Seven Tools of Quality

• Cause and effect diagram

• Histograms

• Pareto Analysis

• Flowcharts

• Scatter diagram

• Run Charts

• Control Charts

• Check Sheets

1.Cause &Effect Diagrams

• Breaks problems down into bite-

size pieces to find root cause

• Fosters team work

• Common understanding of

factors causing the problem

2. Histograms

• Bar chart

• Used to graphically represent groups

of data

Acme Pizza Example

• Let’s say the owner wants a

distribution of Acme’s Thursday

Night Sales

Data Set from last Thursday(slices)0 2 1 2 2 4 1 3 1 2 1 2 2 4 3 4 1 4 3 2 2 3 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 4 2

2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 3 1 4

2 2 3 2 2 2 1 2 3 2 2 4 2 2 4 4 1 2 2 2 3 2 2 1 2 2 4 2 1 2 4 2

1 7 2 1 2 2 3 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 4 2 4

Acme Pizza Example

33

65

812

0 0 1

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Slices of Pizza

Histogram

How is this helpful to Acme?

• 2 slices of pizza most common order placed

• Distribution of sales useful for forecasting next Thursday’s late night demand

3. Pareto Analysis

• Very similar to Histograms

• Use of the 80/20 rule

• Use of percentages to show importance

Acme Pizza (part 2)

Critical Thinking

• How does the Pareto Analysis

differ from the Histogram?

• How can this be a useful tool to

the Acme boss?

4 Flowcharts

• A graphical picture of a PROCESS

Process Decision

The process flow

Flowcharts

Don’t Forget to:

• Define symbols before beginning

• Stay consistent

• Check that process is accurate

Acme Pizza Example

(Flowchart)

Window Take Customer Money?

(start) Order

Get Pizza

Lockup

Put More in

Oven 2 Pies

Available?

Time

to close?

Take to Customer

no

yes

no

yesno

yes

Acme Pizza

(Scatter Diagram)

Minutes Cooking Defective Pies

10 1

45 8

30 5

75 20

60 14

20 4

25 6

In this simple example, you can find the existing

relationship without much difficulty but…

5. Scatter Diagrams

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 20 40 60 80

•Easier to see direct

relationship

Time Cooking (minutes)

Scatter Diagrams

As a quality tool

• What does this tell Acme

management about their

processes?

• Improvements?

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 20 40 60 80

Time Cooking (minutes)

The Basic Seven (B7)

Tools of Quality

6. Run charts

• Time-based (x-axis)

• Cyclical

• Look for patterns

Run Charts

8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4

PM- AM PM- AM PM- AMThursday

Week 1

Thursday

Week 2

Thursday

Week 3

Slices/hour

Time

7.Control Charts

• Deviation from Mean

• Upper and Lower Spec’s

• Range

Control Charts

Upper Limit

Lower Limit

Unacceptable

deviation

X

Acme example

Control Charts

Upper Limit

17 inches

Lower Limit

15 Inches

Small Pie

X16 inches=