SETTLEMENT: SETTLEMENT: What do you need to know?What do you need to know?

LEDCS:LEDCS:Rural to urban migrationRural to urban migration

MEDCS:MEDCS:Land use zonesLand use zonesImproving quality of life in urban areasImproving quality of life in urban areasProvision of services in urban/rural areasProvision of services in urban/rural areasChanges in rural areasChanges in rural areas

Rural to urban migration Rural to urban migration in LEDCsin LEDCs

CausesCauses

Push factors Push factors in the rural areasin the rural areas

e.g. poor quality housing, overpopulation due to high e.g. poor quality housing, overpopulation due to high birth rates, lack of job opportunities, lack of education, birth rates, lack of job opportunities, lack of education, health and welfare facilitieshealth and welfare facilities

Pull factors Pull factors of the citiesof the cities

e.g. jobs in factories pay more than farming , better e.g. jobs in factories pay more than farming , better standards of education for children, expectations of standards of education for children, expectations of improved housing conditionsimproved housing conditions

ConsequencesConsequences

Problems of LEDC citiesProblems of LEDC cities Reality of life - poor migrants end up in squatter Reality of life - poor migrants end up in squatter

housing areas (favelas, bustees, shanty towns) e.g. housing areas (favelas, bustees, shanty towns) e.g. Rocinha (Rio)Rocinha (Rio)

These housing areas are usually illegally built in low These housing areas are usually illegally built in low land value parts of the city e.g. by railtracks, on hill land value parts of the city e.g. by railtracks, on hill slopes, etc.slopes, etc.

Conditions are cramped, with little or no facilities e.g. Conditions are cramped, with little or no facilities e.g. running water, sanitation, servicesrunning water, sanitation, services

Diseases are common, and life is stressfulDiseases are common, and life is stressful

Solutions?Solutions?

Rapid rate of growth means cities cannot Rapid rate of growth means cities cannot copecope

Planning for growth is difficultPlanning for growth is difficult Solutions seen to be with ‘Self Help Solutions seen to be with ‘Self Help

Schemes’ and city/government aided Schemes’ and city/government aided schemes e.g. Favela-Bairio programme schemes e.g. Favela-Bairio programme (Rio)(Rio)

LEDCs do not have the resources nor the LEDCs do not have the resources nor the money to cater for the problemsmoney to cater for the problems

You need to know aYou need to know a case study case study of of ruralrural to urban migration in an LEDC to urban migration in an LEDC

e.g. e.g. Dhaka, BangladeshDhaka, BangladeshRio de Janeiro, BrazilRio de Janeiro, Brazil

Where are people moving from?Where are people moving from? Why are they moving? - push and pull Why are they moving? - push and pull

factorsfactors Problems of depopulation in rural areasProblems of depopulation in rural areas Problems in squatter settlementsProblems in squatter settlements Improvements to the squatter settlementsImprovements to the squatter settlements

Something must be done!Something must be done!

Land use zones Land use zones in MEDCsin MEDCsCentral Business Central Business DistrictDistrictInner zoneInner zoneSuburbsSuburbsRural-urban fringeRural-urban fringe

Central Business District Central Business District (C.B.D.)(C.B.D.)

Where is it in the city?Where is it in the city? What is it like? What is it like? What sort of What sort of

facilities/services are facilities/services are found here? found here?

What is being done to What is being done to improve C.B.D.s?improve C.B.D.s?

Case studyCase study example example e.g. Swanseae.g. Swansea

Key wordsKey words:: AccessibleAccessible Peak land valuePeak land value Effective areaEffective area High order goodsHigh order goods Pedestrianised areasPedestrianised areas

Inner zoneInner zone

Where is it in the city?Where is it in the city? What is it like? What is it like? What sort of What sort of

facilities/services are facilities/services are found here? found here?

What is being done to What is being done to improve inner zone improve inner zone areas?areas?

Case studyCase study example example e.g. Swanseae.g. Swansea

Key wordsKey words:: Terraced housingTerraced housing High rise flatsHigh rise flats Urban rejuvenationUrban rejuvenation Brownfield sitesBrownfield sites Shopping parades/small Shopping parades/small

convenience storeconvenience store

Convenience store

Graffiti

Terraced housing

SuburbsSuburbs

Where is it in the city?Where is it in the city? What is it like? What is it like? What sort of What sort of

facilities/services are facilities/services are found here? found here?

What is being done to What is being done to improve suburban improve suburban areas?areas?

Case studyCase study example example e.g. Swanseae.g. Swansea

Key wordsKey words:: Residential estatesResidential estates Semi-detached and Semi-detached and

detached housingdetached housing Shopping Shopping

parades/neighbourhood parades/neighbourhood centrescentres

Rural urban fringeRural urban fringe

Where is it in the city?Where is it in the city? What is it like? What is it like? What sort of What sort of

facilities/services are facilities/services are found here? found here?

What is being done to What is being done to improve/develop this improve/develop this area?area?

Case study example Case study example e.g. Swansea or South e.g. Swansea or South Downs/Brighton areaDowns/Brighton area

Key wordsKey words:: Green beltsGreen belts Greenfield sitesGreenfield sites Out-of-town shopping Out-of-town shopping

centrescentres Business parksBusiness parks

Traffic management in an Traffic management in an urban areaurban area

Case studyCase study::e.g. Glasgow or e.g. Glasgow or CambridgeCambridge

What is the What is the problem?problem?

What is being What is being done to solve the done to solve the problem?problem?

Key wordsKey words:: CongestionCongestion PollutionPollution Ring roadsRing roads Traffic calmingTraffic calming Integrated public Integrated public

transporttransport Park and ridePark and ride Rising bollardsRising bollards Designated bus lanesDesignated bus lanes Cycle routesCycle routes

Integrated transport Integrated transport systemssystems

HIERARCHY of SETTLEMENTSHIERARCHY of SETTLEMENTS

This is a system of grades where This is a system of grades where one is above another in one is above another in importance or size. Can be importance or size. Can be simply stated as the rank order simply stated as the rank order of settlementof settlement

Size and NumberSize and Number

Primate/capital cityPrimate/capital city ConurbationConurbation CityCity Large TownLarge Town Small TownSmall Town Accessible/large Accessible/large

villagevillage Remote/small villageRemote/small village HamletHamlet Isolated Isolated

dwelling/farmsteaddwelling/farmstead

Decreasing in number, Decreasing in number, increasing in sizeincreasing in size

Provision of ServicesProvision of Services

As settlements increase in As settlements increase in size, the provision of services size, the provision of services also increasesalso increases

This is linked to the sphere of This is linked to the sphere of influence of a settlementinfluence of a settlement

Any settlement or service can Any settlement or service can have a sphere of influence have a sphere of influence e.g. a town, village or an out-e.g. a town, village or an out-of-town shopping centreof-town shopping centre

Case study example: Case study example: an an out-of-town shopping centre out-of-town shopping centre (e.g. Holmbush)(e.g. Holmbush)

Key wordsKey words:: High order goodsHigh order goods Low order goodsLow order goods Sphere of influenceSphere of influence Threshold populationThreshold population

Village services

Would you build on this?

Urban to rural migration Urban to rural migration in MEDCsin MEDCs

What are the What are the causescauses of this movement? of this movement? What are the What are the consequences consequences of this of this

movement, both in the rural area and the movement, both in the rural area and the urban area?urban area?

Case studyCase study: : North Worcestershire (or North Worcestershire (or Sayers Common)Sayers Common)

CausesCauses Rapid urbanisation Rapid urbanisation

during Industrial during Industrial RevolutionRevolution

Push factors e.g. Push factors e.g. expensive housing, expensive housing, traffic congestion, traffic congestion, air pollution, crimeair pollution, crime

Pull factors e.g. Pull factors e.g. cleaner air, safety cleaner air, safety for children, for children, affordable housing, affordable housing, less stressful lifeless stressful life

Key wordsKey words:: UrbanisationUrbanisation Counter-Counter-

urbanisationurbanisation CommutingCommuting Increased car Increased car

ownershipownership

ConsequencesConsequences

Changing Changing character of character of villages:villages:

e.g. increasing e.g. increasing house prices, house prices, changing changing demographic demographic structurestructure

Key wordsKey words:: Dormitory Dormitory

settlementssettlements Second homesSecond homes GentrificationGentrification

Remember:Remember:

There are There are 5 case studies5 case studies for the Settlement Unit: for the Settlement Unit: Rural to urban migration in an LEDCRural to urban migration in an LEDC Urban zones in an MEDC city (and ways to improve Urban zones in an MEDC city (and ways to improve

them)them) Traffic management in an MEDC cityTraffic management in an MEDC city An out-of town shopping centre in the UKAn out-of town shopping centre in the UK Urban to rural migration in an area of the UKUrban to rural migration in an area of the UK

You must know one place specific piece of information You must know one place specific piece of information for each onefor each one