session 2 tp 2
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Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network Infrastructure – Planning and Maintenance/ Session 2 / Slide 1 of 32
Session 2
Network Design Solution with
Microsoft TCP/IP
Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network Infrastructure – Planning and Maintenance/ Session 2 / Slide 2 of 32
Network Services Infrastructure design depends on the execution of three phases that are plan, implement, maintain.
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model defines a networking framework for implementing protocols.
Network services include TCP/IP, DHCP, DNS, and WINS.
The Data-Link layer protocol is a main decision taken while designing the network infrastructure.
Review
Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network Infrastructure – Planning and Maintenance/ Session 2 / Slide 3 of 32
Objectives Explain the basics of TCP/IP Define IP address, subnet mask and
default gateway Plan IP addresses Plan an IP Routing Solution Identify subnetting Identify a TCP/IP solution Identify security required for a TCP/IP
solution
Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network Infrastructure – Planning and Maintenance/ Session 2 / Slide 4 of 32
Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol
IP addressing is the main tool that enables two computers to talk to each other.
TCP/IP Suite Architecture consists of: Network Interface Layer Internet Layer Transport Layer Application Layer
Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network Infrastructure – Planning and Maintenance/ Session 2 / Slide 5 of 32
Network Interface Layer Interacts with both LAN and WAN networks
LAN Network – TCP/IP supports LAN technologies such as Ethernet (Ethernet II and 802.3), ARCnet, Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), and Token Ring.
WAN Network – TCP/IP supports Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) or the Point to Point Protocol (PPP). Different types of packet switched networks include X.25, Frame relay, and ATM.
Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network Infrastructure – Planning and Maintenance/ Session 2 / Slide 6 of 32
Internet Layer Contains the following protocols:
Internet Protocol (IP): Provides addresses and routes packets between networks
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP): Reports the errors that may have occurred while routing and responds with a message
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP): Maps the IP address of the host to its hardware address
Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP): Informs routers that specific multicast group hosts are available on a given network
Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network Infrastructure – Planning and Maintenance/ Session 2 / Slide 7 of 32
Transport Layer Manage the transfer of data between the
source host and destination host. Consist of two protocols:
Transmission Control Protocol: Establishes a session before it transmits the packet
User Datagram Protocol: Transmits small amount of data and does not provide acknowledgement for the transmission
Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network Infrastructure – Planning and Maintenance/ Session 2 / Slide 8 of 32
Application Layer Provides a window for the user to access the
network. Handles network access, data handling, flow
control, and error recovery. FTP, Telnet, SNMP, and DNS are some of the
protocols of this layer. Provides two interfaces:
The Windows Socket: Identifies a windows socket application using a unique protocol port number
NetBIOS Interface: Permits the Windows NT operating system to access resources on other NetBIOS hosts
Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network Infrastructure – Planning and Maintenance/ Session 2 / Slide 9 of 32
IP Addressing Each host in a TCP/IP network is assigned a
unique parameter called IP address to identify itself on network
There are two rules of IP addressing: The network ID must be unique to the
Internetwork. Every machine on the same network must have the same network ID.
The host ID must be unique in a particular network.
Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network Infrastructure – Planning and Maintenance/ Session 2 / Slide 10 of 32
Classes of IP Address There are five classes of IP Addresses:
Class A - Only the first octet of the IP address is used to define the network ID. The remaining three octets are used to define the host IDs
Class B - The first two octets of the IP address are used to define the network ID. The remaining two octets are used to define the host Ids
Class C - The first three octet of the IP address is used to define the network ID. The remaining only one last octet is used to define the host IDs
Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network Infrastructure – Planning and Maintenance/ Session 2 / Slide 11 of 32
Classes of IP Address Contd…
There are five classes of IP Addresses: Class D – Used for multicast purpose Class E - Reserved by the IETF (Internet
Engineering Task Force). They use these addresses to conduct experiments. This address is used to carry research to enhance Internet and related technologies.
Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network Infrastructure – Planning and Maintenance/ Session 2 / Slide 12 of 32
Subnet Mask Defines the destination of the data packet Hides the host ID of the IP address such
that only the network ID is visible All classes of IP address have a default
subnet mask
Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network Infrastructure – Planning and Maintenance/ Session 2 / Slide 13 of 32
Default Gateway Address Packets meant for a remote network, are first
sent to the local host's default gateway The default gateway is the IP address of a
router to which all the packets that are meant for a remote network are sent.
The packets are then sent from the router to other networks till they reach the destination network.
Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network Infrastructure – Planning and Maintenance/ Session 2 / Slide 14 of 32
Implementing IP Addressing
Consider the following while configuring IP addresses: All the machines in one physical network
must have the same network ID A WAN connection to connect to the
Internet requires a unique network ID for each wide area connection
The host ID represents a TCP/IP host in a network and the host ID must be unique to the network ID
Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network Infrastructure – Planning and Maintenance/ Session 2 / Slide 15 of 32
Planning IP Addresses Unregistered IP addresses along with
a NAT router or a proxy server is a best option for Internet Clients.
Registered IP address is preferred for users that must function as Internet servers. A large organization would have to acquire its own network address and assign host as required.
Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network Infrastructure – Planning and Maintenance/ Session 2 / Slide 16 of 32
Planning an IP Routing Solution
Planning an IP Routing solution involves: Creating LAN’s
Broadcast Domain Collision Domain
Creating WAN’s Using Routers Using Switches Private Network IP Addressing
Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network Infrastructure – Planning and Maintenance/ Session 2 / Slide 17 of 32
Subnets Subset of a larger network Can be created on the physical
basis or the logical basis
Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network Infrastructure – Planning and Maintenance/ Session 2 / Slide 18 of 32
Implementing Subnetting Enables to create subnets in a network Before creating subnets for our network,
consider the following: Determine the number of required subnets Determine the number of hosts per subnet
We need to calculate: Subnet Mask Unique subnet ID for each physical
segment Valid range of Host IDs for each subnet
Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network Infrastructure – Planning and Maintenance/ Session 2 / Slide 19 of 32
IP Addressing Configuration We use the following methods to
configure IP addressing: Manual Configuration Manual Configuration using DHCP Automatic Configuration using
DHCP Automatic IP addressing
Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network Infrastructure – Planning and Maintenance/ Session 2 / Slide 20 of 32
TCP/IP Security Design We can protect the data on the
network by using: IP packet filtering Data encryption Authentication IPSec Internet Key Exchange
Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network Infrastructure – Planning and Maintenance/ Session 2 / Slide 21 of 32
IP Packet Filtering Prevents protocols and ports from
entering the network to minimize the threat of unauthorized access
TCP/IP filtering enables to: Manage traffic on servers Prevent inbound traffic completely Apply filtering at the application level
Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network Infrastructure – Planning and Maintenance/ Session 2 / Slide 22 of 32
Data Encryption IPSec is used to provide
authentication and encryption of data
Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network Infrastructure – Planning and Maintenance/ Session 2 / Slide 23 of 32
Authentication Used when there is a risk of
authorized interception of data
Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network Infrastructure – Planning and Maintenance/ Session 2 / Slide 24 of 32
IPSec Internet Key Exchange
Authenticated and encrypted data exchange between users that use IPSec requires trading of security keys.
This trade between users takes place in two phases and is called Internet Key Exchange (IKE).
Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network Infrastructure – Planning and Maintenance/ Session 2 / Slide 25 of 32
Optimize TCP/IP Design We can create a base line for the
design by optimizing the following: Subnet Design IP Performance Remote Subnets Quality of Service (QoS) QoS connections
Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network Infrastructure – Planning and Maintenance/ Session 2 / Slide 26 of 32
Subnet Design Subnet Design can be optimized
by: Using variable length subnetting
to divide IP ranges Using supernetting to combine
ranges
Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network Infrastructure – Planning and Maintenance/ Session 2 / Slide 27 of 32
IP Performance TCP/IP performance is influenced by:
Receive window size - When the network delay is too high, increase the window size by editing the registry
High bandwidth requirement - When the network delay is too high, select the largest vailable bandwidth to increase performance over links
Packet loss over the network - Error and congestion at the routers cause packet loss
Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network Infrastructure – Planning and Maintenance/ Session 2 / Slide 28 of 32
Remote Subnet We must have an estimate of the
number of subnets and host addresses required to design an effective IP addressing scheme
Appropriate routes and Internet access must be configured with care for networks that contain subnets in remote locations
Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network Infrastructure – Planning and Maintenance/ Session 2 / Slide 29 of 32
QOS Connections Allocates bandwidth to specific users or
applications or services Provides bandwidth depending on the
user requirement Divides the bandwidth to enable priority
traffic and first come first server traffic Prevents overuse of network resources
by non adaptive protocols such as UDP
Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network Infrastructure – Planning and Maintenance/ Session 2 / Slide 30 of 32
QOS Connections Contd… Includes the following protocols
QoS Administration Control Service (QoS ACS)
Subnet Bandwidth Management (SBM)
Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP)
Traffic Control
Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network Infrastructure – Planning and Maintenance/ Session 2 / Slide 31 of 32
Summary TCP/IP protocol suite is mapped to a four-layered
model with network Interface layer Internet layer Transport layer Application layer
There are five classes of IP Addresses, namely, Class A, B, C, D, and E.
The subnet mask hides the host IP address such that only the network ID is visible. The destination of the packet is decided by comparing the subnet masks of the destination and the host subnet masks .
Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network Infrastructure – Planning and Maintenance/ Session 2 / Slide 32 of 32
Summary Contd… Default gateway is the IP Address of a router, to
which all the packets are sent to the remote network. The packets are then sent from the router to other networks till they reach the destination network.
Subnets can be created either on the physical basis or logical basis.
IP packet filtering, data encryption, authentication, and IPSec Internet Key Exchange can protect data on a network.
We must create a base line by optimizing subnet design IP performance, remote subnets, Quality of Service (QoS), and QoS connections to create an effective network infrastructure.