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Set Concept (Prob Stat)TRANSCRIPT
Set Set ConceptsConcepts
Introduction
Shaan Education society’s Guardian college of
education Technology based lesson
NAME OF THE STUDENT: MALTI RAI NAME OF GUIDE: MRS NILOFER MOMIN NAME OF THE INCHARGE:MRS LEENA
CHOUDHRY
SUBJECT: Mathematics UNIT : Set concepts STANDARD: IX
INDEX1. Objectives2. Definition of set3. Properties of sets4. Set theory5. Venn Diagram6. Set Representation7. Types of Sets8. Operation on Sets
Understanding set theory helps people to …
• see things in terms of systems
• organize things into groups
• begin to understand logic
Objectives
Definition of set• A set is a well defined collection of
objects.• Individual objects in set are called
as elements of set.
e. g. 1. Collection of even numbers between 10 and 20.
2. Collection of flower or bouquet.
Properties of Sets1 Sets are denoted by capital letters.
Set notation : A ,B, C ,D 2. Elements of set are denoted by
small letters. Element notation : a,d,f,g, For example SetA= {x,y,v,b,n,h,}
3 If x is element of A we can write as xA i.e x belongs to set A.
4. If x is not an element of A we can write as xA i.e x does not belong to A
e.g If Y is a set of days in a week then Monday A
and January A
5 Each element is written once.6 Set of Natural no. represented by-N,
Whole no by- W ,Integers by – I, Rational no by-Q, Real no by- R
7 Order of element is not important. i.e set A can be written as { 1,2,3,4,5,} or as {5,2,3,4,1} There is no difference between two.
Set Theory Georg cantor a German
Mathematician born in Russia is creator of set theory
The concept of infinity was developed by cantor.
Proved real no. are more numerous than natural numbers.
Defined cardinal and ordinal no.
Georg cantor
Venn Diagrams Born in 1834 in England. Devised a simple
diagramatic way to represent sets.
Here set are represented by closed figures such as :
John VennJohn Venn
.a .i.g .y
.2 .2 .6 .8.6 .8
Set Representation• There are two main ways of
representing sets.
1. Roaster method or Tabular method.
2. Set builder method or Rule method
Roster or Listing method• All elements of the sets are
listed,each element separated by comma(,) and enclosed within brackets
Roster or Listing method• All elements of the sets are
listed,each element separated by comma(,) and enclosed within brackets { }
• e.g Set C= {1,6,8,4}• Set T
={Monday,Tuesdy,Wednesday,Thursday,Friday,Saturday}
• Set k={a,e,i,o,u}
Rule method or set builder method
• All elements of set posses a common property
• e.g. set of natural numbers is represented by
• K= {x|x is a natural no} Here | stands for ‘such that’ ‘:’ can be used in place of ‘|’e.g. Set T={y|y is a season of the year} Set H={x|x is blood type}
Cardianility of set• Number of element in a set is called
as cardianility of set. No of elements in set n (A) e.g Set A= {he,she, it,the, you} Here no. of elements are n |A|=5
Singleton set containing only one elements e.g Set A={3}
Types of set
1. Empty set2. Finite set3. Infinite set4. Equal set5. Equivalent set6. Subset Universal set
Equal sets
• Two sets k and R are called equal if they have equal numbers and of similar types of elements.
• For e.g. If k={1,3,4,5,6}• R={1,3,4,5,6} then
both Set k and R are equal.• We can write as Set K=Set R
Empty sets• A set which does not contain any elements
is called as Empty set or Null or Void set. Denoted by or { }e.g. Set A= {set of months containing 32 days}Here n (A)= 0; hence A is an empty set.e.g. set H={no of cars with three wheels}
• Here n (H)= 0; hence it is an empty set.
Finite set• Set which contains definite no of
element.• e.g. Set A= {,,,}• Counting of elements is fixed.Set B = { x|x is no of pages in a
particular book} Set T ={ y|y is no of seats in a bus}
Infinite set• A set which contains indefinite
numbers of elements.
Set A= { x|x is a of whole numbers}
Set B = {y|y is point on a line}
Subset• Sets which are the part of
another set are called subsets of the original set. For example, if A={3,5,6,8} and B ={1,4,9} then B is a subset of A it is represented as BA
• Every set is subset of itself i.e A A
• Empty set is a subset of every set. i.e A
.3 .5 .6.
.8
.1
.4
.9
A
B
Universal set• The universal set is the set of all
elements pertinent to a given discussionIt is designated by the symbol U
e.g. Set T ={The deck of ordinary playing cards}. Here each card is an element of universal set.
Set A= {All the face cards}Set B= {numbered cards}Set C= {Poker hands} each of these
sets are Subset of universal set T
Operation on Sets
• Intersection of sets• Union of sets• Difference of two sets• Complement of a set
Intersection of sets• Let A and B be two sets. Then the set
of all common elements of A and B is called the Intersection of A and B and is denoted by A∩B
• Let A={1,2,3,7,11,13}} B={1,7,13,4,10,17}}
• Then a set C= {1,7,13}} contains the elements common to both A and B
• Hence A∩B is represented by shaded part in venn diagram.
• Thus A∩B={x|xA and xB}
Union of sets• Let A and B be two
given sets then the set of all elements which are in the set A or in the set B is called the union of two sets and is denoted by AUB and is read as ‘A union B’
•Union of Set A= {1, 2, 3, 4, = {0, 2, 4, 6} •5, 6} and Set B
Difference of two sets1. The difference of set A- B is
set of all elements of “A” which does not belong to “B”.
2. In set builder form difference of set is:-
A-B= {x: xA xB} B-A={x: x B xA} e.g SetA ={ 1,4,7,8,9} Set B= {3,2,1,7,5} Then A-B = { 4,8,9}
Disjoint sets• Sets that have no
common members are called disjoint sets.
• Example: Given that• U=
{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}• setA={ 1,2,3,4,5}• setC={ 8,10}• No common elements
hence set A and are disjoint set.
Summarisation1. Definition of set andProperties of
sets2. Set theory3. Venn Diagram4. Set Representation5. Types of Sets
Home work
1 Write definition of set concepts.2 What is intersection and union of
sets.3 Explain properties of sets with
examples.
Applications1. A set having no element is empty set.( yes/no)2.A set having only one element is
singleton set. (yes/no)3.A set containing fixed no of elements.
{ finite/ infinite set) 4.Two set having no common element.
(disjoint set /complement set)
• Yes your answer is right
No is wrong your answer
• Yes your answer is right
• No your answer is wrong
• Yes your answer is right
• No your answer is wrong
• Yes your answer is right
• No your answer is wrong