session 3 4 affordances jan18cogtools.weebly.com/.../6/...3_4_affordances_jan18.pdf · 07-feb-18 2...

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Sessions 3 & 4Affordance

Dr. Wang Qiyun

(Jonassen, 1996)

Semantic Organization Tools

Databases; and

Semantic networking (concept mapping) tools

Dynamic Modeling Tools

Spreadsheets (good for answering “what if”), a sample: http://mycpf.cpf.gov.sg

Expert Systems

Systems Modeling Tools http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/models/run.cgi?TrafficGrid.697.573

Information Interpretation Tools

Visualization Tools

Knowledge Construction Tools Hypermedia

Knowledge Forum

How can Photoshop or Video editor be used as cognitive tools?

Conversation Tools

Review: Types of Cognitive Tools

Review: Characteristics of Cognitive Tools

Cognitive tools are (Jonassen, 2000):

Cognitive amplification and reorganization tools exceed the limitations of the human mind by doing things more

accurately and at a higher speed, and extend the use of other tools.

Generalizable tools Can be used in many settings, not specific to any purpose

Critical thinking devices Enable learners to think for themselves

Intellectual partners Each is responsible for what they can perform best

a concept a way of thinking about using ICT and other technology

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Review

Technology & Learning Learning ABOUT technology

Learning FROM technology

Learning WITH technology

Cognitive tools vs. Productivity tools Separated by NATURE or USE of the tool

Contents

The definitions of affordance

How to understand affordance

How to analyze affordances of ICT tools for teaching and learning

Door handle

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Affordance: definitions

Affordances are what an object can afford Affordances are opportunities for action Affordances are the interactive relationships

between an object and a user

Different Opinions

Affordances are actual properties. They are independent of perception. They exist whether the perceiver cares about them or not (real affordances, Gibson, 1979)

Affordances are perceived properties. They are relationships exist between the object and the organism that are acting on the object (Norman, 1999).

Properties interactive relationships

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NK1Zb_5VxuM

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Affordances: definitions

Affordances are the perceived and/or actual fundamental properties of a thing that determine how the thing could possibly be used

Relationship

Examples?

Making a tool more perceivable

Use metaphors

Add additional description

Back Next

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Making the affordance of a design more perceivable



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Affordances of (ICT) tools

John & Sutherlan (2005): “affordances, opportunities and the pedagogical implications of ICT”

Affordances are about effectivity

Affordances are about perceptions

Affordances are cognitive constructs

The same object, learning environment or tool can be used quite differently by different people or in different (cultural) contexts.

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An identical affordance may be presented by using different signs/symbols.


An identical affordance may be presented by using different signs/symbols.

Some issues

The actual affordances should be consistent with the perceived affordances

The (physical) context may inform or restrict affordances

The affordances of an object may be misused.

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Group activity

Discuss in groups (F2F +Online):

1. What are the actual affordances of the tool?

2. How is the tool used in the example? What are the perceived affordances of the tool by the teacher/students?

3. What are the possible constraints of the tool?

4. How to effectively use the tool?

Group Collaboration Setup

For each group, the leader will set up the meeting room by: https://mynie.webex.com login (Record)

Username: prjkalsvc1, prjkalsvc2, prjkalsvc3 , prjkalsvc4(non-case sensitive)

Password: MLTmlt802 (case sensitive)

The members can join by: https://mynie.webex.com/meet/prjkalsvc1

https://mynie.webex.com/meet/prjkalsvc2



Hands-on

1. http://t3hrawr.blogspot.sg/ (The tool is blogspot)

2. https://www.facebook.com/groups/404569715276/ (the tool is facebook group)

3. https://educators.pbworks.com/w/page/21613965/Examples (the tool is pbwiki, choose one example from the page)

4. https://sites.google.com/site/doreenscyberjournal/ (the tool is google site)

5. https://trello.com/b/4LjNpPV1/pre-calculus-learning-goals (The tool is Trello)

Share on: http://bit.ly/affor2

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The following slides are for Session 4

More detailed information: http://cogtools.weebly.com/analysis-of-affordances

Is your phone useful for you? Why (not)?


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Three affordances

Pedagogical (or educational)

Social

Technical

Pedagogical affordances

Pedagogy: The art or science of teaching; Strategies of instruction, or styles of instruction

Pedagogy encompasses: what is taught/learned - the content how it is taught or learned - approaches to

teaching and learning why it is taught or learned - the underpinning

values, philosophy or theory.http://tlp.excellencegateway.org.uk/tlp/pedagogy/introducingthe1/introducingthe1/

index.html

What pedagogical affordances should we look at?

Learning theories

Behaviorist

Cognitivist

Social constructivist

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Gagne’s nine events of instruction (1965) in “Conditions of learning”

(1) gaining attention (reception) (2) informing learners of the objective (expectancy) (3) stimulating recall of prior learning (retrieval) (4) presenting the stimulus (selective perception) (5) providing learning guidance (semantic encoding) (6) eliciting performance (responding) (7) providing feedback (reinforcement) (8) assessing performance (retrieval) (9) enhancing retention and transfer (generalization).

Learning Approaches

Problem-based learning

Project-based learning

Case-based learning

Inquiry-based learning

Collaborative learning

Curricular Spider Web(Van den Akker, 2003, 2009)

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Rationale

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Learning objectives?

Teacher-centered or student-centered？ Individual learning or collaborative

learning？ Self reflection or online discussion？ Problem-based or content-based learning？ Fixed learning or flexible learning？ Open system or closed system?

Process or product oriented？ Motivate students?

Discussion

What are the pedagogical affordances of PowerPoint?

Social affordances

Properties of an artifact that act as social-contextual facilitators relevant to the learner's social interaction

What should we look at?

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Social affordances

Rules/norms

Provide a comfortable learning environment

Interactivity（content，peer，teacher） Synchronous or asynchronous（chat,

discussion forum） Using various forms (text, audio, or video)

to communicate

Are they the same as pedagogical affordances?

Technical affordances

Mainly refer to usability

What does usability mean? Easy to learn

Easy to use

Easy to access

Technical affordances

Technical support

Easy to use and access

Support multimedia representation

Interface customization (Templates, colors…)

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Relationship

Effective design of pedagogy or social interaction very much depends on the availability of technological support. Without sufficient support of technology, undoubtedly many pedagogical and social design activities such as 3D simulations or asynchronous online discussions will be hard to implement. However, the primary factor that influences the effectiveness of learning is not the availability of technology, but the pedagogical design and social design (Mandell, Sorge & Russell, 2002).

Relationship

Technology is a supporting tool, pedagogy and social are the key elements

Technology is the means, provide support for pedagogical and social design

Technical

Pedagogical Social

Pedagogical Affordances

Social Affordances

TechnicalAffordances

Usefulness ofTechnology

P‐S Affordances

S‐T Affordances

P‐TAffordances

Context

Technological Affordances of ICT Tools

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E-learning design

Bower, M. (2008). Affordance analysis: matching learning tasks with learning technologies

Practical considerations

What educational and social affordances do you really need?

Does the tool or environment provide those required affordances?

If the technical affordances are satisfying?

“Designs based primarily on the features of a new technology are often technically aesthetic but functionally awkward” (Gaver, 1991, P.79)

Group Activity

Study the following examples of using web 2.0 tools, and discuss the P.S.T affordances of the tools based on the template. Share it on the http://cogtools.weebly.com/analysis-of-affordances

1. http://cogtools.weebly.com/

2. https://www.edmodo.com (group code: zw3k9s

3. https://www.khanacademy.org/ (choose a subject from Top Right)

4. https://prezi.com/explore/staff-picks/ (search for a relevant example)

5. https://www.edx.org/ (Courses Education-teacher trainingunderstanding Classroom Interaction)

Microsoft Word Document

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Pedagogical Design

Technical Design

Context

PST model: Design of an ICT-based learning environment

Social Design

Models with similar presentation

Use of PST model

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Reflection

What have you learned?

How to apply?

About 500 words (upload to Topic2: Assessment)

By the mid night of the following Sunday

Next week: Online

PST affordances of an ICT tool

Video recording

by 16 Feb (Fri) 23:59 (SGT), Describe in a recorded video (10-15 mins for 3AU and 15-20 mins for 4AU) the PST affordances of an ICT tool and share how the tool has been used in your teaching practices (or suggest how the tool can be used for teaching and learning. Post the description to the 'Forum Jan 2018'. You may upload your video to Youtube and post the link to the forum.

by 17 Feb (Sat) 23:59, give at least 2 comments to the tools shared by others. Please attempt to critique on those tools that received less than 2 comments.

by 18 Feb (Sunday) 23:59, respond to the comments receive

Weebly: Online Sharing and Discussion: http://cogtools.weebly.com/online-sharing-and-discussion

session 3 4 affordances jan18cogtools.weebly.com/.../6/...3_4_affordances_jan18.pdf · 07-feb-18 2...

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