sharpening your observation skills · adult identification ... d. l. (2005) caterpillars of eastern...
TRANSCRIPT
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Asian Defoliators
Sharpening Your Observation Skills
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Objectives
• To learn how to recognize key characteristics of Dendrolimus (lappet moths) and Lymantria (gypsy moths)
• To learn how to recognize similar, native, look-alike species and distinguish them from the potential invaders
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Introduction
• Defoliation = the removal of all or part of the foliage of a plant
• Herbivore = an animal which eats only plants
• Insect defoliators damage plants by eating leaves or needles
Photo: tent and defoliation on aspen © William M. Ciesla, Forest Health Management International, Bugwood.org
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Introduction
Classification based on
• Insect order
• Pattern
• Feeding structure
• Time of year
• Host specificity
Photos: katydid feeding on leaves (top) © Herbert Pase III, Bugwood.org and skeletonizing on European linden (bottom) © Steven Katovich, USDA-FS, Bugwood.org
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Defoliation clue: insect order
Most common insect orders which defoliate plants
• Lepidoptera—moths, butterflies
• Hymenoptera—sawflies, wasps
• Coleoptera—beetles
• Orthoptera—katydids, grasshoppers, etc.
• Diptera—flies Photos: pine sawfly (top) © USDA-FS Region 8 - Southern Archive, Bugwood.org and
(bottom) viburnum leaf beetle adults © D.D. O’Brien, Cornell University, Bugwood.org
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Defoliation clue: pattern
Defoliation by pattern
• Complete leaf eaten
• Individual holes
• Mining
• Skeletonizing
Photo: complete defoliation on pine caused by spiny caterpillar © William M. Ciesla, Forest Health Management International, Bugwood.org
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Defoliation clue: pattern
Complete defoliation Individual holes
Skeletonizing Mining damage
Photos: clockwise from top left © H. Ovidiu, University of Oradea; P. Weston, Cornell University; M. Zubrik, FRI – Slovakia; J. Solomon, US-FS. All images Bugwood.org.
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Defoliation clue: feeding structures
Feeding structures
• Tents
• Rolled leaves
• Casebearers
• Free feeders
Photos: eastern tent caterpillars (top) © David Cappaert, Michigan State Univ., Bugwood.org and orangestriped oakworms © Ryan St. Laurent, Cornell University
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Defoliation clue: feeding structure
Tents Rolled leaves
Free feeders Casebearers
Photos: clockwise from top left © P. Sloderbeck, Kansas State University; DPIW, Tasmania Archive; W. Upham, KSU; B. McNee, WI-DNR. All images Bugwood.org
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Defoliation clue: time of year
Insects cause damage at specific times of the year
• Spring defoliators
• Spring/summer
• Summer
Photo: fall webworm nests © Dawn Dailey O’Brien, Cornell University
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LYMANTRIA SPP. & DENDROLIMUS SPP.
Asian defoliators featuring
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Asian defoliators (AD) vs native defoliators
• Native defoliators and the established European gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) frequently defoliate broadleaved trees
• The AD belonging to the genus Lymantria may defoliate broadleaved or coniferous trees
• The ADs in the genus Dendrolimus are conifer feeders
• Total defoliation of conifers is uncommon to rare in the Eastern US―and should alert you that it could likely be an AD introduction
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AD vs native defoliators
Native defoliating lappet moths (Lasiocampidae)
– Same family as Dendrolimus
– Forest tent caterpillar is common on oaks
– Eastern tent caterpillar is common on black cherry
Photos: forest tent caterpillar (top) © Franclemont larval slide collection, CUIC and eastern tent caterpillar (bottom) D. D. O’Brien, Cornell University
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AD vs native defoliators
• Native defoliators feed primarily on broadleaved trees
• Conifer defoliation is uncommon in the Eastern US
– Pine sawflies (order: Hymenoptera)
• In parts of the western US native Lepidoptera conifer defoliators include the pine silkmoths & Douglas fir tussock moth
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AD vs native defoliators
• Defoliation of conifers in the Eastern US should be an instant red flag – Dendrolimus sibiricus, D. punctatus, and D. pini
are obligate conifer feeders
– Gypsy moths native to Asia (Lymantria spp.) will also feed on conifers
• In the event of defoliation of coniferous trees, any Lepidoptera larvae should be collected and identified
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© John H. Ghent, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org
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Conifer defoliation facts
• Coniferous trees are less tolerant of defoliation than deciduous trees.
• Defoliation makes trees more vulnerable to secondary organisms.
• Late season defoliation is less stressful than early season defoliation.
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Recognizing AD larvae
• The larvae of the three Dendrolimus spp. are all similar to each other, but very recognizable when compared to native conifer feeders
• Most AD Lymantria spp. larvae are very similar to each other and cannot always be readily differentiated from the already established European gypsy moth
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Larvae: Siberian silk moth (Dendrolimus sibiricus)
Photo: © John Ghent, US-FS, Bugwood.org
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Larvae: Dendrolimus
Pine-tree lappet moth (Dendrolimus pini)
Masson pine caterpillar (Dendrolimus punctatus)
Photos: © William M. Ciesla, Forest Health Management International, Bugwood.org
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Larvae: European gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar dispar)
Photos: © Franclemont larval slide collection, CUIC, Cornell University
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SOME NATIVE LYMANTRIA LARVAL LOOK-ALIKES
Sharpening Your Observation skills
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Lymantria look-alike: Panthea furcilla (Noctuidae: Pantheinae)
Photos: © Franclemont larval slide collection, CUIC, Cornell University
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Lymantria look-alike: Panthea spp.
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Lymantria look-alike: Orgyia spp. (Lymantriinae)
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Lymantria look-alike: Dasychira spp. (Lymantriinae)
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SOME NATIVE DENDROLIMUS LARVAL LOOK-ALIKES
Sharpening Your Observation Skills
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Dendrolimus larval look-alike: Tolype sp. (Lasiocampidae)
Tolype velleda
Tolype laricis
Photos: © David Cappaert, Michigan State University, Bugwood.org and Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station Archive, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, Bugwood.org
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Dendrolimus larval look-alike: Artace sp. (Lasiocampidae)
Dot-lined white Artace cribrarius larva Artace colaria female
Photos: Artace cribrarius larva, courtesy of Sean McCann, Bugguide.com and Artace colaria female © CUIC, Cornell University
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Dendrolimus larval look-alike: American lappet moth
(Phyllodesma americana: Lasiocampidae)
Photo courtesy of Andrée Reno Sanborn of Barton, Vermont
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Dendrolimus larval look-alike: Gloveria (Lasiocampidae)
Gloveria gargamelle larvae
Photos: Gloveria gargamelle courtesy of Valerie Bugh
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Dendrolimus larval look-alike: Olceclostera angelica (Apatelodidae)
Photo courtesy of Colin Gillette
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ADULT IDENTIFICATION
Dendrolimus spp.
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Siberian silk moth (Dendrolimus sibiricus)
Males and females are similar but females are larger, with broader wings.
Wingspan
• male: 40–60 mm
• female: 60–80 mm
Key features
• three dark, notched stripes on the wings
• white spot usually present near center of forewing
© Kent Loeffler, Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University
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Siberian silk moth (Dendrolimus sibiricus)
♀
Photo: Pest and Diseases Image Library, Bugwood.org
Males and females are similar but females are larger, with broader wings. Wingspan • male: 40–60 mm • female: 60–80 mm Key features • three dark, notched
stripes on the wings • white spot usually
present near center of forewing
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Pine-tree lappet moth (Dendrolimus pini)
Males and females are similar but females are larger, with broader wings. Wingspan • male: 50–70 mm • female: 70–90 mm Key features • prominent brown bands
located at the base of the forewing
• white spot usually present near center of forewing
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Pine-tree lappet moth: brown form
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Masson pine caterpillar (Dendrolimus punctatus)
Males and females are similar but females are larger, with broader wings. Wingspan • male: 50–80 mm • female: larger Key features • wings mostly uniform brown • line nearest edge of wing
unconnected • line discontinuous rather
than mostly continuous as in D. sibiricus and D. pini
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ADULT LOOK-ALIKES
Dendrolimus spp.
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Large look-alike, Southwestern lappet moths (Lasiocampidae)
Caloecia juvenalis
Caloecia entima
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Large look-alike, Southwestern lappet moths (Lasiocampidae)
Dicogaster coronada
Quadrina diazoma
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Large look-alike, Southwestern lappet moths (Lasiocampidae)
Gloveria arizonensis Gloveria medusa Gloveria gargamelle
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Large native non-Lasiocampidae pine feeders
Pine devil (Citheronia sepulcralis) Northern pine sphinx (Lapara bombycoides)
Pandora pine moth (Coloradia pandora)
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ADULT IDENTIFICATION
Lymantria spp.
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Lymantria (the similar species)
• L. dispar asiatica
• L. dispar japonica
• L. umbrosa
• L. albescens
• L. postalba
The key feature to recognize: arc and dot
dot
arc
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Lymantria (the similar species)
Lymantria dispar dispar (EGM) L. d. asiatica L. d. japonica
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Lymantria (the similar species)
Lymantria umbrosa L. albescens
L. postalba
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Lymantria (the unique, easily identifiable species)
• L. mathura — Rosy gypsy moth
• L. monacha* — Nun moth
• L. xylina
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Rosy gypsy moth (Lymantria mathura)
Wingspan
• male FW length: 21–24 mm
• female ~38 mm
Key features
• males yellow hindwings
• females whitish with pink
– immediately recognizable from other AD Lymantria spp.
– no native look-alike species
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Lymantria xylina
Wingspan
• male FW length: 25–28 mm
• female: ~35 mm
Key features
• off-white coloration
• single transverse, wavy band on forewing
– No native look-alike species
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Nun moth (Lymantria monacha)
Wingspan • male FW length: 18–20
mm • female: 27–29 mm Key features • white forewings with ziz-
zagging lines • arc/dot not as
pronounced • heavy maculation • hindwings are greyish
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Nun moth look-alikes
Furcula scolopendrina
Lichnoptera decora
Black zigzag moth (Panthea acronyctoides)
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Native tussock moths (Erebidae: Lymantriinae)
Orgyia spp. Key diagnostic features
• white patch in lower corner of forewings, about a quarter of the way from edge (in most species)
• dorsal abdominal tufts of scales
• females are wingless
Dasychira spp. Key diagnostic features
• Dorsal abdominal tufts of scales
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Native tussock moths: Orgyia
Orgyia spp.
Key diagnostic feature
• patch of white scales on the bottom edge of the forewing
Lymantria dispar dispar
Key diagnostic feature
• no white patch
• arc dot feature
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Native tussock moths: Orgyia
Orgyia leucostigma
Orgyia definita
Orgyia pseudotsugata
Orgyia falcata Orgyia antiqua
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Native tussock moths: Dasychira
Dasychira spp. Key diagnostic features • dorsal tufts of scales • stockier than Orgyia spp. • females are winged
Lymantria dispar dispar Key diagnostic features • no dorsal tufts • arc dot feature
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Native tussock moths: Dasychira
Dasychira tephra Dasychira obliquata
Dasychira vagans Dasychira plagiata
Dasychira grisefacta
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Supporting materials
Visit www.FirstDetector.org for materials to supplement this presentation including posters, diagnostic photo guides and promotional materials.
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Authors
Ryan St. Laurent ‘16, Department of Entomology, Cornell University
Rachel McCarthy, NPDN Training and Education Coordinator, Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University
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Reviewed by
John H. Ghent, USDA Forest Service Entomologist, Ashville, North Carolina
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References
• https://caps.ceris.purdue.edu/survey/asian-defoliator/reference/2013 • Ferguson D.C. (1978) Noctuoidea, Lymantriidae. In: Hodges RW et al. (Eds) The
moths of North America, fascicle 22.2. Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, Washington, DC.
• Franclemont, J.G. (1973). The Moths of America North of Mexico. 20.1. Mimallonoidea and Bombycoidea, Apatelodidae, Bombycidae, Lasiocampidae. London, E.W. Classey & R.B.D.
• Pogue, M. G. and P. W. Schaefer. (2007) A review of selected species of Lymantria Hübner [1819] including three new species (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Lymantriinae) from subtropical and temperate regions of Asia, some potentially invasive to North America. Forest Health Technology Enterprise TeamTechnology Transfer. FHTET-2006-07.
• Wagner, D. L. (2005) Caterpillars of Eastern North America: A Guide to Identification and Natural History. Princeton University Press.
• Wagner, D. L., D. F. Schweitzer, J. B. Sullivan, and R. C. Reardon. (2011) Owlet Caterpillars of Eastern North America (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Princeton University Press.
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Acknowledgements
Funding for the Sharpening Your Observations Skills project was provided by the USDA 10201 Farm Bill, cooperative agreement 13-8236-0984-CA.