosmetic and Medicinal usesAgaves and cacti with their high biomass productivity and WUE should beconsidered for the terrestrial sequestration of atmospheric CO2 in under-exploitedarid and semi-arid regions. Opuntia ficus indica can generate a carbon sequestration of 20 T DM(equivalent to 30 T CO2/ha/year) under sub-optimal growing conditionsP.S. Nobel 63. Indigenous breeds of small ruminants are highly adaptable to changes in theenvironment 64. Characterization of Indigenous Breeds of Livestock:Adaptation of Sheep and Goat Breeds ICARDA completed a series on sheepand goat breeds in characterization inWest Asia and North Africa published in2005; and Central Asia in 2008. Describes production systems, breedphenotypic characteristics, traits andperformance Indicates threats to diversity inindigenous breeds of livestock (sheepand goats). 65. Successful Technologies in Farmers Fields Feed blocks using cropresidues and agro-industrial by-products Improved rams Early weaning Improved barley cultivars Rotations of barley withforage legumes 66. Value addition: Improved milking and yoghurt & cheese processingSteps in research: Assess local knowledge and identifyproblems with researchable solution Identify available technologies ordevelop suitable technology Integrate the proposed solution withthe local knowledgeExample: Yoghurt processing inSyriaProblem: High acidity and weak textureSolution: Yogurt with high viscosity that does not collapse during transport Market price was 5 Syrian Lira more per kg than the yogurt produced by farmers 67. Looking Ahead: CGIAR Research Program CRP 1.1Integrated and Sustainable Agricultural Systems for Improved Food Security and Livelihoods in Dry Areas Lead by ICARDA 68. CRP 1.1: Integrated and Sustainable Agricultural Systems forImproved Food Security and Livelihoods in Dry Areas Two main target systems:most vulnerable dryland systems (low rainfall areas)systems with the greatest potential for impact (favorable conditions: high rainfall areas and irrigated areas) Objectives: Enhancing sustainable productivity growth andintensified production systems at the farm andlandscape levels More resilient dryland agro-ecosystems that can copewith climate variation and change Less vulnerable and improved rural livelihoods Agricultural innovations systems that improve theimpact of research and development investments toimprove food security and livelihoods. 69. CRP 1.1: Integrated and Sustainable Agricultural Systems forImproved Food Security and Livelihoods in Dry AreasPartners in the Program- 9 CGIAR Centers:ICARDA, Bioversity International, CIAT, CIP,ICRAF, ICRISAT, ILRI, IWMI, WorldFish- Sub-Saharan Africa Challenge Program- National research programs from > 40 countries- Regional Associations: AARINENA, APAARI, CACAARI, FARA,FORAGRO ASARECA, CORAF/WECARD, CILSS/INSAH- The World Vegetable Center- CIRAD France; USDA/ARS:CISRO- FAO, IFAD 70. Target Regions, Benchmark Areas & Action SitesTarget RegionsPartners defined five Target Regions where dryland agriculturefaces serious challenges (from west to east): West African Sahel and dry savannas East and Southern Africa North Africa and West Asia ( including all Arab Countries) Central Asia South Asia Benchmark Areas, Action Sites and Satellite Sites Selected by CRP partners in the Regional Design Working Meeting (Nairobi, Kenya, June 2011) based on detailed mapping of target areas 71. CRP1.1 Target impactsTarget impacts address the System Level Outcomes (SLOs) foragricultural research of the CGIAR Strategy and Research Framework(SRF), specifically: Reducing Rural Poverty; Increasing Food Security;Improving Nutrition and Health; Sustainable Management of NaturalResources.More specifically: Higher more stable incomes; improved security of rural assets Improved crop and livestock productivity; reduced variability in drylandsystems productivity Improved nutrition, especially amongst women and children Environmental degradation reduced, and productive quality ofenvironmental resources improved and maintained. 72. Conclusion: What can make the difference toenhance Arab Food Security? Enabling policy environment andpolitical support; Investment in S & T and Research; Investment in agriculturaldevelopment Sustainable intensification ofproduction systems; Extension & effective technologytransfer mechanisms; Capacity development &institutional support; Innovative Partnership &Networking. 73. Thank You