sf emission monitoring:emission monitoring

Pressure and Temperature Measurement

SFSF66 Emission Monitoring: Emission Monitoring:

State-of-the-Art SF6 Tracking

Ron Hoffman Strategic Account ManagerRon Hoffman, Strategic Account Manager

EPA Workshop: Phoenix, AZ

February 4, 2009

www.wika.com/sf6

EPA Workshop 2009: SF6 Emission Monitoring

www.wika.com/sf6


State-of-the-Art SF6 Tracking

The SF6 Emission Monitoring Pyramid

� Online monitoring & trending using thermal image gas temperature

� Remote display using average temperature

� Event-based using average ttemperatture



Emission Monitoring - Reactive

Overview Reactive Monitoring

� Infrared Camera For details, please speak with

� Leak Locators vendors of these products. We have omitted them due to � Mass Balance (Inventories) time constraints.

� Flow Measurement

� Temperature Compensated Pressure (Density)




Temperature-Compensated Pressure � Measured at the tank or inside the control cabinet

� When measured: Constantly, only need to manually take the reading whenever desired

�� CostCost

� No material costs (hermetically sealed & temperature-compensated monitor/indicator needed)

� Ongoing personnel/misc Ongoing personnel/misc. costs� costs � Pros/Cons

� Instruments already required for SF6-insulated breakers � Can use Leakage Calculation program to quantifyCan use Leakage Calculation program to quantify

emissions � Low/no investment cost � Dials typically with temperature-compensated pressure,

not density (conversion by hand or automatic vianot density (conversion by hand or automatic via software)


: 47.25 kg/m³



Temperature-Compensated Pressure

Initial Pressure (Compensated) Initial Pressure (Compensated) : 90.1 PSI : 90.1 PSI Actual Pressure (Compensated) : 88.6 PSI Initial Gas Mass 100 % : 11.520 kg Tank Volume : 0.240 m³

Difference : 0.75 kg/m³

Lost SF6 Mass : 0.75 kg/m³ · 0.240 m³

Lost SF6 Mass : 0.180 kg

After 3 Years, the conclusion is:

1 6 % in 3 Years is a loss of 0 53 % of the gas mass per year 1.6 % in 3 Years is a loss of 0.53 % of the gas mass per year

Ö Tank lost 60 gr / yr or 2 116 oz/yr Ö Tank lost 60 gr. / yr. or 2.116 oz/yr

90 PSI




Temperature-Compensated Pressure




Summary Reactive Monitoring

� All processes are time-intense, requiring regular time investment

� Data has to be measured and information calculated

� MMore ffrequent measurements requiire addi i dditionall tiime commiitment

� Up-front investment cost varies depending on the solution

� Not designed to notify of small leaks early on for proactive maintenance � Not designed to notify of small leaks early-on for proactive maintenance

NOTE: Case study “Costs of Reactive Monitoring” available at www.wika.com/sf6 in the “Gas Management For the Smart Grid” archived presentation


www.wika.com/sf6



Emission Monitoring Solutions Automated


�


Emission Monitoring – Automated

Emission Monitoring Solutions Automated

� Measured at the tank with remote signal (density) Measured at the tank with remote signal (density)

� Communicated away from the tank

� Analysis of the raw signal is done manually

� When measured: Constantly

� Cost (New & Retrofit)

� LLow, onlly chhange off spec nee ddedd f for iinsttrumentt +

infrastructure changes (wiring/piping/communication) � Pros/ConsPros/Cons

� Information is sent remotely � Better maintenance planning � Emission reduction potential through knowledge of

actual grid situation � Quantifying emissions requires personal analysis or

custom software � Change of engineering spec needed



Emission Monitoring – Automated

Automated Emission Monitoring Illustration



State-of-the-Art Emission Tracking

Proactive Monitoring using a SF6 Gas Management System



Pressure and Temperature MeasurementWhat is a Gas Management System?

� A GMS has core components that operate according to the “MCA-principle”

� Measurement at the tank (including thermal image of the gas temperature)

� Communication away from the tank to a remote location

� Data acquisition and Analysis tools to display real time information

Raw data Analyzed data

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Gas Management Live

Fill Density

Transmitter signal w/trend & base lines

Alarm Density

Lockout Density

NOTE: mount transmitter directly on the tank for best results


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SF6 Gas Management System

� Measured at the tank with remote signals (density & thermal tank temperature) � Measured at the tank with remote signals (density & thermal tank temperature)

� Communicated away from the tank

� Analysis of raw signals minimizes any temperature disbalance (i.e. cabinet heaters) & calculates emission trends

� When measured: Constantly

� Cost (new & retrofit): � Cost (new & retrofit):

� Change of spec needed for instrument + scope of GMS Communication & Analysis (including possible wiring/piping/communication infrastructure)

� Pros/Cons� Pros/Cons

� Proactive grid maintenance possible � Emission reduction potential through knowledge of actual grid situation � External influences compensated via softwareinfluences compensated via softwareExternal � Fully customizable for retrofit or new installations (including wireless

communication) � Change of engineering spec needed � Long-term,, v alue added mindset neededo g




Reaching the Summit

� SF6 gas emissions can be calculated in many ways

� Recent technological advances enable a utility to choose the wisest way to invest for the long-term

� Methodology decisions deppend ongy regulations as well as available financial and personnel resources


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