setia city final report

BUILDING SERVICES [ARC 2423]

PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY, ANALYSIS AND

DOCUMENTATION OF BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS

SETIA CITY MALL

AHMAD RIDHWAN BIN AHMAD 0311384

ARIF ZAKWAN BIN ABDUL HAMID 0303736

AMIR HAKIM BIN SAZALI 0314707

PRESHANT RASU A/L BALA

SUBRAMANIAN

0312813

HANS HOSEA GONZA 0311772

ARYO DHANESWARA 0309093

USMAN FAROOQI 1102p11235

PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY, ANALYSIS AND DOCUMENTATION OF SETIA CITY

MALL’S BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS

Table of Contents Page

1.0 Literature Review..............................................................................................2

2.0 Fire Protection System....................................................................................12

3.0 Mechanical Ventilation and Air Conditioning System......................................30

4.0 Electrical Supply System.................................................................................44

5.0 Cold Water Supply System.............................................................................62

6.0 Sewerage and Sanitary System......................................................................81

7.0 Mechanical Transportation System.................................................................89

ARC 2213/2234 Asian Architecture 1



1.0 Literature Review

1.1 Cold and Hot Water System

There are two types of water systems that can be used in a building and these are:

1. Direct water system

2. Indirect water system.

Direct water system follows the direct supply from the main and goes straight to the

tap without any stops or hindrance. On the other hand indirect water system follows

a few steps. Indirect system provides to store water in a tank first and then it’s

distributed to the taps around the building.

Setia mall uses indirect water system for its entire building and the flow of water

supply is maintained through electrical systems which perform regular check on the

storage and provision of water.




Direct water supply Indirect water supply

An indirect water supply system is the most common type found in modern houses.

The main water comes in via a rising main and directly feeds at least one cold tap

at the kitchen sink with 'potable' water, water which is fit for drinking, cooking, etc,

and may also feed a washing machine, a shower and an outside tap etc. The rising

main also feeds a storage tank at a high point in the building from where the water

is fed to all the other taps etc using gravity.

Direct water supply system is one where the raising main feeds directly the cold

water to taps and multi point water heate

Advantages Disadvantages

Direct cold water Can be cheaper to install than a storage system

If cold mains fail there is no emergency backup supply

No chance of water growing harmful bacteria

More system noise as water is

under high

pressure

Can deal with large demand more easily

Cannot always supply cold

water even if mains

water pressure is low

Indirect cold water Water supplied even if mains stops working

Can be more expensive to install

Less system noise as water is

under less

pressure

Greater chance of the water

growing harmful

bacteria

Can supply cold water even if

mains water

pressure is low

Cannot deal easily with large demand

- Green features used in Setia City Mall water systems

• Rainwater harvesting and drip irrigation to all planter boxes

• Bio waste composting to produce organic fertilizer for surrounding mall landscape

• Siphonic drainage system

• Building smoke spill to flush in fresh air

• Educational environment clips on LCD boards

• Electric car charging stations




• Water saving fittings for toilet flush and hand basins

• Water leak detection system

• Saving 16% of water daily by recycling condensed water from air conditioners

• Planting adaptive trees and plants with lower requirements for irrigation

• Waste recycling by retailers and shoppers

1.2 Air Conditioning and Ventilation System

- Duct Systems

Duct board and duct liner are widely used in duct systems because of their

excellent acoustic, thermal, and condensation control properties. If the HVAC

system is properly designed, fabricated, installed, operated and maintained, these

duct systems pose no greater risk of mold growth than duct

systems made of sheet metal or any other materials.

However, the very properties that make duct board and duct

liner superior insulators (e.g., a fibrous structure with large

surface area that creates insulating air pockets), also makes

them capable of trapping and retaining moisture if they do get

wet (though the fibers themselves do not absorb moisture).

Diffe rent Types of air conditioners

- Windows AC

These types of AC are designed to be fitted in window sills.

A single unit of Window Air Conditioner houses all the

necessary components, namely the compressor,

condenser, expansion valve or coil, evaporator and cooling

coil enclosed in a single box. Since a window AC is a

single unit, it takes less effort to install as well as for

maintenance.

Advantages:

• Single unit air conditioner




• Less effort needed for installation

• Costs lesser in comparison to other varieties

- Split AC

These are kits of 2 units, one internal and another

external. The indoor unit installed inside room intake

warm air and throws in cold air. The outdoor unit on the

other hand is installed out of the house. It contains the

compressor and is linked to the internal unit via drain

pipes and electric cables. This external unit throws out

the warm air.

Advantages

• Internal unit takes up less space for installation

• Usually more silent than window ACs

• Minimally affect your home decor

• Can be installed in room with no windows

- Tower AC

These are also known as floor-standing air conditioners.

Like split ACs, a tower AC set consists of 2 units- one

internal and an external. However, the indoor unit does not need wall installation.

It rather occupies some space on the floor. Tower air conditioners usually have

high cooling capacity and suitable for very large rooms.

Advantages

• Suitable for high capacity cooling

• Ideal for large rooms at home and in offices

• Doesn't need windows or wall installation

- Cassette AC

These space-saving ACs are shaped like cassettes and are

designed to be installed on ceilings. The panel of these air conditioners is

designed to blend with all kinds of home décor. They are stylish, and are known to

deliver fantastic performances. Most cassette type air conditioners require no

ducting. They are perfect for large spaces where windows or split AC may not

reach out.




Advantages

• Best at saving space

• Able to cool large areas where other ACs don’t reach out

• Blends with decor

- Cube Air Conditioner

This fairly new design introduced by Panasonic can be mounted close to a ceiling

or at the window level. Basically, this is a smaller version of the split type air

conditioner and costs less than the former. The indoor unit features a newly

designed diagonal propeller fan for efficient and fast cooling. Improved blade

shape curvature and larger intake grill further aid for efficient performance.

Advantages

• Can be mounted close to the ceiling or at window level

• Newly designed diagonal propeller fan for fast cooling

• Improved blade shape curvature for efficient performance

Key differences between "Window", "Split" and ”Cassette" air conditioners

AC Parameters Window AC Split AC Cassette AC

Suitable For Small rooms with a window sill

Any room with or without a window

Large indoor spaces

Noise Relatively on the higher side

Minimal noise Silent operation

Capacity range 0.75 ton to 2 ton 0.8 to 2 ton 1 ton to 4 ton

Advanced features Humidity control, dust filter

Humidity control, dust filter, bacteria filter

Humidity control, dust filter, bacteria filter

Interference with home decor

Slight possibility to interfere with window curtains and drapes

Designer indoor units blend well with wall decor

Barely interferes with interior decor

Ease of installation Minimal effort required

Indoor and outdoor units need some amount of effort for installation

Needs specialised false ceiling

1.3 Fire Protection Systems




Fire safety is considered most essential in any form of construction. It can be

caused by the smallest and most unlikely reasons and can destroy to a limitless

approach. The control of a fire after its initiation is one of the major factors which

contribute in safety of a building under fire. After that comes the ventilation of the

smoke bad fumes. These issues can turn up to catastrophic matters if not taken

seriously.

- Smoke Detector

Smoke detector is a device that detects the presence of smoke, which is typically

due to fire. The device will detect the smoke and also send signals to the control

room and trigger the fire alarm. So, this system’s purpose is to provide safety

precautions and to avoid serious spread of fire in the future.




Sources of fire in a building:

• Electric

• Static electric

• Spark

• Friction

• Mechanical heat

• Chemical reactions

• Compressed gas

• Lightning

• Flame

Smoke extract ventilation

Smoke control:

A well designed smoke extract ventilation system guarantees a smooth

evacuation in time of a hazardous situation. There are several ways to design

smoke extract ventilation system and the ones used in Setia City Mall are as

below:

- Compartmentation

In this case a shop or a given space is provided an isolated zone in case of a fire

within its boundaries. This approach allows smoke to stay in one allocated region

and, not leave that affected area. Compartmentation provides a separate fully fir

resistant compartment so that smoke does not evade into other areas. This option

does not require smoke ventilation but requires expensive and restrictive

construction.

- Shop extract

If smoke ventilation is to be provided, maximum protection is achieved if smoke is

not allowed to escape from the fire room but is directly extracted to outside.

However this requires either multiple individual systems or complex ducted

systems so is rarely used unless essential.

- Mall extract

The simplest and most common system, this allows smoke to spill into the mall

and be extracted from under the roof.




Car park Ventilation

Enclosed or underground car parks need smoke clearance or smoke control

ventilation to assist fire-fighting operations. Such

systems are often combined with fume ventilation

to prevent the build-up of vehicle exhaust gases in

normal day to day use of the car park. More

futuristic ideas would be impulse and induction

systems which ventilate the smoke and fumes from

a car park, to a directed and controlled exhaust

exit.

Impulse and induction system use large sized fans

or jet fans, as their capacity states. These fans direct all the unwanted air towards

one or more exhaust outlets fans. This process allows a complete control over

smoke and fumes during a fire. Furthermore, this system is available easily and

even can be assembled anywhere wanted. This all factors contradict with a

traditional ducting system. Induction and impulse system is much more cost

effective and much more efficient than duct ventilation.

Further features and benefits of impulse and induction systems compared to

traditional ducted systems:

• Easier and quicker installation

• Lower excavation costs

• Lower maintenance

• Cleaner, less cluttered ceilings

1.4 Electrical Systems and Supply

Electricity has become an essential of modern life; we have setup our cities,

houses and buildings to be dependent on electricity. Electricity is usually produced

by electromechanical generators in power plants, depending on the type of power

plant; they are either produced by chemical combustion or nuclear fission, which

the latter is not used in Malaysia. A more sustainable take on creating electrical

energy would be through the use of natural kinetic energy, coming from wind or

the flow of water (rivers).




Electricity is always considered as a main component for buildings, regardless of

its scale of development. In order to regulate and illuminate the internal building

environment, the use of lights, AC systems and water pumps all need access to

electricity, and enough of it to run properly. . The electrical supply system transfers

electrical power from power stations to consumer’s premises and it usually

consists of; the power station, the transmission lines (electrical pylons) and the

distribution system. Electrical networks can be broadly divided into two systems;

1) Transmission Systems and

2) Distribution systems.

These systems can again be sub-divided into;

1) Primary and Secondary transmission

2) Primary and secondary distribution.

In Malaysia, electrical power is distributed by the country’s main power supplier;

Tenaga Nasional berhad (TNB). They take care of the distribution in a nationwide

scale. TNB is the main body to approach for new buildings that are going to be

built, as permission is needed for new lines of supply to be connected to new

developments. Without their grant, a project will be impossible to proceed as

electricity is needed to run these buildings.




Components of System

The basic components for an electrical system is constant throughout every

development, although some variables may occur depending on the scale of such

building, provided here are components that are essential for an electrical system

inside a building.

- Distribution Board

A distribution board is an assemblage of fuses and circuit breakers that are

arranged to distribute electrical power to

numerous individual circuits or points in

a building. The board generally houses a

main circuit breaker and an earth

leakage protection device. The main

functions of all distribution boards are to

allow individual circuits to draw power

from circuit breakers. It also separates

all the circuits present in the system, this

greatly helps in situations where faults

can be found in any of the circuits, the

isolation would not cause any disruption

to the rest of the supply. Most

importantly, a distribution board offers

protection to the consumer from direct

electrical shock or fire.




- Circuit Breaker

The circuit breaker is considered as an essential device when

electricity and safety is concerned. It is an absolutely essential

device in the modern world, and one of the most important

safety mechanisms in your home. Whenever electrical wiring in

a building has too much current flowing through it, these simple

machines cut the power until somebody can fix the problem.

Without circuit breakers (or the alternative, fuses), household

electricity would be impractical because of the potential for fires

and other mayhem resulting from simple wiring problems and

equipment failures. Basically electricity is produced from

Generating stations, which then transmits electricity to the

outskirts of cities through the primary transmission. The primary

transmission line ends at the receiving station, where electricity

is further stepped down to cater for distribution. Electricity is then

transmitted to various sub-stations that are placed around the

city, this becomes the secondary transmission.

The sub-stations then further distribute electricity to Distribution sub-stations through

lines that are usually placed along the important road sides of the city. Distribution

sub-stations (DS) then finally distributes electricity to domestic and commercial

areas.

- Green electricity

Usage of power saving components leads to a much greener and safer environment

even in consumption of electricity. Introduction of components as light sensors

gauge when artificial illumination is needed – such as during a storm or when

evening approaches – ensures no power wastage due to unnecessary lighting. And

of course, the artificial lighting comes from energy-efficient light fixtures such as

LED, TF fluorescent lamps and ceramic metal halide bulbs. All these factors add up

to a greener consumption of electricity, which is practiced in Setia City Mall itself.


Diagram showing the order of electrical distribution.



2.0 Fire Protection System

2.1 Introduction of Fire Protection

Fire protection of building is a practice of preventing or reducing the damage of

properties and harm towards the occupants of a building from fire. In order to

achieve this laws and regulations has been implemented and buildings must be

constructed in accordance to those laws and regulations. Completed and fully

operational buildings must undergo maintenance in accordance to the fire code

that is issued by the fire officers of the local fire department.

2.2 Function of Fire Protection System

There are three major goals of fire protection which are continuity of operations,

property protection and life safety. Continuity of operations is to avoid the

interruption of critical services necessary for the welfare of the public such as

emergency help line. Property protection is the intention to avoid the spread of

damage that causes by the fire. Life safety is the means to avoid harm to the

occupants. In a case of a fire, the fire protection system of the building such as the

sprinklers, fire alarms and smoke curtains are at the front life in achieving those

goals.




2.3 Components of Fire Protection System

2.3.1 Fire Alarm System

Fire alarm system is a set of devices that its purpose is to alert the occupants

through audio appliances when smoke or fire is present within the building.

Types of fire alarm system:

1. Manually activated

2. Automatically activated

Manually activated fire alarms are available in many parts of the building, readily

to be activated by an occupant in a case of a fire.

Automatically activated fire alarms activated by smoke or heat detector, it does not

require a person to activate the system.

Parts of a fire alarm system:

1. Fire alarm control panel

2. Primary power supply

3. Backup power supply

4. Initiating devices

5. Notification appliances

6. Building safety interfaces

Fire alarm control panel is a component that receives information from the sensors

(e.g. smoke detector, manual alarm trigger).

Primary power supply is a power supply that is directly from the commercial power

utility. The backup power supply in the other hand is a power supply from

emergency sources such as diesel powered generator.

Initiating device is a component that acts as an input to the fire alarm control unit;

it can be operated automatically or manually.

Notification appliances are devices that trigger sound as a method to alert the

occupants.

Building safety interfaces controls the spread of smoke fumes and fire by

manipulating air movement, lighting, process control and occupants transport and

exit




.

Figure: example of a fire alarm interface




Figure: single line diagram for Setia City Mall




Figure: fire alarm bell / notification appliance

Figure: break glass device




2.3.2 Fire Pump

Fire pump is a component of a big fire extinguishing system’s water supply of a

building. It is powered by diesel. The purpose of a fire pump is to increase

pressure of the water which for the water sprinklers and hose reels. Fire pump in

Setia City Mall is located in the lower ground floor along with the fire tank.

Figure: fire pump used at Setia City Mall




2.3.3 Sprinkler

Water sprinkler is a fire active protection measure. It works by dispersing water to

put out fire within the area where the sprinklers has been activated automatically

due to extensive heat. Water sprinkler is a fire active protection measure. It works

by dispersing water to put out fire within the area where the sprinklers has been

activated automatically due to extensive heat.

Figure: one of the water sprinkler heads in Setia City Mall

Components of water sprinkler are as follows:

1. Main water supply

2. Fire line / water pipeline for the fire system

3. Alarm bell

4. Central station monitoring system

5. Branch line

6. Sprinkler heads

Type – Wet Pipe

Setia City Mall uses wet pipe fire sprinkler system. Wet pipe fire sprinkler system

is a fire sprinkler system type that contains water in the piping system which

allows immediate water discharge when activated. This is where it differs from the

dry pipe fire sprinkler system, which contain air or nitrogen under pressure in its




piping system, this type of system is usually used at places where temperature

can decline to freeze level to avoid water in the pipe to freeze.

Sprinkler Types

The way a fire sprinkler works is by the bulb that function as a plug to stop the

water from being dispersed will break at a certain temperature. Different coloured

bulb will break at different temperature, as shows in table 1:

Maximum Ceiling

Temperature (°C)

Classification Liquid Alcohol in Glass

Bulb Colour

38 Ordinary Red

66 Intermediate Green

107 High Blue

149 Extra high Purple

191 Very extra high Black

246 Ultra high Black

329 Ultra high Black

Table: Sprinkler bulb specifications




Figure: schematic diagram of the sprinkler system at Setia City Mall




2.3.4 Gaseous Fire Suppression

Gaseous fire suppression is the use of inert gas and chemical agents for the

purpose of extinguishing a fire. This system is used at places where the use of

water is not suitable such as electrical room or server room.

Setia City Mall uses aragonite.

Figure: canisters containing argon gas for use in extinguishing fire




2.3.5 Smoke Detector

Smoke detector is a device that is used to detect the presence of smoke. In

functions by alerting the occupants by sounding the alarm as well as sending a

signal back to the control room.

Figure: smoke detector




2.3.6 Heat sensor

Heat sensor is a device that is used to detect high presence of heat. In functions

by alerting the occupants by sounding the alarm as well as sending a signal back

to the control room.

Figure: Heat sensor used in Setia City Mall

2.3.7 Fire Hose Reel

Fire hose reel is a high-pressure hose. Its purpose is to channel pressured water to the place of fire to be extinguished. It can be found in many parts of the Setia City Mall building.

Figure: fire hose reel and fire extinguisher as seen at Setia City Mall




2.3.8 Fireman’s Switch

Fireman’s switch is a device that its purpose is for the firemen to turn off neon lighting or other electrical equipment during fire to prevent those equipment from exploding.

Figure: fireman’s switch as seen in Setia City Mall

2.3.9 Fire Extinguisher

Fire extinguisher is device that serve a purpose of extinguish small fires. Fire extinguishers are placed in many parts of the building that are easily accessible.

Fire Class (Asia & Australia) Fuel/ Heat Source

Class A Ordinary combustibles

Class B Flammable liquids

Class C Flammable gases

Class D Electrical equipment

Class E Combustible metals

Class F Cooking oil or fat

Table: Fire extinguisher fire classes




Figure: fire extinguisher

2.3.10 Fire Exit

Fire exit or emergency exit in a building is an exit route dedicated for emergency cases such as fire.




Figure: the red circles indicate the fire stairs of the mall’s lower ground floor

Figure: the red circles indicate the fire stairs of the mall’s upper ground floor




Figure: the red circles indicate the fire stairs of the mall’s 1st floor

Figure: the red circles indicate the fire stairs of the mall’s 2nd floor




2.4 Laws and Regulations

2.4.1 Uniform Building By-Laws, 1984 (reference is also made to

the Sarawak Building Ordinance 1994)

The existing by-laws governing fire safety in buildings are the Uniform Building

By-Laws, 1984 under the Street, Drainage and Building Act, 1974. The various

requirements in the design and construction of buildings are prescribed in nine

parts

as follows:

a) Part I: Preliminary

b) Part II: Submission of plans for approval

c) Part III: Space, light and ventilation

d) Part IV: Temporary works in connection with Building Operations

e) Part V: Structural requirements

f) Part VI: Constructional requirements

g) Part VII: Fire Requirements

h) Part VIII: Fire Alarm, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting

Access

i) Part IX: Miscellaneous

In addition, there are also a total of ten schedules listing the details of design

requirements. However, only the following schedules relate to fire safety:

a) Fifth Schedule: Designation of Purpose Group

b) Seventh Schedule: Maximum Travel Distances

c) Eight Schedule: Classification of Flame Spread

d) Ninth Schedule: Limits of Compartmentation

e) Tenth Schedule: Requirements for Fire Fighting Systems

Together with Parts VII and VIII, these schedules determine all essential aspects

of

fire safety systems in buildings. Along with the codes and standards referred to in

the By-Laws, the standard of fire safety in this country is comparable to that of any

developed nation and is thus deemed adequate to ensure public life safety.

In terms of electrical installations relating to fire safety, the following specific By-

Laws are applicable:

a) By-Law 39 specifies the requirements for natural lighting and ventilation.

b) By-Law 154 specifies the requirements for emergency mode of operation in theARC 2213/2234 Asian Architecture 30



event of mains power failure.

c) By-Law 155 specifies the requirements for fire mode of operation.

d) By-Law 239 specifies the requirements for both fire brigade communication

system and public address system.

e) By-Law 240 specifies the requirements for fireman/electrical isolation switch.

f) By-Law 253 specifies the requirements for emergency power system for lighting,

fire detection and fire fighting system.

However, all these By-Laws and regulations listed above deal only with the design

and construction of a building before the Certificate of Fitness for Occupation

(CFO) is issued. Once the CFO is issued, the local authority including the FRDM

has little power under these sets of laws and regulations to continue to enforce

measures to be taken for safety of the occupants.

2.4.2 Fire Services Act, 1988

With the appreciation of the importance of proper usage and maintenance of

approved premises so as to ensure continuous fire safety, the Fire Services Act

was enacted in 1988. There are eight parts to this Act, namely:

a) Part I: Administration

b) Part II: Abatement of Fire Hazard

c) Part III: Water and Fire Hydrants

d) Part IV: Fire Certificates

e) Part V: Enforcement

f) Part VI: Enquiries into Fires

g) Part VII: Welfare Fund

h) Part VIII: Miscellaneous

Of the eight parts, the section with the most impact to building owners and

managers are Parts II, IV and V. Under Part IV, a building once classified as a

designated premise will be required to obtain a Fire Certificate for it to be

occupied.

This Fire Certificate is issued by the FRDM and shall be renewed annually upon

inspection by the Fire Authority to verify that the building is safe from fire hazards.

With this Act in place, the FRDM will be able to monitor and control the way the

buildings are managed and operated and most important of all, ensure that fire

safety equipment do not fall into a state of disrepair as has happened so often in

the past.




2.5 References

Setiacitymall.com,. (2014). Sustainability | Setia City Mall. Retrieved 26 June

2014, from http://www.setiacitymall.com/sustainability.aspx

Siva, K. (2013). Lecture: Sewarage. Retrieved from

https://times.taylors.edu.my/course/view.php?id=46841on 23th June 2014.

Stein, B., Reynolds, J., & McGuinness, W. J. (1992). Mechanical and

electrical equipment for buildings. New York: J. Wiley & Sons.

Unknown. (2010). Fire Sprinkler Wet & Dry Pipe Systems. Retrieved from

http://www.dynamicpiping.com/Systems.html




3.0 Mechanical Ventilation and Air Conditioning System

3.1 Introduction

An air conditioning system can be used for cooling or heating for a particular

object or building environment (structure) in order to obtain thermal comfort within

the vicinity. Heat transfers from a cooler low - energy reservoir to a warmer high –

energy reservoir. Due to the fact that Malaysia has a warm and humid climate

(tropical), Air conditioning will mostly be used for cooling, factors that mainly

contribute to heat gain in this instance are machines, people, lights, and solar

radiation, hence the need for cooling.

Air conditioning is necessary to provide an optimum interior temperature and

humidity that would be suitable for the comfort of the inhabitants. Setia City Mall

uses the centralized air conditioning system as well as a backup system known as

the “split air conditioning system”, though the secondary system is part of the air-

conditioning used in this case study, the focus is on the centralized cooling

system.

3.2 Function

The centralized air conditioning system is basically a system that has only one

central source of conditioned air that is then distributed around the structure

through a distributed network of ducts. Within this system there is a plant room

where there is a large compressor, condenser, thermostatic expansion valve and

also where the evaporator is kept. These factors perform all functions that are

similar to a typical refrigeration system, though some parts may be much larger

that usual and have higher abilities. The compressor is the open reciprocating

type; where them are multiple cylinders and is cooled by water. The compressor

and condenser are of shell and tube type. The chilled air is then spread around via

the ducts to all the halls and distributed to areas inside the mall, as other spaces

that require cooling. There is also a component known as the AHU (air handling

unit), which is basically a blower; though there are two types of centralized air

conditioning systems, Setia City Mall uses different kinds of air-conditioning

system for the whole building, one of which is the Direct Expansion system.




3.2 Components of System

Direct Expansion Air Conditioning system (DX):

This system has a large compressor and condenser, which are housed in the

plant room whilst an expansion valve, cooling coil and AHU are housed in

separate rooms. The cooling coil is basically fixed in the AHU; which also has a

large blower housed within the same section. The blower's job is to suck hot air

from the rooms via the ducts and blows it over the cooling coil, which comprises of

the refrigerant. Cool air is then supplied through various ducts into spaces, which

need to be cooled. Below is as diagram of an Air Handling Unit (AHU).

Expansion valve:

This controls liquid refrigerant flow in the evaporator with the aid of a remote bulb,

capillary/feeler tube, 00/(thermostatic expansion valve) body. As the refrigerant is

emitted through the expansion valve, pressure is downgraded abruptly and it then

vaporizes and inflates. The expansion valve id then controlled by the capillary tube

and a temperature-sensing bulb.

Condenser:

Both sensible and latent heal of vapor absorbed the air conditioner units are

rejected by the condenser. The air propelling across the condenser fins removes

the heat from the refrigerant thus its cause to condense back to liquid.

Evaporator:

It acts as a heat exchanger that attracts heat into the air conditioner system. and

release cool an into the air-conditioning space, done by using a refrigerant?

Air Ducting:

These are known as either high-pressure or low-pressure systems - high or low

velocity systems. Supply ductwork will usually be designed to operate at low

velocity and pressure unless the building constraints command otherwise. Setia

City Mall's air duct is rectangular in shape: these are being used to collect air from

conditioned rooms to the AHU. The air duct is covered with aluminum sheet for

temperature insulation. After air is processed by AHU, fresh air is then sent to

rooms through the rectangular air ducts.




3.3 Benefits direct expansion air conditioning (DX) system

• DX systems less expensive to install, and uses less space in mechanical and

electrical rooms than centralized cooling systems

• It can expand in an incremental fashion matching changed building

requirements

• Packaged Systems have standardized operating performances per unit, to

allow extra accurate system sizing

• Packaged Systems commonly demand less ventilation, and do not want

devoted condensate lines

• Packaged Systems dominate less space than equivalent to split system.

Case Study: Setia City Mall

Setia City Mall’s air conditioning system is considered by consultants to be at a

higher efficiency level than that of typical malls (IEN Consultants). It is the first

Malaysian mall accorded the Malaysian Green Building Index Silver Award (Star)

due to its sustainable design. Their holistic approach toward design of the overall

building system is seen in their high efficiency air conditioning system with the

chiller plant of the building achieving a minimum SCOP (System Coefficient of

Performance) of at least 4.0 throughout the year (IEN Consultants).

3.3 Operation of System

The air-conditioning system in Setia City Mall requires equipment that is needed to

support the operational of the system, both the air conditioning and the

mechanical ventilation system. Below is listed the number of equipment and

system description that can be found in the building:

Chiller System Centrifugal chiller with total capacity of

5000RT

Cooling Tower with total capacity of

7000TR

Air Distribution System 63 units of AHU




158 units of Fan Coil Unit

19 units of Air Cooled Split unit

Mechanical Ventilation 13 units of Kitchen Exhaust fan

13 units of Kitchen Make Up Fresh Air

fan

23 units of Smoke Make Up fan

45 units of Smoke Extraction Fan

36 units Pressurization Fan

30 units of Toilet Exhaust Fan

9 units of Fresh Air Fan

The floor plan below shows where the Air Handling Unit (AHU) room is located

in the building. Just like any other AHU rooms in general, it is located in service

area. The Make Up Water Tanks are located on the Level 2 (Roof Level)

alongside the Domestic Water Tanks. Situated on the same floor are the

cooling towers, AHU for general tenants as well as the chiller plant room.

Setia City Mall features an energy efficient structure in their air conditioning

system. A holistic approach toward the design of the overall building system is

undertaken to ensure that setia city mall can be a very energy efficient mall.

One of their approach is applying a Carbon Dioxide Monitoring and Control




system in their air conditioning and ventilation system. The following diagram is

showing how the system is applied in the building

Figure: Distribution diagram throughout the building in Setia City Mall

Source: Setia City mall management.

A/C Make-Up Water Tank

The water tank in Setia City Mall is used only for the chiller plant for air

conditioning purpose. Making it energy efficient and effective for the system.

Figure: A/C Make Up Water Tank located on the roof level




These A/C Make-Up Tanks has a capacity of storing 240 m3 of water. The

tanks are located beside the Domestic Water Tanks. The water sit on plinths to

avoid ground contact as it may lead to corrosion. Another reason for the

undercoat space is to allow for maintenance works as well as create sufficient

pressure from its outlets to distribution pipes.

Cooling Tower

A cooling tower is a heat rejection device, which extracts waste heat to the

atmosphere though the cooling of a water stream to a lower temperature. The

type of heat rejection in a cooling tower is termed "evaporative" in that it allows

a small portion of the water being cooled to evaporate into a moving air stream

to provide significant cooling to the rest of that water stream.

Figure 1: How cooling tower works

Setia City Mall has 6 units of cooling tower with a capacity of 7000RT which

also located on the same level as the chiller water tanks and the domestic water

tanks. The cooling tower is activated when water is transferred from the A/C

Make-Up Water tank to the cold water basin. Cooling tower will work when the

water is pumped from water storage tank to the water basin. Then water is

pumped to the top of the cooling tower. The sprinkler pipers will pour the water

out through the PVC filter. At this moment, the fan will start to open to cool

down the water. Then the cool water is sent to water chiller plant by chilled

water supply (CWS) pipe.




Figure: Cooling Tower

Centrifugal Chiller

Centrifugal liquid chiller is located on the same floor as the main air-conditioning

plantroom of Setia City Mall. Chillers are basically a refrigeration unit that is

designed to produce chilled water to treat air meant for distribution. The main

components of a chiller are the compressor, evaporator, condenser and

monitoring meters. A centrifugal liquid chiller has a higher efficiency and

therefore lower long term operating costs. Since the centrifugal liquid chiller in

Setia City mall is located inside a plantroom, there will be minimum cost of

maintenance as it is away from the weather element. The building is equipped

with 6 units of centrifugal chillers that have a total capacity of 5000RT. Although

only two of these chillers are sufficient to serve the all the AHUs in the building,

the additional numbers spread the load and ensure maximum efficiency.




Figure: Centrifugal Water Chiller, located in plantroom

Chiller Control Panel

Chiller control panel can be found in the air-conditioning platroom. The air

conditioning systems are controlled using a Building Automated System known

as BAS, which is linked to the control room. The system allows operation and

monitoring to the air conditioning much easier. It also allows the system to be

switched off at this point in order to minimize the consumption of energy.

According to MS1525: 2007 Standard 8.2.2

Where chillers are used and when the design loads is greater than 1000kWr,

A minimum of two chillers or a sing multi-compressor chiller should be provided to meet the require load.

Figure: Chiller Control Panel




Condenser Water Pump & Chilled Water Pump:

Condenser Water Pumps

The condenser water is cooled from 36’C to 31’C at the cooling tower first, then is

supplied to the refrigerant condenser by gravity at the chiller plant. Before entering

the refrigerant condenser, condenser water supply pressure is boosted up by the

condenser water pump to overcome the high pressure drop in the condenser and to

reach the cooling tower located at the rooftop.

A single unit of condenser water pump will serve one unit of chiller.

According to MS1525:2007 Standard 8.5 Piping Insulation

“All piping installed to serve buildings and within buildings should be adequately insulated to

prevent excessive energy losses. Additional insulation with vapor barriers may be required to

prevent condensation under some conditions.”

Figure: Condenser Water Pump

Chilled Water Pump

The chilled water pumps circulate the returned chilled water at 14’C to the

evaporator at the plantroom to be cooled




Figure: Chilled Water Pump

Air Handling Unit (AHU)

Air handling unit is the most common system for cooled air distribution in a

centralized air-conditioning system.

There is a total of 63 air handling unit (AHU) distributed throughout the whole

building. Each is situated near the service are and does not take much space.




Some of the components of the Air Handling Unit (above):

a) Supply Duct: The ducting supplies cool air form the AHU to the rooms

b) Fan Component: Creates a current of air

c) Filter compartment: A porous device for removing impurities or solid particles

from the air that passes through it.

d) Return Air Duct: A duct that carries conditioned air from air supply units to

room diffusers or grille

e) Filter: A porous device for removing impurities or solid particles from the air that

passes through it

Function of AHU is to filter out the solid substances and also to extract the returned

air outside through the ductwork to deliver fresh air into the space. The outside fresh

air is drawn into AHU duct by the forced of draught fan by controlling the opening of

air control dampers. Unwanted solid particles will be removed before it reaches the

chilled water coil which is made up of copper as it has a good heat conductance.

Return warm air from the space is blown into the AHU through the return grilles by

the induced draught fan which some of the warm air will bi exhausted out from the

building and some will be recycled back to be filtered together with the outside air.

The filtered air is moved towards the chilled water coil in order to exchange heat with

the chilled water and causes the warm air to become cold fresh air. The cold fresh

air will go through the final filter before it is distributed to the space through diffuser.

According to Third Schedule (By Law 41)

Filtration – unless otherwise specified, where air-conditioning is mention herein, it

shall be deemed to include air filtration down to a particle size of ten microns with an

efficiency of not less than 70% arrestance.

According to Third Schedule (by Law 41)

3. Filter for exhaust air

(1) Filter for the removal of airborne bacteria shall be provided for all exhaust air discharge points to

requirements of governing health authority.

(2) Exhaust air discharge points shall be at high or roof level and shall not in any case be lower than 5

meters from the external ground or pavement level.




Figure:

Ducting

Air conditioning duct is used to distribute air throughout a building. The system

of intake grilles pulls fresh air from outside into the central air unit. Air is cooled,

then blow into air conditioning duct system, where it is distributed to various

rooms. Cool air enters the rooms through air terminal units installed at the end

of each duct line, which generally take the form of diffusers or grilles.

Ductwork systems are usually classified as either high-pressure or low-pressure

systems, or another classification of high-velocity systems, depends on their

static pressure and air speed design parameters. Increasing air flow velocity

allows the use of smaller duct cross-sections, which may be necessary in

buildings with constricted distribution spaces.

Setia City Mall uses a shape of air duct which is circular shape. Air was

distributed along the perimeter of building and branches towards the distribution

spaces. The further the air duct to the AHU, the size of air duct is smaller, so

that the speed and pressure of air can be maintained along the air duct.




Figure:

5. UBBL Requirements

a. The underside of openings for the entry into any mechanical ventilation or

air-conditioning plant shall not less than 1 meter from any external

pavement, road way, ground level or similar external surface.

b. According to the guide, the AHU room on every level is of equal sizes and

dimensions.

c. The Size of Make Up Water Tank need to be determined by considering

below formula Total Size of Cooling Tower (CT-T.R) X 3.0 U.S Gallons X 8

hours of pump operations.

d. Cooling Tower Unit need to be determined by adding up 25% (i.e. multiply

by factor of 1.25) from the total Chiller Cooling Unit. (T.R unit)

e. AHU Fan Power Rated; Air Flow Rates (m³/s) X Total Pressure Losses (mm

wg)/102 X motor effieciency (65%)




f. The selection of Chiller Unit is firstly to Determine the tentative heat loads for

Chiller Condensing unit by doing the estimation on the Average between

maximum and minimum of Grand Total Cooling Load/effective area, square feet

References:

Gandy, M. (2011, February 5). Basic Design Guidelines for Mechanical Engineering

Systems. . Retrieved , from http://leonim.blogspot.com/

Code of Practice for Water-cooled Air Conditioning Systems. (2006, February 5). .

Retrieved , from http://www.emsd.gov.hk/emsd/e_download/pee/wcacsCoP_Part_1.pdf

Gallagher, J. (2013, March 4). . . Retrieved , from

http://www.electrical-knowhow.com/2012/03/in-previous-air-conditioning-system.html


http://www.emsd.gov.hk/emsd/e_download/pee/wcacsCoP_Part_1.pdf



4.0 Electrical Systems and Supply

4.1 Introduction

Electricity has become an essential of modern life; we have setup our cities,

houses and buildings to be dependent on electricity. Electricity is usually produced

by electromechanical generators in power plants, depending on the type of power

plant; they are either produced by chemical combustion or nuclear fission, which

the latter is not used in Malaysia. A more sustainable take on creating electrical

energy would be through the use of natural kinetic energy, coming from wind or

the flow of water (rivers).

Electricity is always considered as a main component for buildings, regardless of

its scale of development. In order to regulate and illuminate the internal building

environment, the use of lights, AC systems and water pumps all need access to

electricity, and enough of it to run properly. . The electrical supply system transfers

electrical power from power stations to consumer’s premises and it usually

consists of; the power station, the transmission lines (electrical pylons) and the

distribution system. Electrical networks can be broadly divided into two systems;

1) Transmission Systems and

2) Distribution systems.

These systems can again be sub-divided into;

1) Primary and Secondary transmission

2) Primary and secondary distribution.




In Malaysia, electrical power is distributed by the country’s main power supplier;

Tenaga Nasional berhad (TNB). They take care of the distribution in a nationwide

scale. TNB is the main body to approach for new buildings that are going to be

built, as permission is needed for new lines of supply to be connected to new

developments. Without their grant, a project will be impossible to proceed as

electricity is needed to run these buildings.

4.2 Components of System

The basic components for an electrical system is constant throughout every

development, although some variables may occur depending on the scale of such

building, provided here are components that are essential for an electrical system

inside a building.




-Distribution Board

A distribution board is an assemblage of

fuses and circuit breakers that are arranged

to distribute electrical power to numerous

individual circuits or points in a building. The

board generally houses a main circuit

breaker and an earth leakage protection

device. The main functions of all distribution

boards are to allow individual circuits to draw

power from circuit breakers. It also separates all the circuits present in the system, this

greatly helps in situations where faults can be found in any of the circuits, the isolation

would not cause any disruption to the rest of the supply. Most importantly, a

distribution board offers protection to the consumer from direct electrical shock or fire.

-Circuit Breaker

The circuit breaker is considered as an essential

device when electricity and safety is concerned.

Whenever there are excessive amounts of current

flowing through, this simple mechanism automatically

stops the power before any life threatening accident

happens; once the power is cut it enables the user to

fix the problem without getting fatally harmed from

electricity current. Without these circuit breakers, the

potential of fires and other life threatening mayhem

would spark from the simplest wiring problem or

failure, making the electrical system very unsafe and

useless.




-Fuse

A fuse also accomplishes the same thing as a circuit breaker, but through a

different method. The way it stops overflowing current is

by having a wire that melts whenever it reaches a certain

temperature, once the wire melts the connection breaks

and the current will stop flowing. Fuses, unlike circuit

breakers need to be changed once the wires are broken.

-A.C Power Sockets

Power sockets are the safest point of where a user can fully access and utilize

electrical power, the point allows electrical operated equipment to be connected

to the A.C supply of the building. Depending on countries, some sockets can

have three pinned or two pinned slots, a standard power socket that is used in

Malaysia would be the three rectangular pinned sockets ( type BF).

-Circuit wire / Electrical wiring

Electrical wiring transmits

electricity from one point to

another; it is used throughout a




building and enables electricity power to reach different places in the building so

that the user can have access to electricity via sockets. An electric cable is

made up of a conductor, usually copper, which channels electricity flow, and an

insulation that protects the electricity flow from consumers (safety).

-Electric Meter

The primary function of an electric meter is to measure the amount of electricity

used by the consumer; it is usually measured by kilo watt / hour (kWh). Meters

can come in analog or digital format, the format TNB currently uses now for all

buildings are the digital meters.

Operation of system

The electric supply system can be broadly classified into

1. d.c. or a.c. system

2. overhead or underground system.

TNB Electricity System:

According to TNB specification, the transmission voltage networks in Malaysia

are 500kV, 275kV and 132kV, while distribution voltages are 33kV, 11kV and

400/230 volts.

High Voltage and Extra High Voltage

Uses the 3 phase configuration

Solidly earthed or impedance earthed

Overhead lines and underground cable are used only for high and extra

high voltage distribution only (economical).

Low Voltage - 400/230V


A general schematic

of an Electric

System



3 phase 4 wire system

Neutral point solidly earthed mixture of overhead lines, underground cables and

aerial insulated cables

Mixture of overhead lines, underground cables and aerial insulated cables

Substations

An electrical sub-station is an assemblage of electrical components

including power transformers, switchgears, busbars, auxiliaries etc.

Types of Substations:

Transmission Substation: These substations are usually placed near

Generating stations; their main task is to increase voltage for

widespread distribution, as higher voltage is more economical for

longer distances.

Distribution Substation: These substations act as the

distributor of electricity to an area; it receives power from two or more

transmission lines and reduces incoming voltage to a suitable level for

local distribution, ranging from 33 kV for premises that need it to as

low as 400 V for domestic uses. Distribution substations also isolate

faults in either the transmission or distribution systems, which means

easier identification of problems if any occurred.

Collector Substation: Collector substation may be required if

electricity is also obtained from projects such as wind farms or river

plants. Their function is to step up electricity that is produced from

such means to transmission rate voltages so that they can be on the grid.




Order of Electricity System

Basically electricity is

produced from Generating stations,

these stations transmits electricity to

the outskirts of cities through the

primary transmission using overhead

lines. The primary transmission line

ends at the receiving station, where

electricity is further stepped down to

cater for distribution. Electricity is then

transmitted to various sub-stations that are placed around the city, this

becomes the secondary transmission.

The sub-stations then further distribute electricity to Distribution sub-

stations through lines that are usually placed along the important road sides of

the city. Distribution sub-stations (DS) then finally distributes electricity to

domestic and commercial areas.




Zoning ( Lower Ground Floor Level Only)

1) Main Switch Board room (Red)

located at Lower Ground Level

2) Consumer Transformer 33 kV Room

(Blue)

Located at Lower Ground Level

3) 33 kV TNB SSU (Yellow)

Located at Lower Ground Level




Main Switchboard Room

The main switch rooms are located at Lower Ground level of Setia City Mall. A

distribution switchboard is the point at which an incoming-power supply divides

into separate circuits, each of which is controlled and protected by the fuses or

switchgear of the switchboard. A distribution switchboard is divided into a

number of functional units, each comprising all the electrical and mechanical

elements that contribute to the fulfilment of a given function.




Consumer Transformer 33 kV Room (Blue)

The consumer transformer rooms are also located at Lower Ground Level.

Setia city mall receives electricity at 33 kV, but it is then stepped down to 11 kV.

Transformers play a vital role along the distribution and transmission stages of

the system.Transformers are devices that transfer electric energy from one

circuit to another, usually with a change in voltage. Transformers work only with

a varying electric current, such as alternating current (AC). Transformers are

important in the distribution of electric power. They raise the voltage of the

electricity generated at a power plant to the high levels needed to transmit the

electricity efficiently. Other transformers reduce the voltage at the locations

where the electricity is used. Many household devices contain transformers to

raise or lower house-current voltage as needed. Television sets and stereo

equipment, for example, require high voltages; doorbells and thermostats, low

voltages.





Consumer Supply Schematic



TNB Substation

Setia city mall also houses its own receiving substation, also located at Lower

Ground floor. It receives 33 kV of electricity, and then the substation

transformer will step down to 11 kV.




Observations

Energy sub- meters (digital power meters, DPM) are provided for all major

building equipments energy uses, such as chillers, pumps, cooling towers,

AHUs, FCUs, lifts, escalators and carparks. For common areas, separate sub-

metering is provided for lighting and small power at eachy floor. Separate kWh

meters have also been provided for all tenanted area. All these digital power

meters are linked to a Central Energy Management System (CEMS). Actual

building energy uses and energy savings can then be monitored, recorded and

controlled as scheduled.

Energy Saving Features

Lux sensors installed at common areas such as main entrances, corridors,

public corridor and back of house will automatically turn the lights off when the

lighting level goes above 50 lux, thus saving energy.

The Carpark lighting is also automatically reduced after the Mall closes for

business. To complement the employment of daylight efficiency of artificial

lighting, the ceiling and columns of the carpark are painted white to optimize

their reflective luminousity.




Motion sensors are installed for all back of building area corridors, lift lobbies,

toilets and staircases to switch off lighting when the space is not occupied after

normal operation hours.




UBBL

Restriction of connection with the earth

No person shall, in the generation, transmission, supply or use of

electricity, permit any part of his supply lines to be connected with the

earth except as may be prescribed by regulations under this Act or be

expressly permitted by the Commission.

In the event of any breach of subsection (1), the Commission may by

written order require the licensee or owner to remove the connection

and may prohibit the use of any supply line or works or installation until

the order is complied with, and every such order shall be complied with

by the person concerned.

Charge for supply of electricity to be ascertained by appropriate meter

Where a consumer is to be charged for his supply of electricity whether

wholly or partly by reference to the quantity of electricity supplied, the

supply shall be given through, and the quantity of electricity shall be

ascertained by, an appropriate meter.

The meter shall be provided by the licensee, whether by way of sale,

hire or loan.

The meter shall be installed on the consumer’s premises in a position to

be determined by the licensee, unless in certain circumstances it is

more reasonable to place it outside the premises or in some other

position




References

Electrical Supply System. (2011, August 8). . Retrieved June 22, 2014, from

http://iiteeeestudents.wordpress.com/2011/08/28/electric-supply-system/

TNB Electricity System. (n.d.). . Retrieved , from

http://www.tnb.com.my/business/for-housing-developers-electrical-contractors/tnb-

electricity-system.html

Electrical Substation. (n.d.). . Retrieved June 26, 2014, from

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_substation

Kuppusammy, S. (Director) (2014, March 16). Electrical Systems. Lecture

conducted from , Selangor.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_substation

http://www.tnb.com.my/business/for-housing-developers-electrical-contractors/tnb-electricity-system.html

http://www.tnb.com.my/business/for-housing-developers-electrical-contractors/tnb-electricity-system.html

http://iiteeeestudents.wordpress.com/2011/08/28/electric-supply-system/



5.0 Cold Water Supply


The general purpose of fresh water piping in a building is to provide for a safe,

healthy supply

of potable water (water fit for use) which is delivered effectively to plumbing

fixtures throughout

a building at a suitable pressure and temperature.

( R.Barry.(1998).The construction of buildings.UK.BlackweelScienceLtd)

JBA (Jabatan Bekalan Air) is the statutory water undertaker for Malaysia.

The distribution of water to Shah Alam through JBA is via Syarikat Bekalan Air

(SYABAS),

Formerly known as PUAS and it is the source of water supply for Setia City Mall.




Water Collection

Water is collected in by two methods in Malaysia. As rain water that is collected in

dams and

fresh water that flows from rivers .This water is then pumped to the water

treatment plant.

Here the ‘unprocessed’ water is treated by a 7 stage process which includes

aeration,

coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, disinfection and conditioning.

Successful completion of the treatment process ensures that water will be safe for

general

Purpose use under the National drinking Water Quality Standards issued by the

Ministry of

Health (MOH), Malaysia

External Distribution

There are instances when the service reservoirs will need to utilizes a

booster pumping system to the water to the respective service reservoirs.

This occurs when the service reservoirs are located at a high elevation or

further away than usual. The starting pressure is usually generated at the

city main (located beneath the street in front of the building) or through an

elevated pressure tank or booster pump.Water is then supplied to

consumers. The pressure of the water needs to be adequate enough to

ensure a desirable output and should not exceed more than 80 psi to avoid




rupture of fittings. (Wentz.T(1997).Plumbing Systems.Analysis,design and

construction.NJ.PrenticeHall)

Internal distribution

Setia city mall employs an indirect water system Where water is guided

along plumbing systems due to a

Pressure Differential directed from a point of high pressure to a point of

low pressure

Gravity Feed water is directs downwards by the laws of gravity from a high

point to a low point of elevation

Both systems are equally important and most water distributions use both

mechanism. The water distribution in Setia City Mall benefits from

combining the two mechanisms to deliver water efficiency to its entire 4

floor. The water distribution within a building therefore needs to be well

coordinated well and all these factors provide a sufficient amount of water

around the shopping mall




Schematic Water Supply Diagram

Location of Water tanks and the distribution of water





Domestic Water tank 1

Domestic Water tank 2

Drink water tank



Internal distribution within the building

JBA (Jabatan Bekalan Air) is the statutory water undertaker for Malaysia.The

distribution of water to Kuala Lumpur through JBA is via Syarikat Bekalan Air

(SYABAS) and it is the source of water supply for the Kananga Whole Sale City




Centre. The water is delivered (under pressure) from below the ground level

through a network of pipes that form a grid. (Main) Connections to the existing

Main are made through communication pipes from below the ground outside

the boundary line of the site away from the loading bay the location is such that

that the supply pipes are situated away from the main entrances as they are not

aesthetically pleasing to the eye. Water can therefore be cut off at the

communication pipe to prevent water flow into the building during the case of

maintenance or repair in the mains. A bulk meter is used to monitor the volume

of water that is being supplied for water supply, it is mandatory for the meter to

be monitored every day in order to make sure the water supply has not been

tampered with. Once water comes from the main, it is separated into the fire

tanks and the RC domestic storage tanks which located at the lower ground

floor. The usage of the Fire tank is to make sure it provides water supply for the

fire protection system in case of emergencies. The rest of the water is is stored

in RC domestic Water Storage Tanks which has a capacity of 1220 m3 . The

usage of this tank is to offer storage for the water supply that will be distributed

to all F & B . While the remainder of the tanks water is collected and pumped up

to roof level to serve for other functions. The float valves have three primary

parts: the valve, the stem and the float. The float is a round airtight device and

is therefore buoyant. It is found on the surface of the water. The stem is

connected to the float device and rises with the float as the water level rises.

The stem also connects the valve to the float device. The valve constricts the

flow of water when the water level exceeds a predetermined level. When the

water enters the tank the float device drops, opening the valve opening the

valve. The valve remains open until the float device is raised to the pre-

determined level by the rising water. Water from the RC tank is then directed to

the common pipes , a stopper valve is attached to the pipe should the need to

cut off water supple arises. A strainer is used to clean foreign matter and debris

before the water reaches the three common pipes. The straines has a flexible

joint made of plastic that vibrates this make debris difficult to stick to the pipes.

As the common pipes come down, is connected to a booster pump via a

transformer. The common pipes are used to pump the pressure generated into

main distributions pipe. This helps by ensuring that the pressure is not too low.

One pipe from the RC tank is also used to distribute water to the cooling tower

through which the HVAC systems of the building are facilitated.Setia City Mall

does not employ a separate system for cold or hot water storage. This means

that space is saved as water cisterns do not have to be used and it also means




that energy is also conserved within the water supply system. As Setia City Mall

is only a commercial building, the need for hot or cold water only arises in the

kitchen stalls in the cafeteria in which case individual electrical appliances(water

heaters ,fridge) are used to facilitate their needs. Most of the toilets although

varied in design are placed one above the other in all the separate flows this

also means that the water supply is efficient and water pressure is not lost due

to long lengths of piping. This also means that the cost of piping is reduced.

Components

R. C Water Storage Tank

Reinforced concrete tanks have been used for water and wastewater storage

and treatment for decades. Design of reinforced concrete tanks requires

attention not only to strength requirements, but also to crack control and

durability. The challenge is to design concrete liquid containing structures that

will resist the extremes of seasonal temperature changes and a variety of

loading conditions, and remain watertight.

RC Storage tanks used in Setia City Mall

Storage tank with a ball cock float valve to control the water stored. This tank

will typically hold from 230 to 360 liters (50 to 80 gallons) of water at the highest

part of the building the higher it is, the better the gravity feed pressure at the

taps. Any overflow of water from the storage tank is deposit out of the building

from the overflow pipe. It is positioned in a way that if water flow can be

immediately noticed as it would indicate a problem.

Fire Water Storage Tank

Fire water storage tanks have been an important feature of industrial fire

protection system over the last 30 years. Elevated gravity tanks were once the

earliest tanks used and were once a common sight at industrial buildings.




Tanks may be built of steel, wood, concrete, coated fabric or even fiberglass-

reinforced plastic tank. Fire water tank can also be based on the ground.

Fire water Tank used in Setia City Mall

Due do the Fire tank being in the basement of setia city mall its safe to say that

the material used for its fire tanks will be Fiberglass. Its recognized in NFPA 22

standard,Water Storage Tanks for Fire Protection Systems, as well as NFPA

1142 standard, Water Supplies for Suburban and Rural Fire Fighting.

Features of fiber glass fire protection water tanks:

Corrosion-resistance - long-term storage of water requires a tank material like

fiberglass which is immune to rust.

Buried design - eliminates the need to add expensive protection measures to

prevent freezing, while removing the aesthetic problems of an aboveground tank.

Strong H20 structural design - necessary for locations where vehicle traffic is a

factor, such as parking lots.




Gate valve

It is usually desirable to valve every riser. The branches that serve bathrooms

or kitchens, and the run outs to individual fixtures. This facilitates repairs at any

location with a minimum of shutdown within a system. Pumps and other devices

that may need repair should be able to disconnect by using it.

Valves used in supplying water to Setia City Mall

A gate valve with a retractable leaf machined to seal tighly against two

sloping metal surfaces when closed. Offers the least resistance to

water flow when open. It is usually chosen for locations where it is left

completely open most of the time.

The Compression type globe valve is usually used for the closing

or throttling or flow near a point of occasional use.

Angle valve similar to compression type glove valve

Check valve when it is necessary to prevent flow in a

direction opposite to that which is planned a check valve is

introduced




Stop cock

A stopcock, not to be confused with a gate valve or a DiCiaccio branch, is used

to prevent flow of water into a domestic water system. There are usually two

stopcocks for a building. One is usually found just outside the property

boundary and can be used to isolate the building from the water supply. The

other is inside the property where the supply enters the property. These valves

are provided to allow maintenance and prevent flooding if the domestic water

system is pierced.

Fittings

A fitting is used in pipe plumbing systems to connect straight pipe or tubing

sections, to adapt to different sizes or shapes, and for other purposes, such as

regulating or measuring fluid flow. The term plumbing is generally used to

describe conveyance of water, gas, or liquid waste in ordinary domestic or

commercial environments,




Meter

Water meter is use in all buildings to measure the amount of consumption of

water use.

In many developed countries water meters are used to measure the volume of

water used by residential and commercial building that are supplied with water

by a public water supply system. Water meters can also be used at the water

source, well, or throughout a water system to determine flow through a

particular portion of the system.

Pump

Pumps are used every day to move fluid from one location to another , they

come in all kinds of shapes and sizes, and may be operated by electric motor,

engine , or even by hand solar power, the can be turned on and off by timers,

detectors and other time and property saving feature.




Consideration of these factors for performance when choosing the right pump

for a peculiar building.

Capacity and power – capacity is how much fluid the pump can move,

which is measured in gallons per minute or gallons per hour, power is

measured in horsepower. Pumps with higher capacities and horsepower

are suited to larger tasks.

Materials- pumps are designed for long life, and are made of variety of

sturdy materials, including sheet metal, cast iron, stainless steel and

various other materials.

Pump used in Setia City Mall

Circulation Water Pump (CWP)

The water taken from the R.C Water Storage Tank is directed towards a pump.

This pump is then force water up to the roof level of the building where the other

large water tanks located. Besides the on-duty pumps which mainly contribute

in pushing the water up, there are also standby pumps that only function during

the peak hours or in emergency cases. At times of low traffic, the standby

pumps are usually shut down to save energy




Water Pressure Booster Pump

Water pressure booster pumps are used to provide more pressure in the water

pipes for better cleaning, flushing and irrigation. It is driven by electric motor.

Water pressure booster pump are useful in this case where Setia City Mall

needs regular supply of water for irrigation. It pushes the water with great

pressure toward the hoses, at the same time provide adequate water supply to

all taps and outlets.

UV (Ultraviolet) Water Filter

The water from the domestic tank is pumped to the UV Water Filters before

being delivered to the consumer through the drinking taps. Particulate matters

that are harmful to our health such as bacteria and virus are removed in order

to meet the drinking water standard. The water passes through a clear tube and

is irradiated by the ultraviolet light




Piping

PVC stand for Polyvinyl Chloride. This type of pipe has a wide variety of

plumbing uses from drainage pipe to water mains. It is most commonly used for

irrigation piping, home, and building supply piping. PVC is also very common in

pool and spa systems. PVC is often white but it can also come in a wide variety

of colors. You can often tell what it is used for by the colors and marking on the

pipe. For example purple pipe with black lettering is used for reclaimed water.

PVC also comes in a variety of thicknesses called schedules. Schedules 40

being the most common for water distribution.

PVC pipe should always be clearly labeled if it is used for both potable

(drinkable) and non potable water in the same building. PVC joins are made by

using a primer that softens the PVC and then applying PVC glue that melts the

joints and pipe together.

Pipes Used in Setia City Mall

Most of the plastic pipes and fitting in Setia city mall are produced from

synthetic resin derived from such materials as coal and petroleum. These

corrosion resistant materials are widely used in water supply piping, fittings, and

drainage system. Most of the piping are thermoplastics and will repeatedly

soften under the application of heat. PVCD material can carry water at 80 C but

plastic pipes should not be subjected to temperatures higher than this.

Water quality

Water supplied by SYABAS meets with the approved drinking water quality

standards set by MOH, but sometimes other factors may result in the

contamination of the water supply.




Contamination of the water supply and backflow of water is prevented by the

use of air gaps in the plumbing fixtures where the gap between the water tap

and optimum water level in the sink is 5cm.Water quality may also be

compromised due to corrosion pipes of pipe and improper maintenance of the

internal piping system, water tanks and water filters.

There are also instances where residual contents are captured by the

household filters causing them to precipitate and form a slimy and brown to

black colour layer on the surface of filters.

These residuals however are in fact permitted by the MOH in a limited amount

as treated water supplied by water treatment operators has a limited content of

aluminum, iron, and manganese that is not visible to the naked eye but still safe

for consumption under the World Health Organization’s (WHO) standards.

Disruptions in water supply or other disturbance in the distribution systems may

also cause these sediments to get churned up and carried to the customer’s tap

causing the water to temporarily appear discolored.

Generally SYABAS recommends that any commercial building should make

periodical bi-annual maintenance of their internal plumbing system and internal

storage tanks by hiring only licensed plumbers to ensure professional

inspection, cleaning and professional installations carried out as approved by

Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Air Negara (SPAN)- Malaysia national water

services commission.




UBBL

Setia City Mall not only has an effective water supply system but it also

complies with the Uniform Building By laws ( UBBL ). ( as an effective water

supply should )

The main water storage tank is located at the roof level conforming to clause

247 ( 1) which states that

‘ Main water storage tanks within the building other than for hose reel system

shall be located in the top most floor of the building "

The design, dimensions and allocation of the utility rooms are also well

separated , with enough space to house the distribution pipes conforming with

clause 123 (1) which states that ,

“where ducts or enclosures are provided in any building to accommodate

piping, cables or

Conduits the dimensions of such ducts or enclosures shall be

adequate for the accommodation of the pipes,cables or conduits and for

crossing of

Branches and mains together with supports and fixing; and

sufficiently large to permit access to cleaning eyes,stop cocks and other

controls there to

Enable repairs, extensions and modifications to be made to each or all

of the services

Accommodated.

The access openings to ducts or enclosures shall be long enough and

suitably placed to

enable lengths of pipe to be installed and removed.”




Conclusion

The toilets on each floor are situated one above the other and therefore

make water distribution efficient. Even the plumbing fixtures installed have a

design which takes the backflow of water into consideration. The design of the

building not only takes functionality into account it also takes into account the

aesthetics of the building. The water tanks are located on the basement and

roof away from human activity (uninterrupted space) so that they are not visible

as they take up a lot of floor area and are not aesthetically pleasing.

Even the communication pipes are located away from the main entrances and

utility rooms are used to conceal the distribution pipes.All these factors

contribute to creating a well-designed water supply system which serves well

both functionally and aesthetically. Setia City mall applies only

straightforward layout of the water supply system thus is easy to

understand. Based on the observation, the system seems well

maintained with no signs of leakage or rust. Overall, the system

implemented is highly effective due to its high storage capacity which is

large enough to store and cater to the needs of its occupants. The piping

used in the distribution line is designed with minimal angular turns which

may reduce the pressure of water. There is also a wide number of water

pumps which provides sufficient water pressure to distribute the water to

all levels




Referencing

R.Barry.(1998).The construction of buildings.UK.BlackweelScienceLtd

Wentz.T(1997).Plumbing Systems.Analysis,design and

construction.NJ.PrenticeHall

Woodson.R(1994).The plumbers troubleshooting guide.US.McGraw-Hill

Sahoo.N

(2008).Design of a Water Tank.Retrieved

from:http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/108/1/10401010.pdf

Raley.T. (2012).How does a float valve work.Retrieved from:

http://www.ehow.com/how-does_4966369_float-valve-work.html

Your Water.(2012)Retrieved from:http://www.syabas.com.my/corporate/about-

us-syabas-operation

The homeowners guide to maintain your water supply pipe.(2012).Retrieved

from:http://www.yourwatersupplypipe.com/




5.0 Sanitary and Sewerage System


Sewerage system are designed to collect, transfer, treat and dispose off

domestic waste and wastewater from the building. The system range from simple

toilet providing little or no treatment to modern sewage treatment plants that

employ mechanical means to treat large volume of sewage to acceptable

environment standards. There are two type of stack system, which is the single

stack system and two-pipe system. In single stack system all soil and waste water

discharge into one common pipe and all branch ventilating pipes into one main

ventilating pipe. This system largely replaces the two pipe system and lent itself

very well to use in multi storey developments. It is far more economical than the

two pipe system. The other one is two pipe systems where the waste stack

received the discharge ablutionary fitments and conveyed this to the ground level

where it was delivered above the water seal in a trapped gully connected to the

drainage system. The soil stack receives the discharge from soil appliances and

delivers it direct to the underground drainage system. The waste and soil water

did not combine until they reached the below ground drainage system.


Figure 1.1 Single Stack

System

Figure 1.2 Two Pipe

System



5.2 COMPONENTS OF STACK SYSTEM

RELIEF VENT: A vent is a vent primary function of which is to provide circulation

of air between drainage and vent systems.

RISER: A water supply pipe that extends vertically one full storey or more to

convey water to branches or fixtures.

SANITARY SEWER: A pipe which carries sewage and excludes storm, surface,

and ground water.

INTERCEPTOR: Device designed and installed so as to separate and retain

deleterious hazardous or undesirable matter from normal wastes and permit

normal or liquid wastes to discharge in to disposal terminal by gravity.

STACK: The main vertical of a system of soil, waste, or vent piping.

STACK VENT: Extension of soil or waste stack above the highest horizontal drain

connected to the stack (sometimes called a waste vent or soil vent)

SULLAGE: The discharge from wash basins, sinks and similar appliances, which

does not contain human or animal excreta.

SUMP: A tank or pit which receives sewage or liquid waste, located below the

normal grade of the gravity system, and which must be emptied by mechanical

means.

TRAP: Fitting or device designed and constructed as to provide, when properly

vented, a liquid seal which will prevent the back passage of air or gas without

materially affecting the flow of sewage or waste water through it.

TRAP SEAL: The trap seal is the maximum vertical depth of liquid that a trap will r

etain, measured between the crown weir and the top of the dip of the trap.

WASTE PIPE: A waste pipe is a pipe which conveys only liquid waste free of faec

al matter.

MANHOLE: An opening through which a man may enter or leave a drain, a sewe

r or other closed structure for inspection, cleaning and other maintenance operatio

ns, fitted with a suitable cover.




5.3 OPERATING OF SYSTEM

The arrangement of washroom in Setia City Mall is spread out through-out the

plan for one single floor but the layout are the same for every each level so it can

use the Stack System, which the system need to keep the pipes vertical and align

to really optimize the disposal efficiency. It also minimize the used of pipes where

it can saves some space.


Figure 1.4 Upper Ground Level

Figure 1.5 First Floor Level

Figure 1.3 Ground Level



The mall use the stack system in to remove odor but to ensure it will be removed

completely, a motion triggered toilet exhaust fans is installed to absorb and

dispose them to the masonry shaft through an air duct. The fan are installed at the

end of every stack pipe located on the roof where it will release the odor out of the

mall. Besides that, other mechanism been used such non-return dampers and

volume control dampers.


Figure 1.6 Stack System in

Diagrammatic Layout



The soil and waste management been installed a

lot around the mall surroundings where all of it

are connected. All the waste products or disposal

water pass through the sewerage system before

it finally disposed into the main sewer. The waste

that coming from the sanitary appliances are

discharged to the soil stack pipe, where it be

directed to the nearest manhole inspection

chamber.

Large numbers of sewage fixture are installed to accommodate large amount of

waste from all the facilities from the mall. All of this will flow to the grease

interceptor for it to reduce the speed of waste water flow, by doing that it can

separate all the debris from the waste water. From there on it will move to

inspection chamber.


Figure 1.7

Manhole

Figure 1.8 The Connection of Sewerage System



Setia City Mall use a different kind of system from the other building for flushing

rainwater from the roof, which is the Siphonic Drainage. Unlike traditional roof

drainage, it operates at full capacity, when water is sucked or syphoned from

the roof down into the drain at high velocity. It allows to minimize the number of

roof outlet drains and have them flow into a single downpipe. The symphonic

drain incorporates an anti-vortex plate act as a baffle, allowing only water to be

drawn of the roof. When heavy rainfall the outlet drain fills to above the anti-

vortex, cutting off air flow into the pipe Then, it flow at 100% full over the entire

system.

v


Figure 1.9 Shallow trough to direct the rainwater to roof drain



5.4 UBBL

UBBL By Laws - Section 123

(1) Where ducts or enclosures are provided in any building to accommodate

pipes, cables or

conduits the dimensions of such ducts or enclosure shall be -

(a) adequate for the accommodation of the pipes, cables or conduits and the

crossings

of branches and mains together with supports and fixing; and

(b) sufficiently large to permit access to cleaning eyes, stop cocks and other

controls

there to enable repairs, extensions and modifications to be made to each or all of

the

services accommodated.

(2) The access openings to ducts or enclosures shall be long enough and suitable

places to

enable lengths of pipe to be installed and removed.

UBBL by Laws - Section 115

All roofs of buildings shall be constructed as to drain effectively to suitable and

sufficient

channels, gutters, chutes or troughs which shall be provided in accordance with

the

requirements of these By-Laws for receiving and conveying all water which may

fall on and from

the roof.




5.4 REFERENCES

Setia City Mall websites - http://www.setiacitymall.com/green-features.aspx

Public Resource Sanitary Drainage -

https://law.resource.org/pub/bd/bnbc.2012/gov.bd.bnbc.2012.08.06.pdf

Sephonic Drainage System - http://www.fullflow.com/pages/syphonic-explained/

Drainage System - http://www.arca53.dsl.pipex.com/index_files/drain4.htm


http://www.arca53.dsl.pipex.com/index_files/drain4.htm

http://www.fullflow.com/pages/syphonic-explained/

https://law.resource.org/pub/bd/bnbc.2012/gov.bd.bnbc.2012.08.06.pdf

http://www.setiacitymall.com/green-features.aspx



6.0 Mechanical Transportation System

6.1 Introduction of Lifts

Setia City mall has four floor levels in total. Two levels below ground and two

levels above ground, and four levels of car parking area. There are a total of nine

pairs elevators provided, with the first and second floor having 7 pairs of elevators

and the ground and upper ground floors having 9 pairs of elevators. 2 pairs of the

elevators provide a dedicated connection to the parking areas

Figure 1.1: plan showing lift locations

The type of lifts used are machine-room less (MRL) traction lifts with

Regenerative drive lift system. These lifts do not have a fixed machine room on

the top of the hoist-way, instead the traction hoisting machine is installed on the

top side wall of the hoist-way. The motor is installed using a permanent magnet

which "sticks" the motor permanently.




Figure 1.2:showing lift system


I. Regenerative driveII. Gearless machine

III. Polyurethane steel belt

IV. Speed governorV. Door system

VI. Safety gearVII. buffer

Counter weights



6.1.1 Components

Regenerative driver

Regenerative drives are an energy-efficient elevator technology. The energy

generated when the cab goes into braking mode is converted into electricity and

fed into the building’s system. They recycle energy rather than wasting it as heat.

The permanent magnet motors in the Re-Gen drives are capable of bidirectional

energy flow acting both as a motor and a generator.

Figure 1.3: showing Regenerative driver

Gearless synchronous machine

Electric gearless AC machines are compact — minimizing space requirements

by eliminating the traction machine gearbox while efficiently delivering torque-

optimizing power for powerful acceleration and smooth, superior ride comfort.

Unlike traditional induction motors that lose efficiency at lower speeds, electric

gearless AC machines provide unusually capable low speed, high torque

operation. This machine is equipped with a highly efficient permanent magnet

synchronous motor of radial construction. The result is a machine which is up to

50% more efficient than conventional geared machines and 10% more efficient

than conventional gearless machines with induction asynchronous motors




Figure 1.4: showing the gearless-synchronous machine

Polyurethane coated steel belt

Elevator belts raise and lower the cab in action of the motor. This Polyurethane-

coated steel belt eliminates the metal-to-metal effect of conventional ropes

results in quieter operation and removes need for lubrication of the belt due to

the polyurethane coating unlike conventional belts. The polyurethane coating

also increases the contact area between the motor and the belt reducing wear

and tear to the belt.

Figure 1.5: showing polyurethane coated steel belt

Polyurethane-coated steel elevator belt.

Governor

An over speed governor is an elevator device which act as a stop device in

case the elevator runs beyond the rated speed. The governor’s designs

includes a sheave coupled to a rope attached to the elevator car, whereby the

sheave moves in response to rope movement indicative of elevator car

movement. The sheave drives a shaft or spindle coupled to an actuation




mechanism. The actuation mechanism is set of flyweights adapted to extend

radially when a predetermined level of centrifugal force is applied to them.

Radial extension of the flyweights causes them to contact an over-speed switch

when the over-speed switch is actuated, power to the motor and motor brake is

cut, thereby causing the motor brake to apply a braking force on the motor

shaft.

Figure 1.6: showing Speed governor




Lift door system

The automatic doors in an elevator are essential to keep people from falling

down an open shaft. These Elevators use two different sets of doors, doors on

the cars and doors opening into the elevator shaft. The doors on the cars are

operated by an electric motor, which is hooked up to the elevator computer. The

electric motor turns a wheel connected to a winding cable. The cable is hooked

to one side of the door which is in turn connected to the second leaf of the door.

The doors are connected such that movement of one door causes movement of

the second door. The doors slide back and forth on a metal rail.

Figure 1.7: showing elevator door system


doors

belt

motor



Counterweight

A counterweight is used to balance the weight of an elevator so that the

elevator motor only has to apply enough force to raise the weight of the

passengers inside. The counterweight weighs about the same as the car filled

to 40-percent capacity. The purpose of this balance is to conserve energy. With

equal loads on each side, it takes a less energy to tip the balance one way or

the other. This means the motor has to carry only a fraction of the weight added

to the cabin and hence reduced motor size and power consumption.

Figure 1.8: showing counter weight operation




Control system

The controller is a device which manages the visual monitoring, interactive

command control and traffic analysis system to ensure the elevators are

functioning efficiently. The function of the elevator controller is essentially to

receive and process a variety of signals from several different components of a

whole elevator system. It is able to send signals in response to the ones it

receives in order to operate all of the other components in the system. This

exchange of signals is how the elevator controller is able to keep the elevators

running smoothly on a day-to-day basis. Setia city mall uses a PLC controller

which uses microprocessor technology to control the logic of more complex jobs

Figure 1.9: showing PlC control system

Buffer

A buffer is a device which reduces mechanical shock due to impact from the

elevator. It is located at the bottom of the elevator hoist way, designed to stop a

car or counter-weight from descending beyond its normal limit of travel; motion

beyond this limit is taken up by storing or by absorbing and dissipating the

kinetic energy of the car or counterweight. For operation, during the buffer

impact stroke the piston rod is pushed into the cylinder tube. The hydraulic oil is

displaced and pressed through a series of small metering orifices in the cylinder

jacket. Inside the outer jacket the oil is collected. At the same time the gas

volume above the hydraulic oil is compressed. The hard chrome-plated piston




rod is sealed. After release of the piston rod the compressed gas volume

presses the hydraulic oil back into the cylinder, pushing the piston rod out

again.

Figure 1.10: showing the buffer mechanism




6.1.2 Operation of System

In these roped elevators, the car is raised and lowered by traction steel ropes

rather than pushed from below like in hydraulic lifts. The ropes are attached to the

elevator car, and looped around a sheave. A sheave is a pulley with a grooves

around the circumference. The sheave grips the hoist ropes, so when you rotate

the sheave, the ropes move too.

Figure 1.11: showing the motor, sheave and belt

The sheave is connected to an electric motor. When the motor turns one way,

the sheave raises the elevator; when the motor turns the other way, the sheave

lowers the elevator. In these gearless elevators, the motor rotates the sheaves

directly unlike in geared elevators where the motor turns a gear train that

rotates the sheave. In machine-room less elevators, the sheave, the motor and

the control system are all housed in the hoist way above the elevator and a

machine room above the elevator shaft is not required.

The ropes that lift the car are also connected to a counterweight, which hangs

on the other side of the sheave. The counterweight weighs about the same as

the car filled to 40-percent capacity. , when the car is 40 percent full (an

average amount), the counterweight and the car are perfectly balanced.

The purpose of this balance is to conserve energy. With equal loads on each

side of the sheave, it only takes a little bit of force to tip the balance one way or

the other. Basically, the motor only has to overcome friction -- the weight on the

other side does most of the work. The balance maintains a near constant

potential energy level in the system as a whole. Using up the potential energy in


Motor

Belt

Sheave



the elevator car (letting it descend to the ground) builds up the potential energy

in the weight (the weight rises to the top of the shaft). The same thing happens

in reverse when the elevator goes up.

Figure 1.12:showing counter weight action

Both the elevator car and the counterweight ride on guide rails. Along the sides of

the elevator shaft. The rails keep the car and counterweight from swaying back

and forth, and they also work with the safety system to stop the car in an

emergency.


Cab

Counter

weight



6.1.3 System Safety

These elevators are built with several redundant safety systems that keep them in position.

The first line of defense is the rope system itself. Each elevator rope is made

from several lengths of steel material wound around one another and

additionally coated with polyurethane. With this sturdy structure, one rope can

support the weight of the elevator car and the counterweight on its own. But

these elevators are built with multiple ropes (four). In the unlikely event that one

of the ropes snaps, the rest will hold the elevator up.

Even if all of the ropes were to break, or the sheave system were to release

them, it is unlikely that an elevator car would fall to the bottom of the shaft, the

elevator cars have built-in braking systems, that grab onto the rail when the car

moves too fast.

The Safeties are activated by a governor when the elevator moves too quickly.

The governor ropes are connected to the elevator car via a movable actuator

arm attached to a lever linkage. When the governor ropes can move freely, the

arm stays in the same position relative to the elevator car (it is held in place by

tension springs). But when the governor sheave locks itself, the governor ropes

jerk the actuator arm up. This moves the lever linkage, which operates the

brakes. In this design, the linkage pulls up on a wedge-shaped safety, which

sits in a stationary wedge guide. As the wedge moves up, it is pushed into the

guide rails by the slanted surface of the guide. This gradually brings the

elevator car to a stop




Figure 1.1: showing the braking mechanism




6.1.4 Control System

The elevator is controlled by a computer whose job is to process all of the relevant

information about the elevator and turn the motor the correct amount to put the

elevator car where it needs to be. In order to do this, the computer needs to know

at least three things. Where people want to go, where each floor is and where the

elevator car is.

The buttons in the elevator car and the buttons on each floor are all wired to the

computer and these inform where people are going. The lifts have magnetic

sensor on the side of the car reads a series of holes on a long vertical tape in the

shaft. By counting the holes speeding by, the computer knows exactly where the

car is in the shaft. The computer uses a strategy to keep the cars running as

efficiently as possible. the strategy is to avoid reversing the elevator's direction.

That is, an elevator car will keep moving up as long as there are people on the

floors above that want to go up. The car will only answer "down calls" after it has

taken care of all the "up calls." But once it starts down, it won't pick up anybody

who wants to go up until there are no more down calls on lower floors. The

drawing below is an illustration of how the system works:

Figure 1.13: showing lift control flow chart




6.1.5 Sustainability

The lifts at Setia city mall are equipped with a regenerative drive system to save

on energy use.

Figure 1.14: showing the regenerative drive system

With the RE-GEN drive, Electrical power is generated when a heavily-loaded

car travels in a ‘down’ direction or a lightly-loaded car travels in an ‘up’ direction

(green area of graph). With a non-regenerative drive the energy generated is

dissipated in a set of resistors creating a waste-heat load in the building. With a

regenerative drive, the energy generated is fed back into the building’s grid

where it can be used by other loads connected to the same network. The

energy consumed with a non-regenerative drive is represented by the yellow

area while with a regenerative drive the energy consumed is just the difference

between the yellow and green areas.


Cab

Power back to the

grid

RE-GEN drive system



Figure 1.15: showing energy saving chart

It can be seen from this graph that the energy generated is almost equal to the

energy consumed by the system during different stages.

6.1.5 UBBL Requirements

Under UBBL 1984 section 123-128 lifts.

124. For all non-residential buildings exceeding 4 stores above or below the

main access level at least one lift shall be provided.

Under UBBL 1984 section 153-155, ventilation to lift shafts.

152(1) every opening in a lift shaft or lift entrance shall open into a protected

lobby unless other suitable means of protection to the opening to the

satisfaction of the local authority is provided. These requirements shall not

apply to open type industrial and other special buildings as may be

approved by the D.G.F.S.




6.2 Introduction of Lifts

Setia City mall has four escalator locations. At each of these locations the,

there are two escalators connecting each floor, from lower ground to upper ground,

upper ground t first floor and first floor to second floor. The escalors are organized

in a parallel layout and positioned at centers of four equal quadrants of the building

this is so that they can easily be seen by the public and open up to large clear

spaces.

Figure 1.16: showing escalator positions

Setia city mall uses Otis escalators with trusses designed to save up on space

requirements and set to a speed of rate to 27 meters (90 ft.) per minute, fast

enough to provide rapid travel from one level to another while still being leisurely

enough for customers in a department store to survey the merchandise on the

sales floor. These escalators use small efficient machines to run them and hence

do not need special machine rooms provided




6.2.1 Components

Electric motor

Escalators at Setia City Mall use automatic AC electric motors rated at 7.5 kW

which use a self-cooling, six pole, three-phase, AC induction motor providing high

performance, high starting torque, and long term reliability along with low noise

and low vibration. The electric motor turns the drive gears at the top, which rotate

the chain loops which move the steps and handrails.

Figure 1.17: showing the electric motor

Truss

The truss is a hollow metal structure that bridges the lower and upper landings.

It is composed of two side sections joined together with cross braces across the

bottom and just below the top. The ends of the truss are attached to the top and

bottom landing platforms via steel or concrete supports.

The truss carries all the straight track sections connecting the upper and lower

sections.




Figure 1.18: showing the escalator truss

Hand rail

This escalator has hand rails to provide support and balance for persons

moving up and down. It uses a tension-driven rubber and canvas handrail that

is guided in a simple unlubricated channel. These handrails are pinch-resistant

to prevent the possibility of passengers’ fingers from getting caught


Truss



Steps

The steps are solid, one-piece, die-cast aluminium. Rubber mats are affixed to

their surface to reduce slippage, and yellow demarcation lines may be added to

clearly indicate their edges. The leading and trailing edges of each step are

cleated with comb-like protrusions that mesh with the comb plates on the top

and bottom platforms. The steps are linked by a continuous metal chain so they

form a closed loop with each step able to bend in relation to its neighbours. The

front and back edges of the steps are each connected to two wheels. The rear

wheels are set further apart to fit into the back track and the front wheels have

shorter axles to fit into the narrower front track. The position of the tracks

controls the orientation of the steps

Figure 1.19: showing escalator steps




Comb plate

A comb plate is a steel plate with teeth that mesh with the Step cleats at the

boarding and landing areas, to prevent fingers, feet or foreign objects from

getting caught between the moving Steps and Floor Plate.

Figure 1.20:showing the steel comb plate

Tracks

The track system is built into the truss to guide the step chain, which

continuously pulls the steps from the bottom platform and back to the top in an

endless loop. There are two tracks: one for the front wheels of the steps (called

the step-wheel track) and one for the back wheels of the steps (called the

trailer-wheel track). The relative positions of these tracks cause the steps to

form a staircase as they move out from under the comb plate. Along the straight

section of the truss the tracks are at their maximum distance apart. This

configuration forces the back of one step to be at a 90-degree angle relative to

the step behind it. This right angle bends the steps into a shape resembling a

staircase. At the top and bottom of the escalator, the two tracks converge so

that the front and back wheels of the steps are almost in a straight line. This

causes the stairs to lay in a flat sheet like arrangement, one after another, so

they can easily travel around the bend in the curved section of track. The tracks

carry the steps down along the underside of the truss until they reach the

bottom landing, where they pass through another curved section of track before

exiting the bottom landing. At this point the tracks separate and the steps once

again assume a staircase configuration. This cycle is repeated continually as

the steps are pulled from bottom to top and back to the bottom again.




6.2.1 Operations of System

The core of an escalator is a pair of chains, looped around two pairs of gears. An

electric motor turns the drive gears at the top, which rotate the chain loops. The

escalator uses a 100 horsepower motor to rotate the gears. The motor and chain

system are housed inside the truss, a metal structure extending between two

floors. The chain loops move a series of steps. As the chains move, the steps

always stay level. At the top and bottom of the escalator, the steps collapse on

each other, creating a flat platform. This makes it easier to get on and off the

escalator. Each step in the escalator has two sets of wheels, which roll along two

separate tracks. The upper set (the wheels near the top of the step) are connected

to the rotating chains, and so are pulled by the drive gear at the top of the

escalator. The other set of wheels simply glides along its track, following behind

the first set.

Figure 1.21: showing the escalator system




Each step in the escalator has two sets of wheels, which roll along two separate tracks. The upper set (the wheels near the top of the step) are connected to the rotating chains, and so are pulled by the drive gear at the top of the escalator. The other set of wheels simply glides along its track, following behind the first set

The tracks are spaced apart in such a way that each step will always remain

level. At the top and bottom of the escalator, the tracks level off to a horizontal

position, flattening the stairway. Each step has a series of grooves in it, so it will

fit together with the steps behind it and in front of it during this flattening.

In addition to rotating the main chain loops, the electric motor in an escalator

also moves the handrails. A handrail is simply a rubber conveyer belt that is

looped around a series of wheels. This belt is precisely configured so that it

moves at exactly the same speed as the steps, to give riders some stability.

6.2.2 Sustainability

The escalator has a power saving feature that Cuts power consumption by

detecting the weight of the passengers riding the escalator at any given moment.

The function automatically slows the escalator when it carries fewer passengers.

Operating an escalator at high speed consumes more power; the key to saving

energy lies in determining how to reduce escalator speed..

Figure 1.16: showing slow down mechanism

To further this, the escalator has an extra power saving feature that runs the

escalator at a slow 10 m/min when carrying no passengers. When a sensor

detects an approaching passenger, the escalator gently accelerates to 30 m/min.

When no passengers use the escalator for a specified duration, the escalator

returns to the slower speed of 10 m/min, thereby reducing energy use.




Figure 1.16: showing slow down mechanism

6.3 Conclusion

Setia city mall was designed to fully encompass sustainability. For all

mechanical systems choices were made for the most energy efficient types and

system components were also chosen to reduce on energy use.

This is can be clearly seen in the use of the regenerative drive system in the

elevators that uses the elevators energy lost during braking to power other

components of the elevators and s also fed back into the grid. The escalators also

encompass multiple energy saving features such to reduce energy consumption

during light loads and speeds when it is idle.

Also multiple elevators where provided at many different locations easing on traffic

on the elevators as it’s properly distributed. The escalators are also positioned

such that they serve specific quadrants of the building equally.

6.4 References

Stein, B., & Reynolds, J. (1992). Mechanical and electrical equipment for

buildings (8th ed.). New York: J. Wiley & Sons.

. (n.d.). . Retrieved June 28, 2014, from

http://www.otis.com/site/eg/OT_DL_Documents/OT_DL_DownloadCenter/Specific

ations/Specs%201-%20GeN2-Regen%20Brochure.pdf


http://www.otis.com/site/eg/OT_DL_Documents/OT_DL_DownloadCenter/Specifications/Specs%201-%20GeN2-Regen%20Brochure.pdf

http://www.otis.com/site/eg/OT_DL_Documents/OT_DL_DownloadCenter/Specifications/Specs%201-%20GeN2-Regen%20Brochure.pdf



Elevator Control System. (n.d.). ~ Electrical Knowhow. Retrieved June 28, 2014,

from http://www.electrical-knowhow.com/2012/04/elevator-control-system.html

Machine-Room-Less (MRL) Elevators. (n.d.). Machine-Room-Less (MRL)

Elevators. Retrieved June 28, 2014, from http://www.buildings.com/article-

details/articleid/3076/title/machine-room-less-mrl-elevators.aspx

. (n.d.). . Retrieved June 28, 2014, from https://www.asme.org/engineering-

topics/articles/elevators/energy-efficient-elevator-technologies


https://www.asme.org/engineering-topics/articles/elevators/energy-efficient-elevator-technologies

https://www.asme.org/engineering-topics/articles/elevators/energy-efficient-elevator-technologies

http://www.buildings.com/article-details/articleid/3076/title/machine-room-less-mrl-elevators.aspx

http://www.buildings.com/article-details/articleid/3076/title/machine-room-less-mrl-elevators.aspx

http://www.electrical-knowhow.com/2012/04/elevator-control-system.html