shell uio specification of group standard for lifting and hoisting operations in europe

Shell UIO specification of

Group Standard

for

lifting and hoisting operations

in Europe

CMS DOCUMENT CONTROL BOX

Field Name Field Description

Name Specification of group standard for lifting and hoisting operations

Organisation NAM

Content Owner

(Authority to Issue) van den Berg, Gerard B NAM-UIO/T/SL

Custodian Verhoef, Peter NAM-UIO/T/SL

Document Custodian van der Vliet, Geert NAM-UIO/T/SL

Author(s) Verhoef, Peter NAM-UIO/T/SL

CMS Number NAM-LIFHOI.SP.01

Doc Number EP201405203036

Revision Number 1

Cross References N/A

First Issue Date 02-09-2010

Issue Date 09-05-2014

Review Date 09-05-2017

External No

Document Type Specification

Valid For NAM

UPBM Process N/A

UPBM Sub-process N/A

Discipline Logistics

Expertise Lifting & Hoisting

Used In UP Process 14

Used In Discipline Logistics

Used in Expertise Lifting & Hoisting

Language English

Risk Domains Health, Safety, Environment, Finance, Legal, Asset Integrity, Social

Safety Case (UK) No Applicable Roles N/A

HSE MS Risk Management

ISO 14001 N/A

Security Restricted

Export Control Not subject to EAR – no US content

Doc. Nr.: NAM-LIFHOI.SP.01

Revision. Nr.: 1

Date: 09/05/2014

Custodian: Peter Verhoef

Page: 2 of 143 pages

Electronic copies to be obtained from the Shell UIO CMS website Printed copies are uncontrolled documents

User guideline preface

Upstream International Operated (“UIO”) documents for Europe (“Documents”) are based on the experience acquired during their involvement with the design, construction, operation and maintenance of processing units and facilities, and they are supplemented with the experience of Shell UIO companies. Where appropriate they are based on, or reference is made to, international, regional, national and industry standards. The objective is to set the recommended standard for good design and engineering practice applied by Shell UIO companies in Europe operating an oil refinery, gas handling installation, chemical plant, oil and gas production facility, or any other such facility, and thereby to achieve maximum technical and economic benefit from standardization. The information set forth in these publications is provided to users (high and middle management) for their consideration and decision to implement. This is of particular importance where the Documents shall not cover every requirement or diversity of condition at each locality. The system of Documents is expected to be sufficiently flexible to allow individual operating companies to adapt the information set forth in the Documents to their own environment and requirements. When contractors or manufacturers/suppliers use the D documents they shall be solely responsible for the safety, quality of work and the attainment of the required design and engineering standards. In particular, for those requirements not specifically covered, the principal will expect them to follow those designs and engineering practices, which will achieve the same level of integrity as reflected in the Documents. If in doubt, the contractor or manufacturer/supplier shall, without detracting from his own responsibility, consult the principal or its technical advisor. The right to use the Documents is granted by Shell UIO companies in Europe only. Contractors/subcontractors and manufacturers/suppliers shall perform all services and work and supply all materials in accordance with the relevant standards. Subject to any particular terms and conditions as shall be set forth in specific agreements with users, Shell UIO companies in Europe disclaim any liability of whatsoever nature for any damage (including injury or death) suffered by any company or person whomsoever as a result of or in connection with the use, application or implementation of any Document, combination of Documents or any part thereof, even if it is wholly or partly caused by negligence on the part of such Shell UIO companies. The benefit of this disclaimer shall insure in all respects to Shell UIO companies and/or any company affiliated to these companies that shall issue the Documents or require the use of the Documents. Without prejudice to any specific terms in respect of confidentiality under relevant contractual arrangements, the D documents shall not, without the prior written consent of Shell UIO companies in Europe, be disclosed by users to any company or person whomsoever and the Documents shall be used exclusively for the purpose for which they have been provided to the user. They shall be returned after use, including any copies, which shall only be made by users with the express prior written consent of such Shell UIO companies in Europe. The copyright of the Documents vests within the Shell Group. Users shall arrange for the Documents to be held in safe custody and Shell UIO companies in Europe shall at any time require information satisfactory to them in order to ascertain how users implement this requirement.


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Table of contents 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 9

1.1 Objective and application ................................................................................................................. 9 1.2 Legislation and hierarchy of Standards .......................................................................................... 10 1.3 Shell’s Life-Saving Rules ............................................................................................................... 10 1.4 Terminology ................................................................................................................................... 10 1.5 Scope .............................................................................................................................................. 11 1.6 Contractual relationships: rental of equipment versus contract jobs .............................................. 12

1.6.1 Rental of equipment ..................................................................................................................................................................................................12 1.6.2 Contract jobs ................................................................................................................................................................................................................13 O .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................14 1.6.3 verview showing differences between contract jobs versus rental of equipment ...............................................................................14

2 Roles and responsibilities ................................................................................................. 15 2.1 Manager .......................................................................................................................................... 15 2.2 Competent person ........................................................................................................................... 15 2.3 Technical support ........................................................................................................................... 15 2.4 Appointed person – Person In Charge (PIC) .................................................................................. 15 2.5 Competent Lifting and Hoisting Team ........................................................................................... 16 2.6 Lifting and hoisting supervisor ....................................................................................................... 17 2.7 Appliance operator ......................................................................................................................... 17 2.8 Rigger ............................................................................................................................................. 18 2.9 Signaller/banksman ........................................................................................................................ 18 2.10 Slinger ............................................................................................................................................ 18

3 Planning and preparing for safe lifting and hoisting operations ....................................... 19 3.1 Define the lifting and hoisting operations ....................................................................................... 19

3.1.1 Identify the lifting and hoisting operations .......................................................................................................................................................19 3.1.2 Determine the scope of work .................................................................................................................................................................................19

3.2 Categorise the lifting and hoisting operations ................................................................................ 20 3.3 Planning of the lifting and hoisting operations ............................................................................... 23 3.4 Task Risk Assessment .................................................................................................................... 23

3.4.1 Finalise Lift Plan ........................................................................................................................................................................................................24 3.5 Technical Support ........................................................................................................................... 24

4 Working area and external surrounding factors ................................................................ 25 4.1 Risk evaluation on location ............................................................................................................ 25 4.2 Environmental conditions ............................................................................................................... 25

4.2.1 Working in an offshore environment ..................................................................................................................................................................25 4.2.2 Ground conditions .....................................................................................................................................................................................................25 4.2.3 Height .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................27 4.2.4 Lifting and hoisting over buildings and installations ....................................................................................................................................29 4.2.5 Lifting and hoisting within buildings and installations ................................................................................................................................29 4.2.6 Miscellaneous ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................29

4.3 Weather .......................................................................................................................................... 30 4.3.1 Wind ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................30 4.3.2 Sea-state .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................30 4.3.3 Temperature .................................................................................................................................................................................................................30 4.3.4 Other weather conditions ........................................................................................................................................................................................30

4.4 Interference with radio signals........................................................................................................ 31 4.5 Chemicals and temperature in relation to lifting and hoisting equipment ...................................... 31 4.6 Radio activity ................................................................................................................................. 32 4.7 Lighting .......................................................................................................................................... 32 4.8 Hazardous locations due to the atmosphere .................................................................................... 32 4.9 Static electricity - earthing .............................................................................................................. 33

5 Performing the lifting and hoisting operations ................................................................. 34 5.1 Pre job meeting – Toolbox Talk ..................................................................................................... 34 5.2 10 Questions for a safe lift .............................................................................................................. 34 5.3 Barriers ........................................................................................................................................... 36 5.4 Use of tag lines ............................................................................................................................... 36 5.5 Pick-up and landing area of the load .............................................................................................. 37 5.6 Securing the load after the lifting and hoisting operations ............................................................. 38 5.7 Accomplishing lifting and hoisting operations ............................................................................... 38

6 Learn and record ............................................................................................................... 39

7 Load .................................................................................................................................. 40 7.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 40


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7.2 Load characteristics ........................................................................................................................ 40 7.2.1 Mass, weight, force and load .................................................................................................................................................................................40 7.2.2 Centre of gravity .........................................................................................................................................................................................................41 7.2.3 Type of material .........................................................................................................................................................................................................43 7.2.4 Dimensions and mechanical characteristics .....................................................................................................................................................43

7.3 Connecting the load to the hoisting appliance ................................................................................ 46 7.3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................46 7.3.2 Load without any provisions to attach hoisting accessories .......................................................................................................................46 7.3.3 Load having provisions to attach temporary attachment points for hoisting accessories ................................................................46 7.3.4 Load equipped with purpose designed hoisting points permanently fastened .....................................................................................47 7.3.5 Work equipment having permanently installed attachment points for the hoisting accessories ...................................................47 7.3.6 Lifted and hoisted equipment ................................................................................................................................................................................48

7.4 Risks as a consequence of the load ................................................................................................. 49 8 Lifting and hoisting equipment ......................................................................................... 50

8.1 General requirements for lifting and hoisting equipment ............................................................... 50 8.1.1 Declaration of conformity .......................................................................................................................................................................................50 8.1.2 Users instructions .......................................................................................................................................................................................................50 8.1.3 Inspection ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................51 8.1.4 Inspection schedule ...................................................................................................................................................................................................51 8.1.5 Definition of inspection ...........................................................................................................................................................................................51 8.1.6 Inspection body ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................52 8.1.7 Marking .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................52 8.1.8 Application of colour codes ...................................................................................................................................................................................52 8.1.9 Documentation – registration ................................................................................................................................................................................52 8.1.10 Maintenance and condition of lifting and hoisting equipment ..................................................................................................................53

8.2 Requirements for hoisting appliances ............................................................................................. 53 8.2.1 General requirements for hoisting appliances .................................................................................................................................................53 8.2.2 Mobile cranes ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................53 8.2.3 Tower cranes ................................................................................................................................................................................................................53 8.2.4 Loader cranes ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................54 8.2.5 Offshore cranes ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................54 8.2.6 Portal / overhead cranes ...........................................................................................................................................................................................54 8.2.7 Side booms ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................54 8.2.8 Hoists ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................54 8.2.9 Winches .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................54

8.3 Requirements for lifting appliances ................................................................................................ 55 8.3.1 General requirements for motorised lifting appliances ................................................................................................................................55 8.3.2 Forklift trucks ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................55 8.3.3 Jacks ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................55 8.3.4 Construction site lifts ................................................................................................................................................................................................55 8.3.5 Vehicle loading flaps, loading and unloading systems .................................................................................................................................55 8.3.6 Earth moving machines ...........................................................................................................................................................................................56

8.4 Requirements for lifting and hoisting accessories .......................................................................... 57 8.4.1 Chain work ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................57 8.4.2 Slings (wire rope) .......................................................................................................................................................................................................57 8.4.3 Synthetic slings ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................57 8.4.4 Beams .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................58 8.4.5 Suspended baskets .....................................................................................................................................................................................................58 8.4.6 Personnel Carriers ......................................................................................................................................................................................................58 8.4.7 Miscellaneous accessories ......................................................................................................................................................................................58 8.4.8 Fixed hoisting beams & monorails ......................................................................................................................................................................58

9 Personnel ........................................................................................................................... 59 9.1 General awareness for lifting and hoisting operations .................................................................... 60 9.2 Training standards and certification ............................................................................................... 60 9.3 International, industry and recognised training standards .............................................................. 60

9.3.1 ISO/FDIS 15513 .........................................................................................................................................................................................................60 9.3.2 Offshore Material Handling Equipment Committee (OMHEC) ...............................................................................................................61 9.3.3 OPITO ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................61 9.3.4 Other standards ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................61

9.4 Additional training .......................................................................................................................... 61 9.5 The Netherlands: competency and training requirements .............................................................. 62 9.6 United Kingdom and Ireland: competency and training requirements ........................................... 63 9.7 Norway: competency and training requirements ............................................................................ 64 9.8 Ongoing and refresher training ....................................................................................................... 66 9.9 Personal Protective Equipment ....................................................................................................... 66 9.10 Physical and medical conditions ..................................................................................................... 66

10 Recommended communications for safe lifting and hoisting operations ......................... 68 10.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 68 10.2 Basic principles for good communications ..................................................................................... 68 10.3 General considerations on communication ..................................................................................... 68


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10.3.1 Planning lifting & hoisting operations ...............................................................................................................................................................68 10.3.2 Toolbox talk .................................................................................................................................................................................................................68

10.4 Personnel involved ......................................................................................................................... 69 10.5 Line of sight, position and visibility ............................................................................................... 69

10.5.1 Blind lifts ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................69 10.5.2 Hoisting of personnel using a suspended basket .............................................................................................................................................70 10.5.3 Transfer of personnel by personnel carrier .......................................................................................................................................................70

10.6 Communication methods ................................................................................................................ 70 10.6.1 Communication principles ......................................................................................................................................................................................70 10.6.2 Advantages of using radio equipment ................................................................................................................................................................70 10.6.3 Advantages of using hand signals ........................................................................................................................................................................70 10.6.4 Audible equipment, using codes and alarms ....................................................................................................................................................71 10.6.5 Additional information and the use of camera’s .............................................................................................................................................71

10.7 Radio procedures for lifting and hoisting operations ...................................................................... 71 10.7.1 Establish links and testing the radio equipment ..............................................................................................................................................71 10.7.2 Selecting Radio Channels and establishing links ...........................................................................................................................................71 10.7.3 Cranes operating on different channels ..............................................................................................................................................................72 10.7.4 Cranes operating on same channels .....................................................................................................................................................................72 10.7.5 Communications protocol and good practice ...................................................................................................................................................72 10.7.6 Maintaining continuous communication ...........................................................................................................................................................73 10.7.7 Acknowledgement and understanding ...............................................................................................................................................................73 10.7.8 Care and safety ............................................................................................................................................................................................................73

10.8 Hand signals ................................................................................................................................... 73 10.9 Using hand signals .......................................................................................................................... 74

10.9.1 Recommended hand signals ...................................................................................................................................................................................74 10.10 Learn and record ............................................................................................................................. 74

11 Hoisting over live facilities ............................................................................................... 75 11.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 75 11.2 Categorising lifting and hoisting over live facilities ....................................................................... 75 11.3 Control measures ............................................................................................................................ 75 11.4 Further safety precautions to be considered ................................................................................... 75

12 Working with two or more lifting and hoisting appliances .............................................. 76 12.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 76 12.2 Risks associated and general precautions ....................................................................................... 76 12.3 Categorising operations using two or more lifting and hoisting appliances ................................... 77 12.4 Control measures ............................................................................................................................ 77 12.5 Personnel involved ......................................................................................................................... 77 12.6 Various ways of utilising multiple lifting and hoisting appliances ................................................. 77

12.6.1 Hoisting a single load using two cranes .............................................................................................................................................................77 12.6.2 Hoisting a single load using more than two cranes ........................................................................................................................................77 12.6.3 Taking a load from a horizontal position to a vertical position or vice versa ......................................................................................78 12.6.4 Using two or more chain lever hoists and or chain blocks ..........................................................................................................................78 12.6.5 Any combination using two or more lifting and hoisting appliances ......................................................................................................78

12.7 Execution ........................................................................................................................................ 78 13 Setting up a “Lift Plan” for extensive operations ............................................................. 79

13.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 79 13.2 Routine as well as Non-Routine activities ...................................................................................... 79 13.3 Concurrent operations with more than one crane ........................................................................... 80 13.4 Example of plot plan for extensive lifting and hoisting operations ................................................ 81

14 Use of mobile cranes on marine vessels ........................................................................... 82 14.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 82 14.2 Vessel deck strength ....................................................................................................................... 82 14.3 Crane suitability .............................................................................................................................. 82 14.4 Securing the crane on deck ............................................................................................................. 83 14.5 Load chart applicable for the specific situation .............................................................................. 83 14.6 Weather criteria and vessel stability ............................................................................................... 84 14.7 Points to remember ......................................................................................................................... 84

15 Handling of tubulars ......................................................................................................... 85 15.1 Slinging of tubulars ........................................................................................................................ 85 15.2 Handling of casings or drill pipes by forklift trucks ....................................................................... 86 15.3 Transportation................................................................................................................................. 87 15.4 Storage ............................................................................................................................................ 87 15.5 Handling drill-pipes aboard drilling platforms ............................................................................... 87 15.6 Pipe handler or tubular handler cranes ........................................................................................... 87

16 Handling of scaffolding material and boards .................................................................... 88


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16.1 Load carrier .................................................................................................................................... 88 16.2 Slinging .......................................................................................................................................... 88

17 Transit slings ..................................................................................................................... 89 17.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 89 17.2 The use of transit slings .................................................................................................................. 89 17.3 Plastic coated transit slings ............................................................................................................. 89 17.4 Never use a synthetic sling as transit sling ..................................................................................... 89

18 The safe use of Flexible Intermediate Bulk Containers .................................................... 90 18.1 General ........................................................................................................................................... 90 18.2 Certificates, labelling and marking ................................................................................................. 90 18.3 Hoisting and carrying FIBC’s ......................................................................................................... 91

18.3.1 Hoisting with cranes or hoists ...............................................................................................................................................................................91 18.3.2 Hoisting with forklift trucks ...................................................................................................................................................................................91 18.3.3 Horizontal carrying of FIBC’s with forklift trucks ........................................................................................................................................91

18.4 Stacking and storage of filled FIBC’s ............................................................................................ 92 18.5 Using FIBC’s in an offshore environment ...................................................................................... 92

19 The safe use of chain blocks and chain lever hoists ......................................................... 93 19.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 93 19.2 Important warnings ......................................................................................................................... 93 19.3 Selecting the correct hoist ............................................................................................................... 93 19.4 Pre-use checks ................................................................................................................................ 94 19.5 Installing and commissioning of hoists .......................................................................................... 94 19.6 Operating chain blocks and chain lever hoists safely ..................................................................... 95

19.6.1 Always: ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................95 19.6.2 Never: .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................96 19.6.3 Use of multiple lever hoists to share the load ..................................................................................................................................................97 19.6.4 Use of static rigging or multiple rigging points to avoid single point failure.......................................................................................97

19.7 Storing, handling and in-service maintenance ................................................................................ 97 19.8 Pneumatic hoists ............................................................................................................................. 97 19.9 The use of hoists underwater .......................................................................................................... 98

19.9.1 Immersion policy .......................................................................................................................................................................................................98 20 Working with forklift trucks ............................................................................................. 99

20.1 Forklift trucks – scope for this practical guideline ......................................................................... 99 20.2 General safety considerations ......................................................................................................... 99 20.3 Checking the forklift truck ............................................................................................................. 99

20.3.1 Pre-use specific checks for forklift trucks .........................................................................................................................................................99 20.3.2 Maintenance, inspection and thorough examination .................................................................................................................................. 100

20.4 Forklift truck operators ..................................................................................................................100 20.5 Basic forklift truck driving rules....................................................................................................100 20.6 Lifting and transporting of personnel ............................................................................................102 20.7 Use of forklift truck attachments ...................................................................................................102 20.8 Handling of casings or drill pipes ..................................................................................................102 20.9 Layout and maintenance of the workplace ....................................................................................103 20.10 Use on public roads .......................................................................................................................103 20.11 Rough terrain operating conditions ...............................................................................................103 20.12 Parking ...........................................................................................................................................104

21 Hoisting personnel with a crane, using a suspended basket ........................................... 105 21.1 Introduction and scope...................................................................................................................105 21.2 Definition .......................................................................................................................................105 21.3 General safety considerations ........................................................................................................105 21.4 Deciding to use a suspended basket ...............................................................................................105 21.5 Planning and preparing for the safe use of a suspended basket .....................................................106 21.6 Equipment requirements ................................................................................................................106

21.6.1 Pre use inspection ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 106 21.7 Hoisting Accessories .....................................................................................................................106 21.8 Personnel involved ........................................................................................................................107 21.9 Checklist ........................................................................................................................................107 21.10 Additional requirements during operations with the suspended basket .........................................107 21.11 Appendix: Recommended checklist for using a suspended basket ................................................108

22 Transfer of personnel by personnel carrier ..................................................................... 109 22.1 Introduction and scope...................................................................................................................109 22.2 Use of a personnel carrier ..............................................................................................................109 22.3 Planning and preparing for the safe transfer of personnel .............................................................110


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22.4 Risk Assessment. ...........................................................................................................................110 22.5 Responsibilities..............................................................................................................................110 22.6 Factors to be taken into account prior to transfer ..........................................................................110

22.6.1 General hoisting procedure .................................................................................................................................................................................. 110 22.6.2 Obstructions .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 110 22.6.3 Weather Conditions ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 110 22.6.4 Suitability of vessel(s) involved in the transfer operation ........................................................................................................................ 111 22.6.5 Hoisting equipment ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 111 22.6.6 Rigging prior to transfer – pre use check ....................................................................................................................................................... 111 22.6.7 Personnel carrier – maintenance/testing/inspection .................................................................................................................................... 111 22.6.8 Training ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 111 22.6.9 Communications ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 111 22.6.10 Briefing prior to transfer ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 111

22.7 Additional requirements for transfer .............................................................................................112 22.7.1 Survival and Personal Protective Equipment ................................................................................................................................................ 112 22.7.2 Procedure during transfer ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 112 22.7.3 Rescue arrangements ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 112 22.7.4 Transfer of injured personnel .............................................................................................................................................................................. 112

23 Manriding using winches ................................................................................................ 113 23.1 Introduction and scope...................................................................................................................113 23.2 Planning and preparing for safe manriding operations ..................................................................113 23.3 Personnel involved ........................................................................................................................113 23.4 Equipment .....................................................................................................................................113

23.4.1 Winch .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 114 23.4.2 Harness ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 114 23.4.3 Personal Protective Equipment .......................................................................................................................................................................... 114 23.4.4 Connecting devices ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 114 23.4.5 Secondary fall arrest equipment ........................................................................................................................................................................ 114

23.5 Emergency plans and rescue equipment ........................................................................................115 23.6 Pre-use inspections ........................................................................................................................115 23.7 Toolbox Talk .................................................................................................................................115 23.8 Executing the manriding operations ..............................................................................................116

23.8.1 Requirements for continuous monitoring ....................................................................................................................................................... 116 23.8.2 Communications and signalling......................................................................................................................................................................... 116 23.8.3 Operational aspects ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 117 23.8.4 Duration of manriding operation ....................................................................................................................................................................... 117

23.9 Learn and record: the Manriding Register .....................................................................................117 24 Handling and moving of barrels and drums .................................................................... 118

24.1 Introduction and scope...................................................................................................................118 24.2 General considerations ..................................................................................................................118 24.3 Planning and preparing for a safe operation ..................................................................................118

24.3.1 Points to consider when compiling the risk assessment ............................................................................................................................ 118 24.3.2 Points to consider when compiling the “Lift Plan” .................................................................................................................................... 119

24.4 Requirements for lifting and hoisting equipment ..........................................................................119 24.5 A selection of barrel hoisting devices ............................................................................................120 24.6 Personnel involved ........................................................................................................................121 24.7 Examples of safe handling and moving of barrels and drums .......................................................121

24.7.1 Methods which are not recommended for hoisting barrels and drums at anytime .......................................................................... 121 25 Use of synthetic slings .................................................................................................... 122

25.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................122 25.2 Material used for sling construction ..............................................................................................122

25.2.1 High tenacity multi-filament fibres .................................................................................................................................................................. 122 25.2.2 High performance fibres ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 123

25.3 Fibre properties ..............................................................................................................................123 25.3.1 Polyamide .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 123 25.3.2 Polyester ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 123 25.3.3 Polypropylene ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 124 25.3.4 Aramid ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 124 25.3.5 HMPE .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 124 25.3.6 LCAP ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 125 25.3.7 PBO .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 125

25.4 Types of slings ...............................................................................................................................125 25.4.1 Roundsling ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 125 25.4.2 Flat woven webbing sling .................................................................................................................................................................................... 125 25.4.3 Rope sling .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 125

25.5 Working load limits and colour codes ...........................................................................................125 25.5.1 Colour coding ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 125 25.5.2 Working Load Limit .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 126

25.6 Regulations, Standards and industry practice ................................................................................126


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25.6.1 Machinery Directive .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 126 25.6.2 Standards .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 126 25.6.3 EN 1492 ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 127 25.6.4 ASME B30.9 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 127

25.7 Industry practices ...........................................................................................................................127 25.8 Factor of Safety (FoS) versus Design Factor (DF) ........................................................................127

25.8.1 Factor of Safety ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 127 25.8.2 Design factor and safety factor .......................................................................................................................................................................... 128

25.9 General application advices for synthetic slings ............................................................................128 25.10 Technical considerations ...............................................................................................................130

25.10.1 Sling type: single leg or grommet ..................................................................................................................................................................... 130 25.10.2 Chafe protection ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 130 25.10.3 Specific gravity and flexibility ........................................................................................................................................................................... 130 25.10.4 Bending efficiency factor or D/d ratio ............................................................................................................................................................. 130 25.10.5 Eye size/length ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 130 25.10.6 Interface with structure ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 130 25.10.7 Interface with crane hook and other hoisting equipment .......................................................................................................................... 131 25.10.8 Effect of environment ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 131 Temperature .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 131 Shock loading ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 131 Chemicals ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 131

25.11 Storage of synthetic slings .............................................................................................................131 25.12 Pre-use inspection: criteria for disposal of synthetic hoisting equipment ......................................131 25.13 Summary and recommendations....................................................................................................132

25.13.1 Heavy lifts, dynamic operations, subsea and deep-sea hoisting activities .......................................................................................... 132 25.13.2 “General hoisting activities”, not being engineered ................................................................................................................................... 132

25.14 References and further information ...............................................................................................134 26 Terms and definitions ..................................................................................................... 135


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1 Introduction It is a legal requirement that all operations involving lifting and hoisting equipment shall be planned and appropriately managed on the basis of risk, complexity of the operations and working environment (ref. EU Directive 2009/104/EC, annex II, chapter 3.2.5). This document is aimed for support of high and middle management, who are directly involved with lifting and hoisting operations, hiring and call out of lifting and hoisting services, procurement of lifting and hoisting equipment and safety of lifting and hoisting operations. The main objective is that, regardless of location, if each step of the process outlined in this guidance is followed and suitably applied then every lifting and hoisting operation should be carried out in a safe manner because it is: Completed within an appropriate management system; Properly planned; Risk assessed; Supervised; and Completed with competent personnel and the proper equipment. The set-up of this Standard is in line with the ever-occurring steps of the process for planning and managing lifting and hoisting operations: Define; Plan; Execute; Learn and record. Separate chapters are dealing with the load to be handled (chapter 7), give rules and regulations for the lifting and hoisting equipment (chapter 8) and the requirements with regards to training and competence of personnel (chapter 9). Part 2, starting at chapter, 10 contain practical guidelines and working practices. Alternative practices should only be adopted where they would guarantee an equivalent or greater level of safety.

Based on historical experiences, good practices or incident investigation, within Shell UIO operations there are Shell UIO specific requirements being compulsory. Being Shell specific obligations not backed-up by rules and regulations, they are highlighted in this Standard with the Shell logo.

1.1 Objective and application This Shell UIO CMS Specification of Group Standard embraces the safe use and application of all lifting and hoisting equipment for operations on Shell UIO onshore and offshore installations, including those undertaken by contractors. Compliance with this Standard is compulsory for all Shell UIO owned and Shell UIO contractor supplied equipment used in support of Shell UIO operations at Shell UIO installations. Where individual HSE cases define lifting and hoisting operations more restrictively, the local HSE case shall be followed. In situations where a contractor’s requirements exceed this Standard, then their standard shall be followed. The need for compliance with this Standard at contractor installations performing Shell UIO work should be evaluated and made a contractual requirement where deemed necessary. If Shell UIO counts a contractor’s hours and HSE incidents, then that contractor must either comply with this Standard or demonstrate that its own standards, procedures, and or guidelines provide comparable assurance that the hazards associated with lifting and hoisting operations are being managed to a level equal to this Standard or to a higher level of safety.


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1.2 Legislation and hierarchy of Standards Local law and regulations shall always be accounted for in the adoption of this Standard, and where in conflict will always prevail above this Standard. This Standard includes regulations and guidelines, which through references in this text, have adopted and comprise the Standards, specifications and guidelines as set in the Shell Group HSSE & SP Control Framework (Health, Security, Safety, the Environment & Social Performance, section 04 – lifting and hoisting). The latest versions of the references shall be used unless otherwise agreed. Other recognised industry standards shall be used to supplement local regulations where these are incomplete and provided that it can be proven that they satisfy or exceed the requirements and guidelines as set forward in this Standard.

1.3 Shell’s Life-Saving Rules Our 12 Life-Saving Rules are of vital importance in our Goal Zero Journey. They set out clear and simple “dos and don’ts” covering activities with the highest potential safety risk. They help to make sure that rules are followed and people are protected. Deliberate failure to comply with the Life-Saving Rules and/or any HSSE procedures on site will result in disciplinary action, up to and including termination.

1.4 Terminology Throughout the industry both the words “lifting” and “hoisting” are used as if they are interchangeable. Although both lifting and hoisting involve moving a load vertically, there is a clear difference: Hoisting is an activity during which the load is suspended and hangs freely, e.g. by means of a

crane, chain hoist, beam clamp, etc.. Lifting is an activity during which the load is lifted in a controlled and guided manner, normally

spoken from the bottom of the load, e.g. by means of a forklift truck, screw jack, hydraulic jack, etc..

In this Standard the words lifting and hoisting are used as appropriate and consistent as practically possible. In some specific situations and for some operations a widely used term or common expression might be so naturalised, that it was decided to stick to that specific and commonly used expression. In order to write this Standard as consistent as possible, a separate chapter gives an overview with all terms and definitions being used in this Standard. In order to overcome the fact that within the industry for one role, responsibility or piece of equipment more than one term is in use, the overview with terms and definitions also contains a column showing synonymous terms for the ones used in this Standard.


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1.5 Scope This operational Standard is applicable to mechanical lifting and hoisting activities within Shell UIO, for which lifting and hoisting equipment is being used as shown in the diagram hereafter and all lifting and hoisting operations not specifically excluded. The diagram includes the main categories, however is not limited to the categories mentioned.

Diagram 1:

Lifting & hoisting equipment

Lifting and hoisting appliances

chapter 8.1, 8.2 and 8.3

Lifting and hoisting accessories

chapter 8.1 and 8.4

Lifted and hoisted equipment = load chapter 7.3.6 and 8.1

Chain work chap. 8.4.1 Slings (chain) Shackles Plate clamps Eye bolts & swivel rings Wedge sockets Hooks Pad eyes and bolts Beam clamps Sheave blocks Beam trolleys Miscellaneous Slings (wire rope) chap. 8.4.2 Synthetic slings chap. 8.4.3 Beams: chap. 8.4.4 Hoisting beams Spreader beams Equalising beams Spreader frames Suspended baskets chap. 8.4.5 Personnel carriers chap. 8.4.6 Miscellaneous: chap. 8.4.7 Pallet hooks Clamps Fixed hoisting beams & monorails chap. 8.4.8

Hoisting: chap. 8.2 Mobile cranes chap. 8.2.2 Tower cranes chap. 8.2.3 Loader cranes chap. 8.2.4 Offshore cranes chap. 8.2.5 Portal / Overhead cranes chap. 8.2.6 Side booms chap. 8.2.7 Hoists chap.8.2.8 Chain lever hoist Chain block Jaw winch Winches chap. 8.2.9 Lifting: chap. 8.3 Forklifts chap. 8.3.2 Reach truck Motor pallet forklift Stacking truck Jacks chap. 8.3.3 Construction site lifts chap. 8.3.4 Vehicle loading flaps, loading and unloading systems chap. 8.3.5 Cable system Portal system Hook arm skid system Earth moving machines chap. 8.3.6 front loaders

Cargo Carrying Units (CCU) Containers Skids Skips Drum racks Gas cylinder racks Pipe racks Frames Big bags Netting Baskets Turnbuckles Pallets


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This Standard does not include: Lorry loading cranes used for loading or unloading operations of trucks Drilling crown block, travelling block and top drive operations Ship anchor handling, marine towing, and routine ship operations not directly associated with

E&P activities, e.g. ship maintenance Function testing of and emergency exercises with lifeboats and rafts Handling MOB boats (Man Over Board boats) and FRC (Fast Rescue Craft) Helicopter lifting and hoisting operations Diving personnel operations Earthmoving equipment and operations Fall protection and rope access equipment Working at height Mobile Elevating Work Platforms Goods and personnel elevators.

Remark: whenever the manufacturer of a lorry loading crane, earth moving equipment, or tele handler has equipped the machine with a hoisting function and the lorry loader, earth moving machine or tele handler is being used for hoisting operations, the operations shall be fully compliant with this Standard!

1.6 Contractual relationships: rental of equipment versus contract jobs It is important to ensure that the wide variety of contractual arrangements used in the Oil & Gas industry do not compromise the procedures needed to ensure compliance with rules and regulations and a safe execution of the operations. Any organisation that requires a load to be moved by means of lifting and hoisting equipment and does not have its own cranes or lifting and hoisting equipment has two basic options: 1. Renting a crane and – or lifting and hoisting equipment 2. Contracting an independent contractor to move the load, a contract job. There are several reasons due to which it is important to highlight and explain the main differences in rental of equipment versus contract jobs: Responsibility for the planning, preparing and controlling of the lifting and hoisting operations Knowledge and understanding of lifting and hoisting operations of the Person In Charge Differences in responsibilities for insurances.

1.6.1 Rental of equipment

Under the terms of a standard hire agreement for lifting and hoisting equipment, the equipment and the personnel involved in the lifting and hoisting operations are the responsibility of the renting organization. The renting organization becomes responsible once the crane leaves the public road in order to access the site or the equipment is being delivered on site and signed off for acceptance. The renting organization shall appoint a Person In Charge being responsible for the full planning, all needed control measures and all the personnel and equipment involved. In addition in most situations the renting organization is responsible for arranging insurances such as: loss of damage to plant, lifting and hoisting equipment, loss of damage to the goods being moved, and continuing hire rates whilst equipment is unable to work as a result of loss or damage and legal liability. (Insurance issues are not part of this Standard and are only mentioned to address awareness for the difference between a contract lift and rental of equipment). For lifting and hoisting operations being carried out with rented equipment, it is important to note the following:


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The company supplying the lifting and hoisting equipment can never be responsible for any planning or supervising tasks as required per EU Directive 2009/104/EC.

The Person in Charge of the renting organization must have the knowledge and understanding of all aspects of the lifting and hoisting operation.

The Person in Charge is responsible for planning, preparing, performing and supervising the lifting and hoisting operations as described in the chapters 2 up to and including 7 of this Standard.

The equipment owner shall supply lifting and hoisting equipment that are fully in compliance with applicable rules and regulations. This is described in chapter 8 of this Standard. The crane or equipment owner shall supply a competent operator, trained and certified according rules and regulations as described in chapter 9.

1.6.2 Contract jobs

Under the terms of a standard contract job for lifting and hoisting operations, the equipment and the personnel supplied with the equipment, including the planning and the managing of the risks as per EU Directive 2009/104/EC annex II, chapter 3.2.5, are the responsibility of the owner of the contract. In this situation, the contracted company is responsible for the full planning, all needed control measures and all the personnel and equipment involved, through his Person In Charge. For lifting and hoisting operations being carried out as a contract job, it is important to note the following: The contracted company is responsible for planning, preparing, performing and supervising the

lifting and hoisting operations as described in the chapters 2 up to and including 7 of this Standard;

The contracted company shall make sure that all lifting and hoisting equipment are fully in compliance with applicable rules and regulations. This is described in chapter 8 of this Standard;

The contracted company shall make sure, that all personnel is, trained and certified according rules and regulations as described in chapter 9.

It is important to note that a standard hire agreement only becomes a contract job when the contracted company accepts liability for planning and supervising the lifting and hoisting operations. Specifying the correct type of contract will ultimately improve safety and ensure that the correct system of work is adopted. Under contract lifting and hoisting conditions, the principal still retains certain liabilities and therefore should hold adequate insurance to provide protection against incidents arising from: Own negligence; Inadequate or unstable ground conditions; Inadequate or incorrect information supplied in connection with the goods being moved.


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1.6.3 Overview showing differences between contract jobs versus rental of equipment

The organisation requiring the load to be moved

Rental of equipment:

The requiring organisation shall

Carry out all work in accordance with rules, regulations and this Standard

Appoint the Person In Charge and make him known to everyone involved

Define, Plan, Risk Assess and Supervise the operations

Ensure that rented equipment is of suitable type and capacity

Check credentials of the company supplying the equipment

Check certification of equipment to be used

Check competence of personnel involved

Contract jobs:

The requiring organisation shall

Specify that all lifting and hoisting operations shall be undertaken in

accordance with this Standard

Point out to the contractor that he is obliged to appoint a Person In Charge

Inform the contractor with all requested information, such as site conditions and

maximum ground bearing pressure

The contractor shall Appoint the Person In Charge

Define, Plan, Risk Assess and Supervise the operations

Work with certified equipment

Ensure the competence of personnel involved


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2 Roles and responsibilities This chapter establishes roles and responsibilities of personnel involved in lifting and hoisting operations and list their basic accountabilities and responsibilities. For the required training and certification of personnel involved in lifting and hoisting operations, see chapter 9 of this Standard.

2.1 Manager A manager is the individual who is designated by the business leader as accountable for the performance of a discrete asset, set of assets, team or operation within a business or function. The manager assigns roles and responsibilities for the implementation of the HSSE Control Framework to individuals within their organisation. The term manager is a functional description of the role rather than a job title - the job title usually reflects the type of asset, team or operation being managed - for example refinery or chemicals site manager, cluster manager, retail network manager, project manager, fleet manager, general manager shared services centre, country controller, office director. The manager is accountable for: Manage the competences of all people who supervise, operate, inspect and maintain

equipment to be used for lifting and hoisting operations, in line with competence. Inspect, maintain and certify equipment to be used for lifting and hoisting, including:

o Use only equipment that is fit for its intended purpose, operating conditions and meets an internationally recognized standard.

o Inspect lifting and hoisting equipment at least annually and at least every 6 months for equipment used for personnel hoisting.

Establish and maintain procedures including work users instructions for all lifting and hoisting operations.

2.2 Competent person The definition of a competent person according to the ISO 15513 standard is: A person who has sufficient theoretical knowledge, practical experience and the required qualities for the task in hand. Is able to perform the activities within an occupation of function to the standard expected in the task

2.3 Technical support The technical support is defined in this Standard as someone who is technically competent and can make an informed and impartial judgement of a lifting and hoisting operation plan or installation procedure and provides a technical independent review. Those providing technical support must be technically competent in the area of expertise upon which they are requested to advice.

2.4 Appointed person – Person In Charge (PIC) According the ISO 12480-1 this is: A competent person who has overall control of the crane operation and acts on behalf of the management of the organization requiring the load to be moved (the employing organization). The Person In Charge is defined as a specifically identified person who is designated by their company as having the required level of competency to plan and supervise the specific lifting and hoisting operation as described below. The Person In Charge should have the practical skills, theoretical knowledge and ability to carry out risk assessments, produce and assess lifting and hoisting plans, conduct pre-operational meetings and have the supervisory skills and experience required to organise the specific lifting and hoisting operation. Typical examples of a Person In Charge are offshore engineer, vessel master or deck officer, dive supervisor, shift supervisor, offshore installation manager, maintenance supervisor, construction manager, project manager etc.. The Person In Charge may or may not supervise the lifting and hoisting operation, but is the focal point of authority for the safety and technical aspects of the operation.


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The Person In Charge should know his competency limitations, work within them and know when technical support is needed. The Person In Charge may request a review by a technical authority if he/she requires additional technical support. The Person In Charge: Categorises the lift, conducts a risk assessment and develops the planning of the lifting and

hoisting operations; Reviews the “Lift Plan” and ensures that the required controls are in place; Selects the lifting and hoisting equipment and ensures that it is inspected and appropriate for

use; Checks that load integrity and stability is satisfactory; Selects people and ensures that those involved are competent for performing their task, aware

of the task and procedures to be followed, and aware of their responsibilities; Briefs people involved in or affected by the lifting and hoisting operations and is responsible

for the pre-job toolbox talk; Assigns one team member as leader of the lifting and hoisting team; normally spoken this will

be the signaller/banksman; Applies the 10 questions for a safe lift before commencing the lifting and hoisting operation; Ensures the operations are carried out following the plan. Suspends the operations if changes

or conditions (e.g., wind) occur that would cause a deviation from the plan; Together with the crane operator and the supply boat captain when working with supply

boats, is jointly responsible for determining if weather conditions are satisfactory for loading or unloading operations. The Person In Charge will retain the right to shut down crane operations, but will not override a decision not to load/unload made by the crane operator and/or boat captain;

Monitors the performance of all involved personnel to ensure that adequate standards of performance are maintained;

Authorises all personnel hoisting operations; Manages any special issues such as language barriers and new/inexperienced staff; Checks that there is no deviation from standards for routine lifts; Shall allow for concurrent or simultaneous operations that may affect or be affected by the lift,

e.g., helicopter operations, cleaning operations, ballast control, other cranes; Conducts a post-job debriefing and recording of feedback that can be used for future similar

operations that might improve the general safety level of lifting and hoisting operations.

2.5 Competent Lifting and Hoisting Team Only suitably trained and experienced personnel shall be selected, that is, those who: Have had their competence to supervise and/or perform the type of lifting and hoisting

operations identified as satisfactory for the specific operation; Have experience of, and demonstrated competency in, the safe use and operation of the

equipment and techniques required to perform the subject operations in the prevailing situation and conditions.

All personnel have an equal responsibility to know, and work within, their own competency and experience to complete the lifting and hoisting operations. They are required to attend and participate in toolbox talks and carry out pre-use inspections of lifting and hoisting equipment. If any personnel in a lifting and hoisting team consider that the operation exceeds their level of competency or experience, or have concerns about the safety of the operations, they must stop the operation until a suitable person with the required competence and experience is able to assist or take over.


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Within a competent lifting and hoisting team, there are always at least three specific tasks that need to be addressed: 1. Attaching and detaching the load to and from the lifting and hoisting appliance; 2. Relaying the load movement signal to the operator of the lifting and hoisting appliance; 3. Operating the lifting and hoisting appliance. Based on the three specific tasks that need to be addressed, a competent lifting and hoisting team should always consist of at least three team members, one person for each task mentioned. Leader of this team is always the person who has the responsibility of relaying the load movement signal to the appliance operator; the signaller/banksman. Only under exceptional circumstances and upon completion of a thorough risk assessment lifting and hoisting operations are allowed to be carried out by a “two man lifting and hoisting team”. Conditions that need to be addressed strictly for this exception are: 1. Lifting and Hoisting operations are categorised as Routine; 2. Both members of the “two man team”, the appliance operator and the signaller/banksman,

are competent, skilled and experienced and have confirmed to the Person In Charge that operations can be carried out safely;

3. Normal working, surrounding and weather conditions. In this situation the first team member operates the appliance and the second combines the tasks of attaching the load, relaying the load movement signals to the operator and detaching the load.

2.6 Lifting and hoisting supervisor A lifting and hoisting supervisor might be needed for actively supervising the lifting and hoisting operations on site. Whenever a lifting and hoisting supervisor is needed, he should be required by the Person In Charge and will be added to the competent lifting and hoisting team as set out in chapter 2.5. A lifting and hoisting supervisor shall never replace one of the members of the competent lifting and hoisting team. For this guidance a lifting and hoisting supervisor, is defined as the person who is charged with actively supervising the lifting and hoisting operations on site. Supervision should be proportionate to the exposure to risk and the complexity created by the lifting and hoisting operation and the experience and capabilities of the personnel involved in lifting and hoisting operations. Competence level of a lifting and hoisting supervisor shall be at a higher level than a crane operator, and include managerial skills, knowledge of applicable rules and regulations, basic engineering knowledge and proven experience with lifting and hoisting operations. All tasks of the Person In Charge can be delegated to a lifting and hoisting supervisor. Taking over the responsibility and acting on behalf of the management of the organization requiring the load to be moved is not possible, unless the lifting and hoisting operations are contracted as contract job. (See chapter 1.5.2)

2.7 Appliance operator An appliance operator is a competent person who is fully qualified according applicable rules and regulations and has the authorization to use the equipment. The appliance operator is responsible for pre-use inspection of the appliance(s) to be used as well as for using the equipment properly. Operating the appliance requires full attention of the operator who shall never be charged with additional roles or responsibilities such as e.g. holder of the Permit to Work or being responsible for keeping by-passers out of the working area.


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2.8 Rigger Competent person who is able to plan and execute a rigging job by moving a load horizontally, vertically and possibly through different floor levels, by use of different lifting and hoisting equipment. A rigger is of a higher competence level than a signaller/banksman. He has been trained and assessed in the safe use of a much broader range of lifting and hoisting equipment, especially in the use of dedicated equipment for jacking, skidding and sliding of loads.

2.9 Signaller/banksman According to the ISO 15513 standard, a signaller is a person responsible for relaying the signal from the slinger to the crane driver. Within the offshore industry a more common name is banksman. For other synonymous names please check the overview with terms and definitions in the last chapter of this Standard. The signaller/banksman is a competent person positioned so that he has an unrestricted view of the load and the crane operator. The signaller/banksman is responsible for ensuring the load is properly prepared for the hoisting operation and the hoisting area being clear of personnel and obstructions; relaying instructions to the crane operator via hand signals or radio during operations; and maintaining an overview of the hoisting operations area, including potential areas where the boom may come in contact with a fixed equipment or structure. The signaller/banksman is the sole signaller at any given time, has a direct line of sight of the load at any time and adheres to a clear process. If a handover to another signaller/banksman is required he informs the Person In Charge as well as the appliance operator clearly about the handover. There may be a requirement for the signaller/banksman to assist in the preparation of the load, for example with guidance on slinging activities. However, the signaller/banksman shall not handle rigging activities himself and shall not touch the load during the lifting and hoisting operations.

2.10 Slinger According to the ISO 15513 standard, a slinger is a person responsible for attaching and detaching the load to and from the crane load-attachment and for the use of the correct lifting gear and equipment in accordance with the planning of the operation for proper positioning of loads. The slinger is responsible for initiating the planned movement of the crane and load to the signaller/banksman.


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3 Planning and preparing for safe lifting and hoisting operations European Council Directive 2009/104/EC concerning the minimum safety and health requirements for the use of work equipment by workers at work, ANNEX II, read as follows: Article: 3.2.5: “All lifting operations must be properly planned, appropriately supervised and carried out to protect the safety of workers”. This article within European law, makes it is a regulatory requirement and an important safety enhancement that prior to any lifting and hoisting operation being carried out, plans shall be produced and risk assessments shall be carried out. The level of planning and risk assessment increases with the complexity of the lifting and hoisting operations, as does the required level of supervision. All lifting and hoisting operations entail the same four basic process steps: 1. Define 2. Plan 3. Execute 4. Learn and record.

3.1 Define the lifting and hoisting operations

3.1.1 Identify the lifting and hoisting operations

The manager should identify or be informed of the need for a lifting and hoisting operation and appoint a Person In Charge. The Person In Charge shall plan and, if appropriate, supervise the lifting and hoisting operation. Every lifting and hoisting operation shall be risk assessed and planned by the Person In Charge before the work begins. The Person In Charge will ensure that appropriate controls are in place for those hazards identified in the written risk assessment such that the risks are managed as an integral part of the “Lift Plan”.

3.1.2 Determine the scope of work

The Person In Charge must begin the planning process by determining the scope of work - defining what is to be done, who should be involved, how the lifting and hoisting operations will be conducted. This may require an initial “Lift Plan”, sketches, notes etc. If additional technical support is required, it should be obtained before proceeding. Having identified a requirement for a lifting and hoisting operation it should be established if the particular operation has been carried out before on that site, as a Risk Assessment and “Lift Plan” may already exist. If a particular Risk Assessment and “Lift Plan” do exist then they should be assessed to confirm that they are still applicable; changes to personnel, site layout or work environment could all result in the need for a reassessment of hazards. Assuming that significant changes have not taken place, lifting and hoisting operation may proceed under the requirements of the “Lift Plan”, subject to the normal approvals. If the lifting and hoisting operation has not been carried out before then a Risk Assessment shall be carried out and a “Lift Plan” prepared.


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3.2 Categorise the lifting and hoisting operations The level of planning and risk assessment increases with the complexity of the lifting and hoisting operation, as does the required level of supervision. To simplify this subject, lifting and hoisting operations shall, at all times, be categorised as either Routine or Non-Routine, with the non-routine operations being further categorised as: Simple, Complicated or Complex/Critical. Lifting and hoisting operations shall be categorised to reflect increasing risk and consequent increasing level of control required. For each category there is a suggested set of planning and control measures, together called “Lift Plan”. This information has been laid out in the form of a flowchart as shown hereafter and is designed to be guidance only, which can be amended and customised to suit asset or location requirements. In order to facilitate the operational planning, an advised lifting and hoisting operation planning is given after the flowchart. The categorisation of lifting and hoisting operations is designed to give the Person In Charge additional guidance in terms of the risk assessment, planning, supervision and the competence requirements of the personnel performing the lifting and hoisting operation. When using the flowchart, one shall always start the process having a clear sight on the risks involved. Risks involved determine how the operation will be categorised. Hoisting operations of e.g. coiled tubing reels or drilling tower segments weighing more than 25 tons, shall always be categorised as “non-routine complex/critical” even if they are executed every second week on a regular basis. In case additional guidance is needed, contact your Shell lifting and hoisting focal point, Technical Authority (TA), Subject Matter Expert (SME), or Principal Technical Expert (PTE).


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Lifting and Hoisting operations flowchart

Routine

Non - Routine

Lifting and Hoisting operation planning. Permit to Work Risk Assessment dedicated to the operations. Specific and numbered drawing, showing the operations to

be carried out, prepared by a nominated and qualified technician or engineer, competent to do so.

Toolbox talk 10 questions for a safe lift

3: Complicated lifting and hoisting operations. Using two or more lifting and hoisting appliances. Tandem lift using cranes and tailing of loads. Hoisting of personnel. Hoisting other cargo than standard CCU’s to and from

offshore installations and hoisting between two vessels. Operator has no direct view on the load – blind lift. Extended duration, e.g. more than one shifts. Odd shaped loads, not having the centre of gravity in the

middle of the load, but with a known weight. Within sensitive, difficult or restricted areas.

Lifting and Hoisting operation planning. Permit to Work Risk Assessment dedicated to the operations. Formal written work package including Method Statement

describing the operations. Dedicated and qualified engineering input to Method

Statement and “Lift Plan”, by means of numbered drawing(s), clearly and detailed showing all accessories.

Preferably: formal approval of work package and planning by a Technical Authority, Subject Matter or Principal Technical Expert (SME, PTE) or independent third party engineers.


4: Complex/Critical lifting and hoisting operations.

Handling of heavy loads (weight of the load > 25 ton). Weight of load in excess of 90% of the rated capacity of the

lifting and hoisting appliance. Load with unknown, difficult to estimate, weight and or

centre of gravity. Special or expensive load, whose loss would have serious

impact on production and operations. Over active or energised hydrocarbon-containing process

equipment. Hoisting through hatches, small deck openings, in shafts and

passing several deck levels. Hoisting through the splash zone and subsea hoisting. Non-standard rigging arrangement or equipment.

Lifting and Hoisting operation planning. Permit to Work Risk Assessment dedicated to the operations. Simple sketch showing operations to be executed, prepared

by a competent person. (e.g. signaller/banksman, offshore crane operator or, lifting and hoisting focal point)


2: Simple / basic lifting and hoisting operations Using only one hoisting appliance. Stable load with known and evaluated weight, shape and

centre of gravity. Centre of gravity below the hoisting point. Sufficient working area and ample headroom. Standard rigging arrangements. Not within sensitive, difficult or restricted areas.

Lifting and Hoisting operations identified to take place

Categorise and implement control measures

as detailed below

Categories Control

Measures

Lifting and Hoisting operation planning. Permit to Work. Risk Assessment (generic). Existing written procedures for these lifting and hoisting

operations. Toolbox talk. 10 questions for a safe lift.

1: Routine lifting and hoisting operations. Ordinary operations with a crane. Ordinary operations with portable lifting appliances. Deck operations with an offshore crane and handling

standard CCU’s to and from a supply boat. Stable load with known and evaluated weight, shape and

centre of gravity. Standard rigging arrangements. Suitable environmental conditions.


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Shell UIO “LIFTING AND HOISTING OPERATION PLANNING” Plan number:

LOCATION: AREA:

DESCRIPTION OF LIFTING AND HOISTING OPERATION:

CATEGORISATION OF LIFTING AND HOISTING OPERATION:

Routine Non Routine

simple or basic Non-Routine complicated

Non-Routine complex/critical

Existing procedure:

Sketch:

Drawing number:

Drawing number:

Risk assessment (generic):

Number of risk assessment:



WEIGHT OF LOAD(S):

LIFTING AND HOISTING EQUIPMENT TO BE USED

(SPECIFY TYPE, SWL):

ALL OPERATIONS REQUIRE THE FOLLOWING TO BE CONSIDERED BUT THIS LIST IS NOT EXHAUSTIVE

Weight, size, shape and centre of gravity load Method of slinging, attaching, detaching the load Availability of approved hoisting points on the load Maximum radius of hoisting the load Level and firm ground conditions Area for setting up with outriggers fully extended Access and emergency escape routes Number and duration of lifts, hoists Visibility of the load Hoisting over live equipment Conflicting tasks in area

Working under suspended loads Overturning, load integrity, need for tag lines Environmental conditions including weather Experience, competence & training of personnel Number of personnel required for task Communication requirements Lighting in the pick-up and lay down area Initial and final load positions & how it gets there Proximity hazards, obstructions, path of load Suitability and condition of equipment Pre-use inspection of certified equipment only

METHOD (S) OF COMMUNICATION TO BE USED

Radio Verbal Hand Signals

PLANNED BY

NAME: SIGNATURE: DATE:

APPROVED BY PERSON IN CHARGE (PIC)

NAME: SIGNATURE: DATE:

PERMIT NUMBER: LEARNINGS FROM THIS OPERATION:


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3.3 Planning of the lifting and hoisting operations All lifting and hoisting operations must be planned by a competent person to ensure that they are conducted safely. The lifting and hoisting plan, “Lift Plan”, is intended to clearly identify the Person In Charge of planning the lift, the lifting and hoisting operation to which it relates, step-by-step users instructions for carrying out the lift, the equipment required, and the activity assigned to each person. For routine lifts, the “Lift Plan” may be ‘generic’ in nature but will still be reviewed prior to each lift, or before a series of similar lifts. The planning process shall address: Identification of hazards and restricted areas; Selection of competent personnel and specification of the minimum number of people

required to conduct the lifting and hoisting operation; Selection of lifting and hoisting equipment; Communication on working area and external surrounding factors and hazards; Procedures for changing the lifting and hoisting plan; Emergency, recovery and contingency plans. A sample “lifting and hoisting operation planning” has been shown on the previous page. It contains a list of possible considerations as an aide mémoire. Not all will be relevant to each and every task, but the list will prompt you to address something you may have previously overlooked. Note: if a documented “Lift Plan” already exists, it can be re-used, but only after review to ensure that provisions are made for any change in circumstances. Whenever applicable, “Lift Plans” shall specify critical conditions under which work shall not be continued, including unplanned loss of communications, and the associated contingency plans for ensuring a safe situation is created, if the lift is stopped.

Whenever the lifting and hoisting operations deviates from the “Lift Plan”, the operations shall be stopped and made safe. The “Lift Plan” shall be adjusted to the new circumstances and approved by the Person In Charge before the operation continues.

3.4 Task Risk Assessment Every lifting and hoisting operation has inherent risks that shall be risk assessed by the Person In Charge before the work begins. The Person In Charge shall ensure that appropriate controls are in place for those hazards identified in the written risk assessment, such that the risks are managed as an integral part of the “Lift Plan”. A suitable documented “generic” risk assessment may already exist for ‘routine’ lifts. If so, the existing risk assessment must be reviewed for its applicability. If any significant changes are required to the existing risk assessment, for example there are additional risks not accounted for, a new risk assessment must be produced. The Risk Assessment shall address, but is not limited to, the following risks and hazards: Hoisting over live equipment; Number and duration of lifts; Hoisting of personnel; Conflicting tasks in area; Environmental conditions, including weather and permissible limits; Lighting in the pick-up and lay down areas; Proximity hazards, obstructions, path of load; Working at height;


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Working under suspended loads, which is never allowed; Access and emergency escape routes for all members of the lifting and hoisting team; Visibility of the load by the operator and / or signaller/banksman; Communication between all personnel taking part in the lifting and hoisting operation.

3.4.1 Finalise Lift Plan

After completion of the risk assessment, the lifting and hoisting plan must be checked to ensure that all the hazards identified in the risk assessment have been managed through the control measures detailed in the lift plan.

3.5 Technical Support In the planning stage of the lifting and hoisting operation, there will be occasions when the Person In Charge identifies the need for additional technical support. Someone who has the necessary competencies to make an informed and impartial judgement on the “Lift Plan” should undertake this technical support. This may range from another Competent Person reviewing the “Lift Plan” to the involvement of a structural engineer, Technical Authority, Subject Matter Expert, Principal Technical Expert or third party competent back-up. It is important that those acting as Person In Charge acknowledge that there will be limits to their expertise and that they are aware of the personnel available to provide them with technical support as and when required.


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4 Working area and external surrounding factors

4.1 Risk evaluation on location Lifting and hoisting activities must be able to be performed at the location safely. For this purpose, prior to commencement of the lifting or hoisting activities, all risks associated with the location must be known and measures must be taken to minimise these risks. Upon entering the work site, information and instruction must be provided to all those involved with regard to working safely at the location. Vehicles and resources must be suited to the location, individuals must have the required training, instructions directed at the location must have been provided to them and measures should have been taken for first aid, fire fighting and the evacuation of employees. Individuals must at least use the Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) tailored to the risks of the location. All risks associated with the location must be considered during preparation of the lifting and hoisting activities (refer to Chapter 3: Planning and preparing for safe lifting and hoisting operations). Lifting and hoisting activities may not pose any risk to the activities at the location, nor may the activities at the location pose any risk to the lifting and hoisting activities. Sources: Directive 89/391/EEC - measures for promoting improvement of the health and safety of

employees at work. Directive 92/91/EEC - minimum requirements for improvement of the protection of the health

and safety of employees in the mining industries who mine minerals by means of drilling.

4.2 Environmental conditions

4.2.1 Working in an offshore environment

Working in an offshore environment might bring in additional risks. When selecting the right lifting and hoisting accessories or method one should realize the impact of the environment. Especially on the use of synthetic slings in an offshore environment, the following shall be taken into account:

Using synthetic slings for loading and back-loading of cargo or any other dynamic hoisting situation is never allowed;

In case the load to be hoisted can be subject to snatch or shocks, synthetic slings shall never be used;

It is recommended that wire rope slings have preference over synthetic slings in an offshore environment.

In case of complex/critical lifting and hoisting operations, such as e.g. subsea operations, decommissioning operations or very heavy operations, slings manufactured from a fibre (such as Dyneema) are allowed under the following conditions: 1) Manufacturing of the slings in compliance with applicable Standards; 2) Slings tested, certified and being used for the specific operation only; 3) Whenever relevant subject to approval of “Marine Warranty Surveyors”.

4.2.2 Ground conditions

Access roads shall be strong enough to withstand axle loads of mobile lifting and hoisting equipment. Ground condition shall be suitable to support the crane under fully loaded conditions. The ground should always be firm and level. For mobile lifting and hoisting equipment, ground stabilising mechanisms must be provided if necessary, by means of road access plates, mats or dragline boards


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Care should be taken to ensure there are no dangers to or from underground services such as gas mains, oil or chemical product pipelines, electric cables, water mains etc. Additional care has to be taken when working near exposed edges such as quaysides but even more so, near edges of excavations. Check that the type of ground can withstand the maximum bearing pressures transmitted through the outriggers.

Stable subsoil The subsoil must be sufficiently stable to withstand the expected axle loads and ground bearing pressure from the outriggers.

When there is no specific information available about the subsoil structure, the maximum allowable surface pressure shall not exceed 10 tonnes/m2 under all circumstances. Mobile cranes shall be equipped with outrigger plates making sure that ground bearing pressure will never exceed 10 tonnes/m2. These outrigger plates shall be used at all times to prevent the equipment toppling over!

Ground bearing pressure can be decreased through the application of larger mats.

The mats under the outrigger plates shall be positioned fully horizontally and placed under the outrigger in a central position. Special attention must be paid to disturbed soil (filled-in trenches and ditches) or in the vicinity of foundations.

Within one (1) metre of concrete foundations: the maximum allowable surface pressure shall never exceed 5 tonnes/m2.

Driving and / or erecting equipment in basements and on floors in buildings is prohibited. This may only be permitted after an expert has performed a calculation, and driving and / or erecting of the equipment can take place in accordance with a dedicated risk assessment based on this calculation.

Level subsoil The access road and the subsoil must be sufficiently level for the lifting and hoisting equipment. The manholes and manhole covers in the access road may pose a risk with regard to insufficient strength and unevenness. Subsoil that is not sufficiently level can result in the impossibility to erect the crane according to manufacturer’s instructions.

Outrigger plate

Mat


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Safe distance from slopes The outrigger load enters the supporting surface at an angle of 45⁰ so it is imperative that the distance between side of the outrigger supporting mats on the ground and the start of the slope or the edge of the excavation shall at least be equal to the depth of the slope. Refer to drawing:

4.2.3 Height

One of the external surrounding factors having impact on lifting and hoisting activities is height. Height restrictions might be caused by: Overhead power cables; Pipes, bridges, steel constructions or buildings; Surrounding.

Overhead Power Cables: Any presence of overhead power cables or overhead electricity lines shall be identified, risk assessed and dealt with in the “Lift Plan”. The requirements regarding the safe distance to the electric lines or cables shall be included in the “Lift Plan”. Overhead power cables shall be considered live, unless declared “dead” and “safe” by the operator of the line. Working near overhead power cables is possible without permits when no parts of the lifting and hoisting equipment (in all possible configurations) or load to be handled can ever fall within 30 metres from the centre of the electric line. This is known as the danger zone.

The crane may not be erected too close to the edge of an excavation. Important: B shall at least be equal to or larger than A.


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Working in the danger zone may only take place with permissions from the network operator.

When working parallel to overhead power cables, a string of warning markers should be erected at a safe distance from the cables. The string should be supported on posts at convenient intervals and each post should carry the warning notice: “Danger – overhead electricity lines”

If any part of the lifting and hoisting equipment or load being handled will be within 15 meters of overhead lines or if access to the work site passes beneath an overhead power line, lifting and hoisting activities are only allowed after: Consulting the operator of the line and Having work instructions in place, that are clear, risk assessed and communicated with

everyone involved in the lifting and hoisting operation. The operator of the line is usually the local Regional Distribution Company or National Grid. The owner's name will often be posted on the support pole or tower. If in doubt call the local Regional Electricity Company office. All distances should be measured at ground level from a position estimated by eye to be vertically under the outer most conductor at a tower or pole position. For setting up work instructions obtain the Health and Safety Executive Guidance note GS6 "Avoidance of danger from overhead electric power lines" and apply the guidance information it gives you.

Pipes, bridges, steel constructions and buildings Lifting and hoisting activities near and under pipes, bridges, steel constructions and buildings shall be identified in the “Lift Plan”. The requirements regarding the safe working distance to these obstructions and additional control measures should be an integral part of the risk assessment. Special arrangements and safety precautions shall be taken to protect critical pipes or other constructions. Note: Hoisting operations over active or energised process equipment containing hydrocarbon shall be categorised as “Complex/Critical” lifting and hoisting operations at all times; refer to Chapter 3.


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Surrounding height restrictions Local requirements and restrictions may be in place at or near airports, such as: height restrictions; signalling and or lighting requirements; constraints on working hours. Height restrictions might also be the result of the risk assessment of the location (see paragraph 4.1), when working in the vicinity of flares for temperature reasons.

4.2.4 Lifting and hoisting over buildings and installations

Lifting and hoisting activities over buildings, installations and pipes should be avoided as much as practically possible. If, for any reason, there is a need for lifting and hoisting operations over buildings, installations or pipes, this shall be risk assessed and all safety measurements written in the risk assessment shall be followed up. Before starting lifting and hoisting operations, all people in buildings or installations shall be evacuated and the work site shall be clearly marked indicating that entry is prohibited during lifting and hoisting operations!

4.2.5 Lifting and hoisting within buildings and installations

Working with machinery equipped with internal combustion engines in enclosed areas is not permitted unless fully risk assessed. Requirements mentioned in the risk assessment shall be followed strictly. Diesel combustion engines are not permitted in enclosed areas. If there is a need for internal use of machines equipped with a diesel engine (e.g. a mobile crane), full ventilation to the outside shall be provided.

4.2.6 Miscellaneous

Free space When erecting cranes and working with machines, entrapment dangers to people should be avoided. An entrapment danger can arise when equipment is erected in the vicinity of fixed objects. A safe distance of at least 0.5 metres must be maintained at all times between any moving part of cranes (with a special attention for the counterweight during slewing around) and surrounding objects. If the distance is smaller than 0.5 metres, safety precautions must be taken in the form of stationary or rigid barriers (no tape).

Area’s open to public Lifting and hoisting operations over highways, railways, rivers or other places to which the public has access should be avoided at all times. If this is not possible, permission must be obtained from the appropriate authority and the area should be kept clear of traffic and persons.

Railways Without permission it is not allowed to work within a specific safety zone or safety profile of the railways. Always consult local laws and regulations before planning of lifting and hoisting operations near railways.

More than 1 machine If there is a possibility of multiple machines entering one another's working range, agreements must be made to prevent the machines or loads from coming into contact with each other. The activities must be characterised as 'Complicated lifting and hoisting operations' (refer to Chapter 3).

Hoisting operations through hatches, small deck openings, roofs and in shafts Hoisting operations through hatches, small deck openings, roofs and in shafts should be categorised as “Complex/Critical” lifting and hoisting operations. Control and safety measures shall be fully in line as per Chapter 3 of this Standard.


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4.3 Weather Adverse weather conditions will increase the risks presented to personnel, equipment and assets as a result of lifting and hoisting operations. Prior to commencing hoisting operations the crane operator shall take stock of the prevailing weather conditions (wind speed and direction, visibility, etc.). Hoisting operations shall not commence if the weather or environmental conditions are likely to jeopardise the safety of the activity. When assessing weather conditions related to the impact on lifting and hoisting operations, the following topics should be considered.

4.3.1 Wind

Cranes may only be operated below the maximum allowable wind speeds as stated in the users instructions of the crane. However, in the event there is no statement made in the instructions, hoisting operations shall be suspended as from wind speeds exceeding 13.8 m/s. (Beaufort scale 7 and higher). Special care must be taken during high wind conditions with regard to: Operating a crane between structures (Venturi effect); The geometry and shape of the load; (e.g. load with large dynamic surface and minimal

weight); Direction of the wind and position of the crane, load will move to/from or sideward of the

crane.

Offshore operations Prior to commencement of discharging cargo from and back loading of cargo to supply vessels, the crane operator should confirm that the prevailing wind and sea-state conditions are within the Installation Adverse Weather Policy limits. Under no circumstances shall lifting and hoisting operations exceed the limits applicable for the vessel, crane or installation.

4.3.2 Sea-state

Offshore cranes can be used up to a certain sea-state. The crane operator must ensure that the Rated Capacity Indicator (RCI) is set to the appropriate sea-state and that any alteration in sea-state

during cargo handling operations is taken into account and the RCI adjusted accordingly.

4.3.3 Temperature

Extreme cold weather can have a negative effect on safety of lifting and hoisting operations. Always be aware of the chill factor during high winds.

-15⁰C. to -30⁰C. Refer to the equipment manual and avoid shock loading For critical operations, lower the crane capacity by 25% -30⁰C. to -40⁰C. Refer to the equipment manual All cranes be de-rated by 40% for all hoisting operations Below -40⁰C. All lifting and hoisting operations to be suspended. Even for emergencies check the equipment manual.

4.3.4 Other weather conditions

Other weather conditions can cause reduced visibility and the risk of an uncontrolled lifting and hoisting operation. Rain, fog and snow are such examples where environmental conditions are affecting safety of lifting and hoisting operations in a negative way. Special care should be taken during thunderstorms. Crane booms can act as lightning rod and be struck by lightning. At the first signs of lightning crane activities must be suspended, the boom must be lowered and personnel should leave the area immediately. Apart from the risk of impact, there is also a risk of unexpectedly high wind gusts during thunderstorms.


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4.4 Interference with radio signals Multiple radio signals can be used at the work site: radio signals for the operation of installations; radio signals for the operation of machinery; radio signals for communication; radio signals of vehicles. The radio signals may not influence or disconnect one another. Prior to commencement of the lifting and hoisting operations, it must be ensured that the signals do not influence one another. Whenever radio signals are used for communication, a frequency must be selected with which no disturbance can originate.

4.5 Chemicals and temperature in relation to lifting and hoisting equipment Chemicals and temperature can both have their short and long-term negative impact and consequences on the integrity of lifting and hoisting equipment. A risk assessment shall be performed for all expected chemicals and temperature levels which will be in direct or indirect contact with the lifting and hoisting equipment.

Chains Chains of grade 8 and 10 may not come into contact with chemical substances such as acids and bases. Hoisting chains of quality grade 4 can be implemented when chemical substances are present. Consult the directions for use from the manufacturer for this purpose! The capacity of grade 8 and grade 10 chain is reduced by temperature according to the following table:

Chain sling temperature Reduction of maximum load

Grade 8 Reduction of maximum load

Grade 10

-40oC to +200oC 0% 0%

+200oC to +300oC 10% Not allowed

+300oC to +400oC 25% Not allowed

Synthetic slings The materials from which synthetic slings are manufactured all have a different resistance to chemicals. Seek the advice of the manufacturer or supplier of the sling if there is any probability of it being exposed to chemicals. It should also be noted that the effects of chemicals increase with rising temperatures. The resistance of synthetic slings to chemical reactions and temperatures is summarised below:

Polyester (PES)

Is resistant to mineral acids but is destroyed by alkaline solutions, e.g. ammonia and caustic soda

According EN 1492 suitable for the temperature range -40oC to + 100oC.

The strength is not affected by water. Water absorption is negligible.

Friction and sharp edges can quickly wear and cut polyester.

Has a blue identification tag.

Polypropylene (PP)

Is affected less by acids and alkaline solutions and is suitable for applications where the highest resistance to chemicals is required., with the exception of solvents.


Has a brown identification tag.

Polyamide (PA)

Is resistant to alkalis, but mineral acids do effect polyamide.


Has a green identification tag.


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Some general remarks: In all cases, observe the instructions for use of the manufacturer. Temperature ranges may

vary according to the chemical environment; Precautions should be taken with welding activities so that synthetic slings do not come into

contact with heat and welding sparks / hot cinders. Welding sparks and hot cinders can lead to burnt holes, resulting in immediate damage to the synthetic sling;

Wet synthetic slings which have been frozen may never be used again; Harmless acid or alkaline solutions can become so concentrated through evaporation that they

cause damage. Take contaminated slings out of operation immediately, rinse them in cold water and dry them in the open air;

Synthetic slings shall be taken out of service and destroyed to prevent future use, whenever in doubt as to the strength of the sling. For rejection criteria see chapter 8.4.3.

Wire rope and wire slings Wire ropes and wire slings should not be used when either immersed in acidic solutions or exposed to acid fumes. Attention is drawn to the fact that certain production processes involve acidic solutions, fumes and sprays and in these circumstances the manufacturer’s advice should be sought. In general, it can be stated that wire rope can be used in a safe manner up to 100oC. From 100oC, dependent on the end connection of the cable and the wire rope grease used, a reduction must be applied. Consult the directions for use from the manufacturer / supplier for this purpose.

4.6 Radio activity Radioactive sources that have been in contact with lifting and hoisting equipment might leave a certain radio activity level at the equipment, especially synthetic slings. Whenever lifting and hoisting equipment has been in contact with a radioactive source it shall be taken out of service immediately and quarantined in an appropriate way.

4.7 Lighting Lifting and hoisting operations during hours of darkness bring in additional risks that shall be risk assessed. It is a legal requirement to have suitable and sufficient lighting on every workplace. All roads, manoeuvring areas, yards, pedestrian areas, and anywhere traffic movement take place, should have suitable and sufficient lighting for safety. Lights should be kept in good working order, and the covers kept clean. Areas near junctions, buildings, plant, pedestrian routes and areas, and places where vehicles or mobile plant regularly move, all need particular attention. Where lights are placed can be very important. Tall vehicles can block light, even when it comes from windows or lamps that are high on posts, or on walls, ceilings, canopies and so on. Lights should be placed over the space between vehicle bays, rather than over the centre of the bay where a tall vehicle could block them. If crane operators and signaller/banksman have to look towards strong lights, place and angle the lights so that they do not dazzle the operator either directly or by his mirrors. Necessary lighting shall be provided to ensure a well-lit working area for the members of the lifting and hoisting team and for all the people in the vicinity of the job. Special attention must be paid to the visibility of the signaller/banksman and the load.

4.8 Hazardous locations due to the atmosphere If activities are to take place under potentially explosive conditions, all lifting and hoisting equipment shall comply with the European Directive 94/9/EC (ATEX 100a). This directive applies to equipment intended for use in potentially explosive atmospheres. The lifting and hoisting activities should be carried out in compliance with European Directive 99/92/EC (ATEX137), covering health and safety protection of workers.


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4.9 Static electricity - earthing Static electricity might be a source for ignition and cause explosions. Earthing of cranes or the load itself on site is only needed in case of equalizing static electricity. Whenever the Risk Assessment determines that an earthing cable is required, an earthing cable shall be used. The diameter of the earthing cable will be such that small breaks and damages of the cable have no impact on the safe use of it. The earthing cable shall have a minimum diameter of 16 mm2 and an earthing resistance of less than 0,5 Ohm. Attention shall be given to earthing of the load itself: The use of synthetic slings shall not be allowed between the hook of the crane and the load; Always work with the crane reeved in an uneven amount of falls in case of synthetic sheaves in

the hook-block. In both mentioned situations the synthetic parts will work as an isolator to the load and electricity charged on the load cannot flow away, even with an earthing on the crane.


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5 Performing the lifting and hoisting operations

5.1 Pre job meeting – Toolbox Talk Prior to carrying out any lifting and hoisting operation certain precautions shall be observed. They are applicable to any lifting and hoisting operation and start with the Person In Charge chairing a pre job meeting, a toolbox talk. All personnel assigned to the lifting and hoisting operation shall attend this toolbox talk. The Person In Charge ensures that all personnel involved in the lifting and hoisting operations fully understand the risk assessment, the lifting and hoisting plan and all needed control measures to carry out the operations safely. All personnel should have the opportunity to review the findings of the risk assessment and the details of the lifting and hoisting plan to ensure that everyone clearly understands and agrees with the methods and control measures to be used. All personnel involved in the lifting and hoisting operation shall have their individual responsibilities clearly allocated. Application of the “10 questions for a safe lift” to the lifting and hoisting operation shall be covered during the toolbox talk.

5.2 10 Questions for a safe lift 1. Is everyone aware of and do they fully understand the lifting and hoisting procedures

applicable to the lift? 2. Has everyone attended the toolbox talk? 3. Has a pre-use inspection of the Lifting Equipment been carried out and are the Lifting

Accessories tagged or marked with: Safe Working Load A unique identification number A valid certification date

4. Are all safety devices working? 5. Does everyone know the Person In Charge of the lift? 6. Is everyone competent and aware of his or her tasks? 7. Is there a current “Lift Plan” and JSA and does everybody understand the job and

precautions? 8. Does everyone know the environmental limits (e.g. maximum permissible wind speed) for

the lift? 9. Is the lift area controlled and is everyone clear if the load falls or swings? 10. Are signalling methods and communication agreed and clear to you?

The Person In Charge shall ensure that lifting and hoisting operations are conducted in strict accordance with the approved plan. Any variation from the agreed lifting and hoisting plan shall result in the job being made safe, stopped and reassessed to ensure continued safe operation.


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http://sww1093.europe.shell.com/teamepns/livelink.exe?func=ll&objId=10796302&objAction=browse&sort=name


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5.3 Barriers All personnel and third parties shall be kept out of any area where they might be struck by a load or lifting and hoisting equipment if it swings, shifts or falls. No one shall stand or work directly below a load. The work area shall be closed off, to prevent crushing or clenching people by the load or lifting and hoisting equipment. The barrier can be made using red/white or black/yellow marking tape, but it is preferable to use physical barriers. Entrance to the closed area is prohibited without permission of the lifting and hoisting operator or signaller/banksman. During the preparation, setting up or the installation of the lifting and hoisting appliance the working area shall be closed for people who are not involved with preparing operations. It shall be clear for all people (e.g. by means of barriers, signals, warnings) before entry of the working area.

1. The working range, with all moving parts of the lifting and hoisting equipment shall be closed by a physical barrier at all times;

2. When the lifting and hoisting operations starts, the area, from where the load is being picked-up until the area where the load is going to be landed (the travel path of the suspended load), should be closed by a physical barrier;

3. For occasionally hoisting outside the fenced off area, a dedicated person must walk at safe distance of the load to keep anyone passing by at a distance and to indicate the danger.

Personnel involved in the lifting and hoisting operation shall have an escape route at all times in case of an unexpected movement of the load or the equipment. Persons shall not be permitted to enter the lifting and hoisting area or to board or leave the hoisting appliance without first obtaining permission for the signaller/banksman or crane operator.

5.4 Use of tag lines The lifting appliance operator shall assess and approve the justification of using one or more tag line(s). It shall only be approved where there is a compelling requirement to push/pull the load for accurate placement and the taglines are assessed as lower risk alternative to avoid manual handling into position. In case of hoisting operations to and from vessels tag lines should only be used if it is necessary; this shall be agreed between the vessel and lifting appliance operator, and particular care and attention shall be exercised. Tag lines should be used on all loads that may spin or swing. Tag lines shall be made of a suitable non rotating synthetic rope, preferably a 100% polyester braid on braid (braided core covered with braided cover) rope. The use of ordinary polypropylene rope is strongly discouraged due to its rotating properties. The length of the tag line shall be sufficient given the characteristics of the hoisting operation and at least long enough to keep persons clear from the dangers of the load, equipment or other hazards. The end of the rope shall be secured against fraying, but knots shall not be used at the free end of the rope.


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The tag line shall be attached to the load only and not to the lifting and hoisting accessories. Hold the tag line securely, but never wrap the line around any part of your body or any fixed point. When handling long loads, baskets or other awkward loads, ensure that taglines are attached to assist with the control and handling of the load when required by the risk assessment. If several tag lines are necessary, additional personnel can be involved in the operation as slinger. Tag lines should be used to keep control of a load, not to gain control over a load.

5.5 Pick-up and landing area of the load The starting and the landing area shall be strong enough for the load and must guarantee that the load will be stable after disconnecting the lifting and hoisting accessories. There shall be sufficient free space for the slinger(s) to connect and disconnect the lifting and hoisting accessories to the load. In assessing the risks during the planning, special attention must be given to the following aspects: Working at height during connecting and disconnecting the load; Effects of weather on the workplace of the slinger(s), such as rain, snow and strong winds; Weight of the accessories that are going to be used to connect the load. The weight of the

accessories shall be added to the weight of the load and results in the “total weight of the load to be handled” by the appliance(s).

The load shall be connected to the lifting and hoisting accessories fully in line with users instructions of the load, the lifting and hoisting accessories and according “good rigging practices”. Improvising or deviating from the users instructions is not permitted. The signaller/banksman shall ensure himself, that: the load is secure and properly balanced

and that the load path is clear of obstructions and personnel; The cargo manifest offshore including load weights is reviewed with the crane operator; Loads, containers and open baskets are inspected for deficiencies and to ensure goods are

properly stowed; Escape routes have been identified should a problem develop during the lifting and hoisting

operation; The hoisting area and receiving corridor are clear of obstructions and unassigned personnel.

Everyone involved in lifting and hoisting operations has the responsibility to stop the lifting and hoisting operations at any time they believe the operation could, or has, become unsafe or there is a change of the agreed plan! The lifting and hoisting operation shall stop immediately: Whenever safety is in danger; If the users instructions are unclear; In the event of loss of communication.


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5.6 Securing the load after the lifting and hoisting operations Before unlocking the lifting and hoisting accessories from the load, the load shall be stable under all circumstances. Attention is required for the stability of the load under influence of e.g. wind, surface and underground. The signaller/banksman shall be sure that the lifting and hoisting accessories are unlocked and free from the load before the lifting and hoisting appliance or the hook is moved away from the load and cannot spontaneous hook the load! It is forbidden in all circumstances to pull the hoisting accessories from under the load by means of the lifting and hoisting appliance.

5.7 Accomplishing lifting and hoisting operations Leaving a lifting and hoisting appliance with an attached load unattended is prohibited at all times. When an appliance is left unattended, the operator shall ensure that: The load is on the ground, or else has been safely landed and there is no load resting on the

lifting and hoisting wire or slings; Access by unauthorised personnel is impossible; The lifting and hoisting appliance is secured and the break is engaged; For winches and cranes: the installation is switched to neutral or off mode; For cranes: the motor is switched off and the master switch or the ignition is locked; In case of long term out-of-service, the crane is locked and the hook is protected against

swinging so that it cannot cause any hazard for the environment. Any incidents taking place during the lifting and hoisting operation shall be reported to the HSE focal point within 24 hours. After the operation is completed, any barriers shall be removed and the area made tidy.


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6 Learn and record After completing the lifting and hoisting operation, everyone involved in the operation should have the opportunity to discuss and make improvements to the “Lift Plan”. Any learning points noted on the plan should be reviewed by the Person In Charge and, where appropriate, action taken. For example, learning points may include feedback on equipment effectiveness, lifting and hoisting techniques, personnel, etc. The Person In Charge should ensure that the significant learning’s and improvements identified from lifting and hoisting operations are recorded and communicated to all relevant parties. Except for being a correct working practice to learn and record, it is also recommended in case of future similar operations. Especially for non-routine simple lifting and hoisting operations that can be expected to be carried out again in the near future, by learning and recording it might give reason to categorise them as routine operations in the future.


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7 Load

7.1 Introduction Lifting and hoisting equipment is used to move the load. Regardless all applicable requirements for the lifting and hoisting equipment, the load to be moved must meet requirements as well.

Integrity The load shall possess sufficient integrity to withstand the forces applied during lifting and hoisting operations.

Stability The method of rigging the load shall ensure that it remains stable and cannot tip, slip, swing or fall unintentionally. Stability shall be confirmed during planning of the operations. For any rigging operation, the first order of business is to determine forces (loads) and their direction, magnitude, load-bearing surfaces, method of connection, required support, effects of motion, etc. After these factors are determined, equipment selection will follow for safe handling and installation of the load. To determine the above factors, everyone involved in lifting and hoisting operations must know something about fundamental engineering principles such as determination of stresses, effect of motion, weight of loads, centre of gravity, and factor of safety.

7.2 Load characteristics Before the load can be handled in a safe way, the load characteristics indicated below must be known: Mass: mass / weight; Centre of gravity: horizontal and vertical; Type of material: solid, liquid, granulate, gas or a combination thereof; Dimensions (length, width and height) and mechanical characteristics.

7.2.1 Mass, weight, force and load

The weight of an object is defined as the force of gravity on the object and may be calculated as the mass times the acceleration of gravity, Weight = Mass x Acceleration of gravity; w = mg. Mass is a measure of the amount of material in an object, weight is the gravitational force acting on a

body (although for trading purposes it is taken to mean the same as mass), force is a measure of the

interaction between bodies and load usually means the force exerted on a surface or body.

Mass Mass is a measure of the amount of material in an object, being directly related to the number and type of atoms present in the object. Mass does not change with a body's position, movement or alteration of its shape unless material is added or removed. The unit of mass in the SI system is the kilogram (abbreviation kg) which is defined to be equal to the mass of the international prototype of the kilogram held at the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) near Paris. Mass can also be defined as the inertial resistance to acceleration.

Weight In the trading of goods, weight is taken to mean the same as mass, and is measured in kilograms. Scientifically, however, it is normal to state that the weight of a body is the gravitational force acting on it and hence it should be measured in Newton (abbreviation N), and that this force depends on the local acceleration due to gravity. To add to the confusion, a weight (or weight piece) is a calibrated mass normally made from a dense metal. So, unfortunately, weight has three meanings and care should always be taken to appreciate which one is meant in a particular context.

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/force.html#defor

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/force.html#grav

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/mass.html#mas

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/orbv.html#eg

http://www.npl.co.uk/reference/faqs/how-does-the-kilogram-fit-into-the-international-system-of-units-(si)-(faq-mass-and-density)

http://www.bipm.org/


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Force Force is a measure of the interaction between bodies. It takes a number of forms including short-range atomic forces, electromagnetic, and gravitational forces. Force is a vector quantity, with both direction and magnitude.

Load Load is a term frequently used in engineering to mean the force exerted on a surface or body. In lifting and hoisting it is standard practice to indicate capacities of lifting and hoisting equipment as well as the weight of the load in (metric) tons (or kilograms). The weight of the load must be known in order to choose the correct hoisting or lifting equipment. The mass can be determined by: Calculation; An indication on the load; The information in the load’s lifting and hoisting instructions; Estimation.

7.2.2 Centre of gravity

Jobsite accidents are caused by the lack of understanding that whenever a load is hoisted, the center of gravity of the load will place itself vertically below the hook, regardless of the arrangement of the slings, lift beams, or other attachments. The reason is based on the fact that the sum of the forces and moments needs to be zero for a body in equilibrium. The centre of gravity of a body is that point on the body through which the weight of the body could be considered to be concentrated for all orientations of the body. For a body whose weight per net volume is uniform, the centre of gravity lies at its centre. The centre of gravity is the location where the centre of the object’s entire weight is theoretically concentrated and where the object will balance when it is hoisted. For a balanced hoist, the object’s centre of gravity is always in line below the hook. The manufacturers normally provide the centre of gravity locations of equipment, reactors, heat exchangers, and vessels. However, manufacturers’ drawings typically have more information than just the centre of gravity location, and the engineer needs to sift through all of the information and identify what is relevant. In some cases, unfortunately, there is not enough information. When this occurs, conservative assumptions will need to be made to proceed with the study at hand. The engineer is responsible for contacting the appropriate people and validating the assumptions. After the centre of gravity is determined, the loads that each hoisting point receives can be determined.

Centre of gravity at load’s center Load is stable

Centre of gravity eccentric

Load is moving

Centre of gravity places itself below

the hook


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The centre of gravity of the load must always be within the lifting equipment’s lifting surface (e.g. within the forks of a fork lift truck). The centre of gravity (and mass) is determining the lifting equipment’s capacity (e.g. a fork lift truck)

The positioning of the centre of gravity is important in relation to the stability of the load before, during and after moving the load.

Low centre of gravity

Stable load

Eccentric centre of gravity

Unstable load

High centre of gravity

Unstable load

Centre of gravity outside the lifting surface.

Load starts to tilt.

Centre of gravity within the lifting surface. Load is stable.

Load within the forklift truck’s capacity

Load outside the forklift truck’s capacity

Load table showing forklift truck’s capacity


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Knowing the centre of gravity is important during lifting as well as during hoisting. Attaching slings at the bottom of a load with a high centre of gravity might result in the load becoming unstable.

For liquids and granulates, a changing centre of gravity could cause instability (dynamic and static)

7.2.3 Type of material

The type of material is determining for the manner in which the load is moved. Solid materials can immediately be handled. Liquids, gasses, granulates and small material must be contained and possibly placed in Cargo Carrying Units or transport holders in order to be able to move these. The focus must be on the stability of the total. Liquids, granulates and composite solid materials could move during the relocation, which could result in additional forces in the load and lifting and hoisting equipment. Please refer to the illustrations above.

7.2.4 Dimensions and mechanical characteristics

Other aspects of the load to consider are whether it is flexible, in one piece or needs holding together, is vulnerable to local damage or has to be manipulated in the air. Flexible loads or loads which are delicate may need support at several positions and require a means of adjusting the sling length at each support point. If relying on slings alone to lift a flexible load, remember that as the angle of the sling leg to the vertical increases, so does the inward force tending to crush the load. A hoisting beam can provide multiple support points without a crushing force. In the extreme case, a delicate load may require a rigid supporting cradle placed underneath it to withstand the hoisting forces. The way a load is lifted, hoisted, moved or relocated depends on: The dimensions of the load; The mechanical characteristics of the load.

Load with a high centre of gravity.

High centre of gravity Attached on top =

Stable during hoisting.

Granulate in CCU symmetric

Granulate in CCU a-symmetric

Liquid in a container Moving centre of gravity

High centre of gravity Attached at bottom =

Unstable during hoisting.


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A long, small load is moved in a complete different way, than a symmetrical load that has the same dimensions for length, width and height. The load’s strength and composition also play a role in this respect. Several examples are illustrated below:

Pallet with stapled goods Load to be lifted

Load must be stable No parts of the load may fall

Tank filled with a liquid Tank to be hoisted

Attention for dynamic forces Potential moving centre of gravity

Load attached in the middle Load may not buckle Load may not shift

Attachment point to be strong enough

Load with two legged sling Additional forces due to

“internal angles” Risk on inward shifting of the

slings


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Load with two legged sling at the ends Load must be strong enough

Load may not buckle Attachment point to be strong enough

Load hoisted by means of equalising beam Minimal buckling

Minimal forces into the load

Two legged sling, directly attached to the load Load must be strong enough

Attachment points must be strong enough Additional forces due to “internal angles”

Bundled load using two slings Load must be strong enough

Additional forces due to “internal angles” Additional forces due to wrapping of slings

Risk on inward shifting of the slings

Load with endless sling Hoisting accessories may

not damage the load Load may not damage the

hoisting accessories

Load with choked sling Load to be strong enough

Slings may not damage the load

Load may not damage the slings

Load with choked chain sling

Load to be strong enough Chain may not damage the

load

Load with choked sling, with corner guards

Load to be strong enough Protection of load and

slings by means of corner guards.


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7.3 Connecting the load to the hoisting appliance

7.3.1 Introduction In the ideal world, every load will have purpose designed hoisting points to which slings can easily be attached by hook or shackle. In the real world, many items which have to be hoisted do not have such hoisting points and they are rarely a convenient shape. Sometimes this is due to lack of forethought by the designer. For connecting the load to the hoisting appliance we have to deal with one of the following circumstances: Load without any provisions to connect hoisting accessories; Load having provisions to attach temporary attachment points for hoisting accessories; Load equipped with purpose designed hoisting points; Work equipment having permanently installed attachment points for the hoisting accessories. Lifted and hoisted equipment.

7.3.2 Load without any provisions to attach hoisting accessories

In the absence of suitable hoisting points, the main options are to attach slings by passing them through or around the load. Passing through a suitable aperture has the advantage of making the load captive but care is needed to ensure that the material around the aperture is strong enough to take the whole load. Passing around the load has the advantage of giving the load better support by cradling it, but care is needed to ensure it is securely attached and cannot slip or fall out.

7.3.3 Load having provisions to attach temporary attachment points for hoisting accessories

Some loads are equipped with provisions for removable threaded eye bolts to be screwed into the load as an attachment for hoisting slings or have pre drilled holes in order to bolt on hoisting lugs or padeyes. Equally, the item may be part of an assembly which was previously hoisted as a whole or conversely it may be an assembly of components each of which was previously hoisted separately during building of the assembly. In the latter case, care is needed to check whether any hoisting points are adequate for the whole assembly or just the individual component. A typical example is a motor and pump on a bed plate. There may be an eyebolt hole in the motor and another in the pump, each adequate for its respective component but together not adequate for the whole assembly. Similarly the top half of a large gearbox may have hoisting points, but they are probably just for hoisting the top, not the whole gearbox. There are no specific rules and regulations for the threaded eyebolt holes or pre drilled holes to bolt on padeyes. Before using them they shall be inspected to make sure they are fit for their intended use. Removable threaded eyebolts, pad eyes that can be bolted on a load, hoisting caps or any other temporary attachment to a load that can be used to connect the load as an attachment for slings, etc., is an “accessory for lifting and hoisting”. Accessories for lifting and hoisting shall comply with the European Machinery Directive, bear the CE mark and shall be marked with: Safe Working Load; A unique identification number; A valid certification date.


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The Shell UIO Operational Standard for lifting and hoisting is configured in such a way, that all applicable rules, regulations and requirements for lifting and hoisting equipment can be found in one Chapter. We kindly revert to Chapter 8 of the mentioned Standard for the requirements of lifting and hoisting accessories.

7.3.4 Load equipped with purpose designed hoisting points permanently fastened

Loads can be equipped with all kinds of purpose designed hoisting points permanently fastened to the load to connect hoisting accessories such as slings and shackles. Typical examples of these loads are: Concrete foundations and concrete building elements with dedicated pockets or cast in pins or

spherical head anchors (hoisting anchor system) ; Pre- assembled units, pre-assembled racks, installation components, pressure vessels, heat

exchangers, valves and tanks with welded or casted on dedicated hoisting lugs or padeyes; Heavy refinery columns and reactor vessels with hoisting trunnions and tailing lug. All above mentioned hoisting points are deemed to be part of the load. It is recommended to mark the load with the weight and instructions for hoisting. These purpose designed hoisting points require a pre-use check. Once the load is installed there is no formal obligation to keep these attachment points for hoisting maintained. However: in those situations they are going to be used for removal of the loads after several years or a longer period of service, these hoisting attachment points shall be thoroughly inspected by a competent person. Inspection to be supported by a check with the original Technical Construction File and most of the time done by means of Non Destructive Testing.

7.3.5 Work equipment having permanently installed attachment points for the hoisting

accessories

Work equipment can also be equipped with all kinds of purpose designed hoisting points permanently fastened to the load to connect hoisting accessories such as slings and shackles. This work equipment is frequently transported from one working location to another working location and hoisted to and from transport and into its final position. Just some examples are: Components of a drilling tower; Sand catchers; Frames with pumping units; Subsea equipment; Portable Offshore Units; Cement silo’s; Generator skids; Machinery. The manufacturer of the work equipment shall construct and deliver onto the market above mentioned equipment fully in compliance with the European Machinery Directive (2006/42/EC). He must have a Technical Construction File and by means of the declaration of conformity the manufacturer declares the provisions for hoisting are “fit for purpose” and of adequate strength. The manufacturer shall deliver users instructions and he is obliged to inform on a safe way of hoisting in these instructions (Directive 2006/42/EC, ANNEX I, article 1.7.4.2). The owner of the work equipment shall instruct his employees on the safe way of working and using the work equipment, including the safe way of hoisting.


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The following shall be prominently and indelibly marked on the work equipment: Maximum gross weight; Identification number; A valid certification date, preferably mentioning the date until it is safe to use them. References and further information: DNV Standard for Certification No. 2.7-3 portable offshore units;

7.3.6 Lifted and hoisted equipment

Cargo Carrying Units and transport holders are used for transporting liquids, gasses, granulates and combined loads. Examples of transport holders are tanks, bottles, barges, tipping buckets, waste skips, racks with gas cylinders, frames with gas bottles and containers. All lifted and hoisted equipment and their components shall be capable of withstanding the stresses to which they are subjected, both in and, where applicable, out of use, under all conditions provided for and in all relevant configurations, with due regard, where appropriate, to the effects of atmospheric factors and forces exerted by persons. This requirement must also be satisfied during transport, lifting and hoisting. The owner of the lifted and hoisted equipment must specify the intended use. The user is obliged to observe these instructions. The following shall be prominently and indelibly marked on lifted and hoisted equipment: Maximum gross weight; Empty weight (tare); Effective loading capacity; Identification number; A valid certification date, preferably mentioning the date until it is safe to use them. An instruction must be supplied with or attached to the equipment (or instructions must otherwise be known). These instructions shall indicate the safe way of hoisting the equipment. Remark: Cargo Carrying Units and transport holders being used or intended to be used in an offshore environment shall meet all requirements of EN - 12079: 2006, “Offshore containers and associated lifting sets”, parts 1,2 and 3. EN - 12079: 2006, part 1: Offshore containers - Design, manufacture and marking; EN - 12079: 2006, part 2: Lifting sets - Design, manufacture and marking; EN - 12079: 2006, part 3: Periodic inspection, examination and testing. References and further information: DNV Standard for Certification No. 2.7-1 “Offshore Containers”; DNV Standard for Certification No. 2.7-3 “Portable Offshore Units”; Stepchange in Safety guidance on “design and handling of cargo baskets”; Stepchange in Safety guidance on “design and handling of chemical tanks”.


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7.4 Risks as a consequence of the load In order to be of help and give some guidance for the Risk Assessment hereafter some risks related to the load are given.

Subject Point of attention Risk

Weight - Mass Incorrect estimation of the weight of the load.

Overloading of the lifting or hoisting equipment

Centre of gravity

High centre of gravity Eccentric centre of gravity Centre of gravity changes of position

Tilting load Swinging load (hoisting) Overloading (lifting) Tilting (lifting) Instability during hoisting/lifting

Material Changing position of the load (drifting/shifting)

Instability of the load

Dimensions Buckling of the load Instability of the load Damage to the load

Mechanical Strong lifting surface Strong lifting hook Strong load

Breakage/instability (lifting) Breakage (hoisting) Breakage of the load

Instruction manual No instruction manual Damage to the lifting or hoisting element Damage to the load

Maintenance Wear Damage to the load Falling / leaking of the load

Inspection/testing Hidden defects Damage to the load and environment


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8 Lifting and hoisting equipment

8.1 General requirements for lifting and hoisting equipment All lifting and hoisting equipment shall fulfil the requirements of: EU Directives 89/655/EEC and 2009/104/EC concerning the minimum safety and health requirements for the use of work equipment by workers at work: In addition to above Directive: Lifting and hoisting appliances and accessories shall fulfil the requirements of: EU Machinery

Directives 89/392/EEG, 98/37/EG or 2006/42/EG. Lifted and hoisted equipment shall fulfil requirements of International Standards and approved

industry bodies. See diagram 2 here under.

8.1.1 Declaration of conformity

All lifting and hoisting appliances and accessories shall fulfil the requirements of the Machinery Directive 89/392/EEG, 98/37/EG or 2006/42/EG. The assembler/supplier has to declare by declaration of conformity that the equipment fulfils the essential safety requirements of the mentioned directive. The declaration shall give a description and identification of the lifting and hoisting equipment. The declaration of conformity should be kept readily accessible by the owner, for as long as the equipment is being used. Lifted and hoisted equipment is excluded from the Machinery Directive, but shall meet requirements of international standards or industry bodies.

Diagram 2:

8.1.2 Users instructions

All lifting and hoisting equipment must be accompanied by users instructions in the official community language or language of the Member State in which it is placed on the market and/or put into service. These users instructions (or photocopies) must be kept in a safe place, go together with the equipment, and be readily accessible to the user of the lifting and hoisting equipment. In all cases, the manufacturer shall supply a user instruction that defines the permissible operating conditions, design criteria, testing and maintenance requirements and inspection requirements in a language agreed for safe use on the location.

Lifting & hoisting equipment EU Directive 2009/104/EC


Machinery Directive

Lifted and hoisted equipment

Standards (ISO/EN)


Machinery Directive


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8.1.3 Inspection

All used lifting and hoisting equipment (see diagram 2) shall fulfil the requirements of the directive concerning the minimum safety and health requirements for the use of work equipment by workers at work: Directive 2009/104/EC, article 5: inspection of work equipment: 1 The employer shall ensure that where the safety of work equipment depends on the installation conditions, it shall

be subject to an initial inspection (after installation and before first being put into service) and an inspection after assembly at a new site or in a new location by competent persons within the meaning of national laws and/or practices, to ensure that the work equipment has been installed correctly and is operating properly.

2 In order to ensure that health and safety conditions are maintained and that deterioration liable to result in dangerous situations can be detected and remedied in good time, the employer shall ensure that work equipment exposed to conditions causing such deterioration is subject to:

a. periodic inspections and, where appropriate, testing by competent persons within the meaning of national laws and/or practices;

b. special inspections by competent persons within the meaning of national laws and/or practices each time that exceptional circumstances which are liable to jeopardise the safety of the work equipment have occurred, such as modification work, accidents, natural phenomena or prolonged periods of inactivity.

3 The results of inspections shall be recorded and kept at the disposal of the authorities concerned. They must be kept for a suitable period of time. When work equipment is used outside the undertaking it shall be accompanied by physical evidence that the last inspection has been carried out.

4 Member States shall determine the conditions under which such inspections are made.

8.1.4 Inspection schedule

To fulfil the above mentioned European Directive and national regulations the owner shall set up an inspection schedule for lifting and hoisting equipment. The contents of this schedule shall have the following subjects: Frequency of inspection; Description of inspections to be carried out; Competent person allowed performing the inspection.

All lifting and hoisting equipment shall be marked or labelled with the date of the last inspection and preferably the date of the next inspection. In case this mark or label is not present, not readable or not fully clear, the equipment shall not be used.

The maximum period in between two inspections shall be no longer than:

6 months for equipment to hoist people. 12 months for lifting and hoisting appliances. 12 months for lifting and hoisting accessories as well as lifted and hoisted equipment;

for UK this maximum period is 6 months, unless covered by a written examination scheme as described in LOLER Regulation 9 (3) (a) iii.

Remark: Whenever local law and regulations require a shorter interval or more stringent inspection schedule, law and regulations shall always prevail.

8.1.5 Definition of inspection

Examination of a product design, product, service, process or plant, and determination of their conformity with specific requirements or, on the basis of professional judgment, general requirements (ISO/IEC 17020). Synonyms for inspection: Examination; Thorough examination; Periodic examination; Periodic inspection.


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In the Netherlands, all existing TCVT schemes shall be followed. In case UK is following the same Dutch TCVT schemes, this can be judged as an approved

written scheme of examination, in compliance with LOLER regulation 9.3(a).(iii), provided that all paperwork going together with it, fully is compliant with all requirements as per Schedule 1 of LOLER.

8.1.6 Inspection body

The inspection body shall be independent to the extent that is required with regard to the conditions under which it performs its services. Depending on the conditions, mentioned in the inspection schedule, it shall meet the minimum criteria stipulated in ISO/IEC 17020. Note: A body can be an organisation, or a part of an organization (ISO/IEC 17020).

8.1.7 Marking

All lifting and hoisting equipment shall be prominently and indelibly marked with the following information: Working Load Limit (WLL); A unique identification number; Figure indicating the month and the year of the last inspection date and preferably the next

inspection date; (often referred to as “valid certification date”); Safety instructions and warnings if applicable.

8.1.8 Application of colour codes

Colour coding is a method used for visual identification of the inspection period. Colour codes are an add-on for visual identification only. They do not replace the requirements to perform a full pre-use inspection, and they are not intended to replace any other means of identification required in this Standard. Whenever a colour coding system is in use, it must be in accordance with regional or international accepted safety signs and colour codes, such as the IMO (International Maritime Organisation) system. Where possible, colour coding should be standardised across operator and contractors in the same operational area. The correct colour code should be prominently displayed at the worksite. Be aware of potential conflicting colours in a colour coding system. In many locations a particular colour is used to denote equipment “unsuitable for the job”. This colour should not be used in a colour coding system. United Kingdom, Ireland and Netherlands use “red” as warning colour for equipment taken out

of service. In Norway white indicates that the equipment shall not be used. (regulated in NORSOK R-003)

8.1.9 Documentation – registration

A lifting and hoisting equipment register system shall be in place for the registration and recording of the following data for all lifting and hoisting equipment: Manufacturer and description; Identification number; Working Load Limit (WLL); Date when the equipment was first taken in use; Particulars of defects and steps taken to remedy them; Inspection schedule; Dates and numbers of certificates of tests, inspections and name of person who performed

these; Due dates for previous and next inspection; Maintenance Log.


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Inspection schedules, reports of inspections and other documents (such as the declaration of conformity) relating to lifting and hoisting equipment must be readily available to inspectors from the relevant enforcing authority should they request to see them.

8.1.10 Maintenance and condition of lifting and hoisting equipment

The equipment shall be maintained according manufacturers’ instructions and always be suitable for a safe use. The condition of the lifting and hoisting equipment shall be: Full function (including all prescribed safety devices); Maintained regarding the users instructions of the equipment ; Without technical changes (regarding the users instructions); Without wearing; Without damage.

8.2 Requirements for hoisting appliances

8.2.1 General requirements for hoisting appliances

All motorised hoisting appliances and possible accompanying support transport equipment shall be equipped with at least: Fire extinguisher; First aid box; Oil spill – environment package; An automatic acoustic reverse signalling; Barrier tape.

Cranes with malfunctioning or not working Safety Critical Elements, such as limit switches and Rated Capacity Indicators, shall be taken out of service.

For those situations, that there is a need to use a crane with malfunctioning or not working Safety Critical Elements, their shall be an approval for use of the crane by a Technical Authority level 1, and the hoisting operations shall be categorized as “non routine – complex – critical” operations. Hooks

For dynamic hoists, the use with tugger winches on the rig floor and moon-pool areas, safety hooks having two barriers preventing unintentional release shall be used at all times. Two barrier locking can be achieved by: 1. The use of safety hooks with a built in mechanical safety lock; 2. Hooks with a locking pin construction on the safety latch or mechanical secondary

locking.

8.2.2 Mobile cranes

Frequency inspection: every 12 months. Special requirements: Crane book if capacity equivalent to or greater than 2 tons; Rope management system;

External optical and acoustic signaling by overload; Mobile cranes equipped with an option to use a load chart without using the outriggers,

shall never use this option. Working without outriggers in use is strictly forbidden.

8.2.3 Tower cranes

Frequency inspection: every 12 months. Special requirements: Crane book if capacity equivalent to or greater than 2 tons; Rope management system; Inspection directly after assembling before first use at the workplace.


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8.2.4 Loader cranes

Frequency inspection: every 12 months. Special requirements: Crane book if capacity equivalent to or greater than 2 tons; Rope management system; Loader cranes equipped with hoisting function shall be treated as mobile crane; see chapter 8.2.2

8.2.5 Offshore cranes

Frequency inspection: every 12 months. Special requirements: Crane book if capacity equivalent to or greater than 2 tons; Rope management system; Offshore cranes used for hoisting of personnel with a suspended basket or transferring

personnel by personnel carrier shall be certified for such hoisting and clearly marked on the outside of the crane; The latch on the main hook and whip-line hook shall always be fitted with a lock-pin to

prevent unintentional opening of the latch; Any crane ball or block shall be painted in a fluorescent orange colour that is easily

visible.

8.2.6 Portal / overhead cranes

Frequency inspection: every 12 months. Special requirements: Crane book if capacity equivalent to or greater than 2 tons; Rope management system.

8.2.7 Side booms

Frequency inspection: every 12 months. Special requirements: Crane book if capacity equivalent to or greater than 2 tons; Rope management system.

8.2.8 Hoists

Requirements mentioned here after are applicable for: Chain lever hoist; Chain block; Jaw winch. Frequency inspection: every 12 months. Special requirements: Certified to be used for hoisting operations.

8.2.9 Winches

Frequency inspection: utility winches every 12 months. Frequency inspection: winches used for manriding every 6 months. Special requirements: Rope management system; Certified to be used for hoisting operations; Certified anchor points for the hooks when hooks not attached to the load; If and when required to be used on engineered and calculated installation places with

sufficient sea fastening; Inspection directly after assembling and before first use at the workplace. Whenever two or more winches are used in a nearby area, matching colors shall be used

for winch controls, hooks, swivels, wire end and hook anchor point to ensure a safe communication during the operations.


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A counterbalance weight shall be used at the wire end, if the hoisting involves the removing of the load from the wire end above the height of the winch. Counterbalance weight shall be a certified lifting accessory.

Winches used for manriding operations shall be certified for such operations, clearly marked: “dedicated for manriding” and never used for any other purpose.

It is recommended to use a soft link, between the wire end and the parking post to protect the winch wire end for being sheared.

8.3 Requirements for lifting appliances

8.3.1 General requirements for motorised lifting appliances

All motorised lifting appliances and possible accompanying support transport equipment shall be equipped with at least: An automatic acoustic reverse signalling; A yellow/amber revolving light.

8.3.2 Forklift trucks

Requirements mentioned here after are applicable for: Forklift trucks; Reach trucks; Motorised pallet forklift trucks; Stacking trucks. Frequency inspection: every 12 months. Special requirements: Roll over protection (ROPS); Automatic current interrupter. Reach trucks designed for hoisting operations shall be treated as a mobile crane; see chapter 8.2.2.

8.3.3 Jacks

Frequency inspection: every 12 months. Special requirements: no.

8.3.4 Construction site lifts

Frequency inspection: every 12 months. Special requirements: Rope management system Inspection directly after assembling and before first use at the workplace.

Testing at 1,25 * WLL before first use at the workplace; Calculation of the anchoring.

8.3.5 Vehicle loading flaps, loading and unloading systems

Requirements mentioned here after are applicable for: Loading flaps (tail lifts) (lifting); Cable system (lifting); Portal system (hoisting); Hook arm skid system (lifting). Frequency inspection: every 12 months. Special requirements: no.


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8.3.6 Earth moving machines

Requirements mentioned here after are applicable for: Earth moving machines; Front loaders. Frequency inspection: every 12 months. Special requirements: See statement below. Besides excavation work, hydraulic excavating and earth moving machines can also be used to move free hanging loads. “limited” hoisting work: These are hoisting operations that have a direct relationship with the excavation work, such as the laying of pipelines, etc, the loading and unloading of accessories and supporting partitions and driving with the machine whilst the load is hanging freely at a maximum of 1 metre above the driving level. The excavation machine must satisfy the following requirements: Users instructions and crane book if capacity equivalent to or greater than 2 tons.; A rated capacity chart; Load moment signalling. “unlimited” hoisting work: To be treated as a mobile crane see chapter 8.2.2. Machine equipped as forklift truck to be treated as a forklift truck see chapter 8.3.2.


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8.4 Requirements for lifting and hoisting accessories

8.4.1 Chain work

Requirements mentioned here after are applicable for: Slings (chain); Shackles; Plate clamps; Eye bolts & swivel rings; Wedge sockets; Hooks; Pad eyes and bolts; Beam clamps; Sheave blocks; Beam trolleys; Miscellaneous:

Hoisting caps; Hoisting nuts; Hoisting nipples.

Frequency Inspection: every 12 months. UK: every 6 months.

Special requirements for dynamic hoisting: Shackles: Screw/nut bolted with split pin only. Hooks: Safety hooks with a built in mechanical safety lock and a locking pin

construction (or mechanical secondary locking).

8.4.2 Slings (wire rope)

Frequency Inspection: every 12 months. UK: every 6 months. Special requirements:

Terminations by rope manufacture. Rejection of rope when more than five of the wires can be seen to be broken in any five

diameter length, or three or more closely grouped wires are broken.

8.4.3 Synthetic slings

Frequency Inspection: every 6 months. Special requirements:

Shock loading and snatch hoisting forbidden. Reference is also made to the environmental limitations offshore; see chapter 4. Rejection criteria:

Missing or illegible original manufacturers label; Missing unique identification number; Missing valid inspection date; Holes, tears, cuts or snags; Broken or worn stitching in load bearing splices; Local abrasion distinctive from general wear; Heat and friction damage; Punctures or snaps; Any sign or knowledge of chemical contact; Knots in any part of the sling; Melting or charring of any parts of the sling; Any other visible damage that causes doubt as to the strength of the sling.

For synthetic slings up to a WLL of 5 ton, that are used frequently, Shell recommends a maximum “in use” period of 1 year. Based on this recommendation, for NL operations, the frequency of inspection can be 12 months of all of the following conditions are unconditionally fulfilled:


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1. Maximum WLL is 5 tons; 2. Subject sling is taken brand new in service and certification end date is irrevocably indicated; 3. Sling will be taken out of service at certification end date and destroyed; no

inspection/recertification possible after 12 months.

8.4.4 Beams

Requirements mentioned here after are applicable for: Hoisting beams; Spreader beams; Equalising beams; Spreader frames. Frequency inspection: every 12 months. UK: every 6 months. Special requirements: Safety instructions and warnings if applicable.

8.4.5 Suspended baskets

Frequency Inspection: every 6 months. Special requirements: See practical guideline: hoisting personnel with a crane, using a suspended basket.

Construction fully in compliance with EN 14502-1.

8.4.6 Personnel Carriers

Frequency Inspection: every 6 months. Special requirements:

See practical guideline: transfer of personnel by personnel carrier.

8.4.7 Miscellaneous accessories

Requirements mentioned here after are applicable for: Pallet hooks; Clamps. Frequency Inspection: every 12 months. UK: every 6 months. Special requirements: no.

8.4.8 Fixed hoisting beams & monorails

Frequency inspection: every 12 months. Special requirements: Certified to be used for hoisting operations; End stop on beam (in case trolleys are being used).


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9 Personnel Lifting and hoisting operations can be dangerous and as such, require skilled, trained and competent persons. In most cases it is members of the lifting and hoisting team that are injured when accidents happen. Root Cause Analysis of incidents related to lifting and hoisting operations within the E&P sector, indicates that as much as at least 80 % of incidents are related to human errors. These can, for example, be incomplete organizing of the operation, incorrect operation with regards to equipment and procedures, incorrect or incomplete maintenance or incomplete securing of the area where the lifting and hoisting operation takes place. It cannot be assumed, so must be assured, that all personnel involved are aware of: How the lifting and hoisting operation is to be performed; The risks involved; The operation being performed according to local rules, regulations and procedures. This can be achieved if the people involved understand why plans and procedures are as they are and consequently realize that this is the safe way to do the operation. Involved personnel should feel ownership of the plans and recommended practices that are in use. Employers are legally obliged to assure that all personnel involved in lifting and hoisting operations are trained, have the required experience for the type of operations to be undertaken, and be formally assessed as competent. Personnel who must be adequately trained in the safe planning and operation of lifting and hoisting equipment, appropriate to their role and specific to the type and model of lifting equipment being used, are as follows: Person In Charge; Lifting and hoisting supervisor; Offshore crane operator; Mobile and crawler crane operator; Tower crane operator; Mobile tower crane operator; Overhead travelling crane operator; Operator of vehicle loading crane;

Operator of vehicle loading crane with hoisting function ≥ 10 tonmeter; Operator of reach truck;

Operator of reach truck with hoisting function ≥ 10 tonmeter; Operator of earth moving machine;

Operator of earth moving machine with hoisting function ≥ 10 tonmeter; Forklift truck operator; Rigger; Signaller/banksman; Slinger. Although training and competence requirements differ from country to country, it is legally required in all countries that personnel involved in lifting and hoisting operations shall: Have a minimum age of 18 years; Be appropriately trained and have demonstrated competence in their role; Have a valid certificate in line with the role they have within the lifting and hoisting operations; Have evidence available on the workplace at first request, e.g. by means of a duly signed and

stamped record in their PSL (Personal Safety Logbook) of the above.


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This chapter outlines the training requirements for each function mentioned above. In some countries for specific lifting and hoisting appliances the training requirements are embedded in laws and regulations. Country specific rules and regulations shall always be strictly adhered to.

9.1 General awareness for lifting and hoisting operations Sites, locations and operations run by most safety conscious companies have some type of new hire familiarisation for their own employees and an introduction safety orientation program for contractor employees. Based on incident statistics it is advisable to include some general information on lifting and hoisting safety. It is recommended to have a lifting and hoisting “module” that represents some 10% of the total orientation program and should cover the key safety issues of lifting and hoisting operations. The purpose of this training should be to develop an overall sense of safety awareness among the general workforce by helping them understand the risks associated with lifting and hoisting operations and to better appreciate all safety measures involved.

9.2 Training standards and certification The term “certification” is often used rather loosely. Generally, it means that some organisation is willing to state that an individual is capable of performing a specific task to that organisation’s standards. Just as with crane certification, however, the process is relatively meaningless if the standard that is being certified to is not stringent enough, or is flawed in some other way. There are varying governmental requirements throughout the world for operating a lifting and hoisting appliance, e.g. a crane, and many countries have statutes requiring that operators be licensed. This means the government is verifying that an individual has met the standards, which it deems necessary for competent lifting and hoisting operation. Certain private organisations also offer operator certification programs. Generally, these involve some training followed by a testing process. Remember that while most certification involves testing, not all testing merits the description “certification.” Certification, in fact, is only as good as the process by which it was created, as well as the certification expertise of the organization offering it. The key here is to remember that “certification” is not necessarily synonymous with “skill” or “competence.”

9.3 International, industry and recognised training standards In order to conduct safe lifting and hoisting operations to the desired high standards in the industry, a system should be in place which permits personnel to progress through the stages to become competent to undertake lifting and hoisting operations and to maintain this competence. It is recognised that lifting and hoisting competencies will differ across the industry and across borders. For that reason, Shell UIO encourages the X-border acceptance of certificates of competence of personnel involved in lifting and hoisting operations, provided the level of the certification program ensures a safety level accepted by Shell. An example of such a system is given in chapter 9.5 giving competency and training requirements for The Netherlands.

9.3.1 ISO/FDIS 15513

The International Standard ISO/FDIS 15513 gives competency requirements applicable for the selection, training, assessment and verification of crane operators, slingers, signaller/banksman and their assessors. Certificates issued by training schools and training institutes that comply with the ISO/FDIS 15513 Standard will be accepted by Shell UIO.


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9.3.2 Offshore Material Handling Equipment Committee (OMHEC)

The Offshore Mechanical Handling Equipment Committee (OMHEC) is comprised of members from the United Kingdom, Norway, Denmark, and the Netherlands all of whom are involved with the safety of lifting and hoisting equipment and operations offshore. Members represent regulatory authorities, such as from the Danish Energy Authority, the Netherlands State Supervision of Mines, the Petroleum Safety Authority-Norway and the UK Health and Safety Executive. OMHEC also includes e.g. industry organizations, independent verifications bodies, classification societies and other relevant organizations. OMHEC has produced a number of guidance documents, one of them being “OMHEC Guidance for Training Standard”, giving guidance for the training of personnel involved in offshore lifting and hoisting operations; crane operator, rigger, signaller/banksman and slinger. Certificates issued by training schools and training institutes that comply with the “OMHEC Guidance for Training Standard” normally will be accepted by the regulatory authorities on a X-border basis.

9.3.3 OPITO

OPITO – The Oil & Gas Academy is the industry’s focal point for skills, learning and workforce development. The Academy is a self-sustaining, employer and trade union led organisation committed to developing and sustaining a safe, skilled and effective workforce now and in the future. While OPITO does not actually deliver the training to meet industry standards, it is responsible for the quality and content and ensures this through a rigorous approvals process. Certificates issued by training schools and training institutes that comply with OPITO Standards for lifting and hoisting will be accepted by Shell UIO.

9.3.4 Other standards

The training and competency requirements identified in this Standard are meant to be rigorous but not limiting. Persons trained to other, equivalent standards may also be deemed competent. Independent third party analysis, not older than two years, shall demonstrate a training standard to be of higher level than the ones accepted in this Standard.

9.4 Additional training From time to time there will be occasions when personnel competent to undertake lifting and hoisting operations are required to use equipment which has not been addressed in training courses. In such circumstances these personnel must be made familiar with the equipment manufacturers’ instructions and relevant standards. Additional training will also be necessary when: The risks to which personnel are exposed change due to a change in their working tasks; New equipment is introduced; When the system of work changes. On the following pages, the competency and training requirements for The Netherlands, United Kingdom, Ireland and Norway are shown. These requirements shall be compliant to the applicable HSSE & SP training matrix. In case the HSSE & SP training matrix and this Standard are not aligned with each other, the requirements as set in this Standard shall apply!


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9.5 The Netherlands: competency and training requirements

Job title Name of required training. Remark on certification

Legal requirement,

industry standard, or

Shell requirement.

Offshore

Person In Charge Wet- en regelgeving bij

hijsen en heffen

Certificate of

attendance Legal requirement.

Lifting and hoisting supervisor Uitvoerder hijswerken Issued by SEVT or

SOMA Industry standard.

Offshore crane operator Offshore kraanmachinist Issued by NOGEPA

approved training inst. Industry standard.

Rigger Rigger OPITO approved

institute. Industry standard.

Signaller/banksman Offshore signaller/banksman Issued by NOGEPA


Slinger Offshore signaller/banksman Issued by NOGEPA


Onshore

Person In Charge Wet- en regelgeving bij

hijsen en heffen

Certificate of

attendance Legal requirement.

Lifting and hoisting supervisor Uitvoerder hijswerken Issued by SEVT or

SOMA Industry standard.

Mobile and crawler crane operator Machinist mobiele kraan TCVT/W4-01 Legal requirement.

Tower crane operator Machinist torenkraan TCVT/W4-02 Legal requirement.

Mobile tower crane operator Machinist mobiele

torenkraan TCVT/W4-06 Legal requirement.

Overhead travelling crane operator Werken met een

bovenloopkraan

Examiner shall be

SSVV approved. Shell requirement.

Operator of vehicle loading crane Werken met de

autolaadkraan

Examiner shall be

SSVV approved. Shell requirement.

Operator of vehicle loading crane

with hoisting function ≥ 10

tonmeter

Machinist autolaad kraan

met hijsfunctie TCVT/W4-04 Legal requirement.

Operator of reach truck Werken met een verreiker

voor heffen en hoogwerken

Examiner shall be

SSVV approved. Industry standard.

Operator of reach truck with

hoisting function ≥ 10 tonmeter

Machinist verreiker met

hijsfunctie TCVT/W4-07 Legal requirement.

Operator of earth moving machine Veilig werken met

grondverzetmachine

Examiner shall be

SSVV approved Industry standard.

Operator of earth moving machine

with hoisting function ≥ 10

tonmeter

Machinist grond-

verzetmachine met

hijsfunctie

TCVT/W4-05 Legal requirement.

Forklift truck operator Werken met een

vorkheftruck

Examiner shall be

SSVV approved. Industry standard.

Rigger Rigger of Technisch

specialist

OPITO approved

institute. Industry standard.

Signaller/banksman Hijsbegeleider of verplaatsen

van lasten

TCVT/W4-08 or

Examiner shall be

SSVV approved.

Industry standard.

Slinger Hijsbegeleider of verplaatsen

van lasten

TCVT/W4-08 or

Examiner shall be

SSVV approved.

Industry standard.

Remark: within Dutch legislation and training requirements for operators, riggers, banksmen and slingers it is documented that there is a hierarchy: those having a higher level of competency are certified for roles and responsibilities at lower levels.


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9.6 United Kingdom and Ireland: competency and training requirements

Job title Name of required

training. Remark on certification

Legal requirement,


Shell requirement.

Offshore

Person In Charge Law and regulations

on lifting & hoisting

NVQ level 3; CPCS

accredited Legal requirement

Lifting and hoisting supervisor;

LOLER focal point

LOLER planning &

risk assessment

NVQ level 3; CPCS

accredited Industry standard.

Offshore crane operator Offshore crane

operator stage 3

Issued by OPITO


Rigger Rigging Issued by OPITO


Signaller/banksman Signaller/banksman

and slinging stage 3

Issued by OPITO


Slinger Signaller/banksman

and slinging stage 3

Issued by OPITO


Onshore


on lifting & hoisting

NVQ level 3; CPCS

accredited Legal requirement.

Lifting and hoisting supervisor;

LOLER focal point

LOLER planning &

risk assessment

NVQ level 3; CPCS or

CITB accredited Industry standard

Mobile and crawler crane operator Crane operator NVQ level 3; CPCS or


Tower crane operator Crane operator NVQ level 3; CPCS or


Mobile tower crane operator Crane operator NVQ level 3; CPCS or


Overhead travelling crane operator Overhead travelling

crane operations

LEEA, CITB or CPCS

accredited Shell requirement.

Operator of vehicle loading crane Vehicle loading crane

operations

LEEA, CITB or CPCS


Operator of vehicle loading crane

with hoisting function ≥ 10 tonmeter

LEEA, CITB or CPCS


Operator of reach truck NVQ level 2 Industry standard.

Operator of reach truck with hoisting

function ≥ 10 tonmeter NVQ level 2 Legal requirement.

Operator of earth moving machine Earth moving

machine operations NVQ level 2 Industry standard.


with hoisting function ≥ 10 tonmeter NVQ level 2 Legal requirement.

Forklift truck operator Forklift truck safe

operations

LEEA, CITB or CPCS

accredited Legal requirement.

Rigger Rigging OPITO, LEEA, CITB

or CPCS accredited Legal requirement.

Signaller/banksman Slinging and

signalling

OPITO, LEEA, CITB


Slinger Slinging and

signalling

OPITO, LEEA, CITB



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9.7 Norway: competency and training requirements

Job title

Name of required

training; certificate of

competency.

Remark on certification

Legal requirement,


Shell requirement.

Offshore


on lifting & hoisting DAT approved

Legal requirement as

per NORSOK R003

Lifting and hoisting supervisor

Law + regulations on

lifting & hoisting +

one of G1, G2 or G5

DAT approved


per NORSOK R003

Offshore crane operator G5 offshore crane DAT approved Legal requirement as

per NORSOK R003

Rigger Training module

No. O-3.2 DAT approved


per NORSOK R003

Signaller/banksman Training module

No. 1.1 +2.3F DAT approved


per NORSOK R003

Slinger Training module



per NORSOK R003

Onshore


on lifting & hoisting DAT approved


per NORSOK R003

Lifting and hoisting supervisor

Law + regulations on

lifting & hoisting +

one of G1, G2 or G5

DAT approved Industry standard.

Mobile and crawler crane operator G1 mobile crane DAT approved Legal requirement as

per NORSOK R003 Tower crane operator G2 tower crane

DAT approved Legal requirement as

per NORSOK R003

Mobile tower crane operator G1 mobile crane DAT approved Legal requirement as

per NORSOK R003

Overhead travelling crane operator G4 overhead crane DAT approved Legal requirement as

per NORSOK R003

Operator of vehicle loading crane G8 lorry crane DAT approved Legal requirement as

per NORSOK R003 Operator of vehicle loading crane

with hoisting function ≥ 10 tonmeter G1 mobile crane DAT approved

Legal requirement +

Shell requirement.

Operator of reach truck Forklift truck over 10

ton DAT approved


per NORSOK R003.

Operator of reach truck with

hoisting function ≥ 10 tonmeter G1 mobile crane DAT approved

Legal requirement +

Shell requirement.

Operator of earth moving machine Training cert. DAT approved Legal requirement as

per NORSOK R003


with hoisting function ≥ 10 tonmeter G1 mobile crane DAT approved

Legal requirement +

Shell requirement.

Forklift truck operator Forklift truck class

T1 – T5 DAT approved


per NORSOK R003

Rigger Training module

No. O-3.2 DAT approved


per NORSOK R003

Signaller/banksman Training module



per NORSOK R003

Slinger Training module



per NORSOK R003 For personnel who are involved in the use of offshore cranes, training can be based on OMHEC’s “Guidance for Training Standard, issue October 2008”. See also industry requirements as per “Samordningsrådet for kran, truck og masseforflytningsmaskiner” and KOSAR’s training plans.


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9.8 Ongoing and refresher training A suitable documentation and data recording system must be in place in order to regularly check the continued competence of personnel. Refresher training must be provided at prescribed intervals to ensure skills do not decline. Particular attention must be given to personnel who do not undertake lifting and hoisting activities regularly.

9.9 Personal Protective Equipment All personnel involved in lifting and hoisting operations, shall at all times comply with company and worksite rules on Personal Protective Equipment.

All members of the lifting and hoisting team as well as all other personnel involved in lifting and hoisting operations shall wear appropriate type of safety gloves at all times during the operations.

It is a legal requirement that the signaller/banksman is readily identifiable from other personnel, by all those involved in the lifting and hoisting operation and especially the crane operator. For that reason the signaller/banksman shall wear high visibility clothing (vest, jacket or waistcoat) at all times. High visibility clothing must be clearly marked to indicate the signaller/banksman. Recommendation as good practice: participants in lifting and hoisting operations and their roles can be made known through the wearing of special clothing, such as high visibility coveralls, high visibility or reflective vests and special coloured hard hats or hat covers. Usage of high visibility vest with reflecting strips may be forbidden when a supply vessel is alongside the platform and using light reflection systems to support his positioning (DP-mode) systems. Check with Captain and OIM for approval.

9.10 Physical and medical conditions For all personnel involved in lifting and hoisting operations it is essential, that they meet physical and medical requirements regarding eyesight, hearing, strength, depth perception, emotional stability etc. It should also be recognized that if people are not fit for the job, due to psychological factors or physical conditions (especially fatigue), they should be excluded from lifting and hoisting operations.


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Part 2: Practical guidelines


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10 Recommended communications for safe lifting and hoisting operations

10.1 Introduction Communication failures are a common root cause of lifting and hoisting incidents and thus highlight the importance of addressing communications issues at the risk assessment and planning stages and then again at the toolbox talk. Clear communication must be ensured throughout the lifting and hoisting operations and is a prime focus of everyone in the lifting and hoisting team. At all times there shall be adequate communication between all personnel involved in the lifting and hoisting operation. Preferably radio equipment, appropriate for the relevant operations, should be used. The objective of the OMHEC working group “communications” is to provide guidance for systems, protocols and methods of communications in lifting and hoisting operations, and raise the level of safety during lifting and hoisting operations offshore. This practical guideline is fully compliant with the OMHEC practical guidance on communication for safe lifting and hoisting operations.

10.2 Basic principles for good communications The OMHEC working group “communications” has defined the following basic principles for good communications as imperative in order to raise the safety level during lifting and hoisting operations. Radio communications shall be used as primary means of communication; Communications shall be continuous, two way and confirmative; If radio communication is not available, the lifting and hoisting operation should not start; Lifting and hoisting operations should be suspended or ended if radio communication is no

longer available; There should always be a line of sight between signaller/banksman and crane operator; Hand signals should be used to support the radio communications and shall be used as back

–up in the event of radio equipment failure; The signaller/banksman shall be clearly identified, preferably by distinctive clothing being

brightly coloured and for exclusive use of the signaller/banksman.

10.3 General considerations on communication In order to facilitate good communication, it is important that personnel involved in the lifting and hoisting operations are not distracted. With this in mind, the use of mobile phones or other devices, which are not part of the agreed communications procedure, should be restricted.

10.3.1 Planning lifting & hoisting operations

It is a legal requirement that all operations involving lifting and hoisting equipment shall be planned and appropriately managed on the basis of risk, complexity of the operations and working environment. From the initial stages communications is an important and integral part of the planning. All lay down, storage and lifting areas should be planned with no blind zones and thus minimizing the need for blind lifts. But in the cases where blind lifts are unavoidable, communications should be given the highest attention during the risk assessment. The lift plan shall clearly state the communication method to be used.

10.3.2 Toolbox talk

The toolbox talk is the prime opportunity for all those involved with the lifting and hoisting operations to check the safety issues and ensure that communication is established and agreed upon between all concerned.


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The toolbox talk is a vital communications asset. Next to all issues related to the Lift Plan and the safe execution, the following communications issues should be resolved at the toolbox talk: The talk should include all personnel involved in the execution of the lifting and hoisting

operations; Have all affected parties been informed of the lifting activities; Do all members of the lifting and hoisting team share a common language; Confirmation of the communication method to be used; Confirmation that radios and headsets are in good working order; Confirmation that relevant personnel agree on and understand all of the hand signals to be

used, should radio communication fail; Radio frequency channel to be used; All personnel involved in the lifting and hoisting operations should know how and when to

stop the job for safety reasons; Personnel should be aware of any other work going around them; De-briefing arrangements should be made to identify learning points and improvements.

10.4 Personnel involved The signaller/banksman’s duties must consist exclusively of directing manoeuvres and ensuring the safety of workers in the vicinity. The crane operator must interrupt the ongoing manoeuvre in order to request new instructions when he is unable to carry out the orders he has received with the necessary safety guarantees.

10.5 Line of sight, position and visibility The signaller/banksman must be able to monitor all manoeuvres visually without being endangered thereby. (European Council Directive 92/58/EEC on the Minimum Requirements for the Provision of Safety and/or Health Signs at Work, ANNEX IX, Article 2.2). The operator must be able to recognise the signaller/banksman without difficulty. The signaller/banksman shall be clearly identified, preferably by distinctive clothing such as a high visibility vest or jacket. The distinctive clothing shall be brightly coloured, all of the same colour and for the exclusive use of signaller/banksman. (European Council Directive 92/58/EEC on the Minimum Requirements for the Provision of Safety and/or Health Signs at Work, ANNEX IX, Article 2.6).

10.5.1 Blind lifts

Blind lifts should be avoided as much as reasonably possible (see also the remark in chapter 3.1). However if blind lifts are unavoidable, communications should be given the highest attention during the risk assessment. In connection with blind lifts, there shall always be at least two persons (signaller/banksman and slinger) who have visual contact with the load and each other, and have radio contact with the hoisting appliance operator. Any closed circuit television that monitors the work area is considered to be an aid, and not a replacement for either of these persons The signaller/banksman shall place himself in a position where he has clear visual contact with the appliance operator and can give the stop signal manually in the event of radio equipment failure. Communication from the signaller/banksman to the crane operator should be continuous, two way and confirmative by repeating the command. This is particularly important during “blind lifts”.


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10.5.2 Hoisting of personnel using a suspended basket

Whenever personnel are being hoisted, the lifting appliance operator shall have eye contact with the signaller/banksman, who in turn shall have eye contact with the personnel who are being lifted. Radio contact shall be established and maintained at all times between one of the persons being lifted, lifting appliance operator and signaller/banksman.

10.5.3 Transfer of personnel by personnel carrier

Radio communication should be established on an agreed radio frequency and maintained during the transfer operation. Radio communication needs to be established between the crane operator and the persons in charge of the vessel/installation both to and from which the transfer is being undertaken. The crane operator should have a good view of the transfer areas, the personnel to be transferred and the signaller/banksman/deck officer at the two transfer locations.

10.6 Communication methods

10.6.1 Communication principles

Radio communications shall be used as the primary means of communication during lifting and hoisting operations;

Radio communications shall follow an agreed protocol; Hand signals can be used in addition to the radio equipment and shall be used as back –up in

the event of radio equipment failure.

10.6.2 Advantages of using radio equipment

There are advantages and disadvantages to using radio equipment rather than hand signals as the primary means of communicating between the signaller/banksman and the crane operator. Using radio equipment offer the following advantages over hand signals: When using radio equipment, there is two-way communication, giving the crane operator a

facility for responding to the signaller/banksman and others. Radio equipment offers more flexibility in communication than hand signals. The crane operator does not need to keep the signaller/banksman in sight all of the time and

can refer to all controls and instrumentation within the operating cabin so long as voice communication is maintained.

The signaller/banksman might not be in the same line of sight as the load, in order to avoid being too close to it. Radio equipment allows the crane operator to look at what is most important for the operation.

Whenever lifting and hoisting operations are unexpectedly affected by heavy rain or failing light, radio equipment would be a better means of communicating.

If agreed in the lift plan, the operations can continue if the line of sight between the crane operator and the signaller/banksman is temporarily lost, so long as continual communication is maintained.

Effective communications during blind lifts are made possible with radio equipment. Lifting and hoisting operations where one signaller/banksman hands over to another in a

different location are easier when radio equipment is being used.

10.6.3 Advantages of using hand signals

The advantages of hand signals over radio equipment are: Hand signals rely less on knowledge of the local language (though key personnel do require

competency in the same the same language); Equipment breakdowns or cross talk from others on the same channel are avoided when

hand signals are used; There is likely to be less room for ambiguity in hand signals, provided that both parties

understand the same signalling protocol. Hand signals should avoid problems caused by radio transmission failures, especially when

the sender or the person receiving has not realised that there is a failure.


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10.6.4 Audible equipment, using codes and alarms

In some occasions as a method for communication, whistles are blown as a way of giving instructions to the crane operator, sometimes in conjunction with a limited range of hand signals. This method of communication is likely to lead to ambiguity, and therefore: This method of communication shall never be accepted. Also communicating using codes instead of voice or hand signals shall never be accepted: they are not standardised and prone to misinterpretation by the receiver.

10.6.5 Additional information and the use of camera’s

The crane operator has several sources of information available about the status of the load. He is therefore in a good position to provide an early warning to the lifting and hoisting team if there is a discrepancy between instructions issued to him and his understanding of the hoisting operation. Such communication should, whenever possible, be routed primarily to the signaller/banksman. The crane operator might have access to the following instrumentation communicating the state of the hoisting operation. Line out meter – this indicates the length of wire rope out and can also give an indication of

the weight of the load suspended. Load – Moment – Indicator, giving information on weight of the load, percentage of crane

capacity being used and radius of the load. Closed circuit camera television trained on the cable drum(s). This allows the crane operator

to see the correct spooling of the wire on the drum and indicates speed of rotation, thus indicating speed of lowering or hoisting the load.

Closed circuit camera television on the crane boom. This allows the crane operator to have a vertical view on top of the load and area just around the load. Especially useful for the landing area of the load.

Cameras and instrumentation can be used as an aid, but only the signaller/banksman should be in charge of directing the load. The use of cameras shall never give reason to replace a member of the lifting and hoisting team.

10.7 Radio procedures for lifting and hoisting operations

10.7.1 Establish links and testing the radio equipment

Communications equipment such as radios or headsets should have been issued at the start of the shift and tested at that time. Testing usually takes the form of a call to another person who will provide confirmation that the equipment is working. By the time the toolbox talk or Last Minute Risk Assessment meeting occurs, all communications equipment should have been tested. At the toolbox talk, the users of the radio equipment should confirm testing.

10.7.2 Selecting Radio Channels and establishing links

If possible, identify a channel that will only be used by the team involved in the lifting and hoisting operations. This will help avoid cross talk from other personnel, nearby ships in the vicinity, cranes on other operations etc. Cross talk can be disruptive to the whole team and will jeopardise safety. Where there is more than one crane working in the vicinity, ideally, each crane should be allocated a separate radio channel. This is particularly important when working simultaneously with vessels.


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10.7.3 Cranes operating on different channels

In circumstances where two cranes are operating on different channels for onboard lifting and hoisting operations at the same time, the signaller/banksman should make both crane operators aware of the lifts planned and pay attention to the position of the boom tips so as to avoid any contact between cranes when carrying out the lifting and hoisting operations. If it is not possible to use a unique channel, use of “call signs” for each crane, winch or lifting team member, will assist in identifying caller and receiver. The call sign should precede any radio communication to avoid confusion.

10.7.4 Cranes operating on same channels

If simultaneous lifting and hoisting operations are using the same channel, e.g. during a tandem lifting operation, individual call signs for each crane, winch or lifting team member, will assist in identifying caller and receiver. The call sign should be used and should precede any radio communication to avoid confusion.

10.7.5 Communications protocol and good practice

The following protocol is recommended for radio communication during lifting and hoisting operations: Call signs and code words should be set up and adhered to. Call signs must be used at all times to establish the authenticity of commands or directions At the end of an instruction or enquiry the transmitting operator should indicate the end of

the message by the command ‘over’ The receiving operator should indicate understanding of any dialogue by a confirmative

repeat of the command Under no circumstances should the transmitting operator assume understanding without

confirmative repeat acknowledgement from the receiving operator If any doubt exists regarding a message, the receiving operator must not acknowledge but

should repeat the message as he understands it and ask for confirmation or simply request the transmitting operator to repeat

At the close of communication the transmitting operator should indicate the end of the transmission with the command ‘over and out’.

Code words shall be short and give clear instructions and must be confirmed during the planning. As an example:

Code words and actions. Code word Action Start To indicate the start of a command Stop To interrupt or stop a movement End To end the operation Pick up Start hoisting the load Hoist Raise the load Lower Lower the load Boom up Raise the boom Boom down Lower the boom Slew right Slew to the right, from crane operator position Slew left Slew to the left, from crane operator position Slowly Slow movements Slack off Release tension in the wire to release the hook Hook free Information only to the crane operator Above list is not exhaustive as specific types of cranes, such as knuckle boom cranes, need more crane specific instructions. Crane specific instructions must be agreed upon during the planning and fully known to all members of the lifting and hoisting team.


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10.7.6 Maintaining continuous communication

Communication from the signaller/banksman to the crane operator should be continuous. This is particularly important during “blind lifts”. Should communications cease, the lifting and hoisting operation should stop in a safe way. Continuous communications are recommended, by giving the initial instruction and then talk to the crane operator repeatedly to reassure him that the line of communication is still active. Any person using the radio should avoid keeping the transmission button pressed for unnecessarily long periods. The radio might be the only quick way to contact vital lifting and hoisting team members. Lifting should stop if there is an interruption to communication, for example if a third party breaks into the transmission.

10.7.7 Acknowledgement and understanding

Good practice indicates that communications should be positively acknowledged. The receiving operator(s) should indicate understanding of the message by repeating or in a slightly different form of words as the instructions received. Distraction is a risk factor. Accordingly, communication should be clear and limited to what the crane operator has to do. Discussion or explanation as to why the lifting and hoisting operations are being conducted in a certain way should be held at the risk identification stage, or the toolbox talk, but not when the operations are underway. If there is a need for discussion then stop the operations and deal with the issue.

10.7.8 Care and safety

Always check that the batteries are fully charged prior to booking out the radio for a shift. Ensure that the radio microphone is not exposed to rain. If a plastic carrying case offering full protection of the radio is not available, a simple precautionary measure such as a small plastic bag or a piece of cling film around the microphone will ensure that it is remained in a dry condition. Do not carry radios in pockets. Always ensure that they are carried in protective holsters attached to the body by either shoulder lanyard or waist belt. Apart from maintaining the integrity of the radio this will ensure that the radio does not become a dropped object if dislodged when working at height or climbing ladders.

10.8 Hand signals Radio communications shall be used as primary means of communication during lifting and hoisting operations. Hand signals can be used in addition to the radio equipment and shall be used as back –up in the event of radio equipment failure. Hand signals must be: Precise; Simple; Expansive; Easy to make and understand; Clearly distinct from other such signals. Where both arms are used at the same time, they must be moved symmetrically and for giving one sign only. (European Council Directive 92/58/EEC on the Minimum Requirements for the Provision of Safety and/or Health Signs at Work, ANNEX IX, Article 1).


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There is a range of different hand signals used to indicate: Movement of the load itself, or Movement of the crane. Whatever hand signals are to be used should be displayed, for example inside the crane cabin, around the operational area, mess rooms and so on. It is good practice to have laminated copies of the standardised hand signals to be used available and provide easy access to them.

10.9 Using hand signals Personnel using hand signals should ensure that they: Know and are fully familiar with the set of hand signals agreed; Use the signals correctly; Use the signals confidently and clearly; Face the crane operator whenever possible when signalling. There should always be a line of sight between the signaller/banksman and the crane operator. Lifting and hoisting operations must cease if visual contact is lost and only recommence when a clear line of vision is re-established. Cease lifting and hoisting operations if inclement weather or darkness impairs the ability to see the signaller/banksman and operations cannot continue safely!

10.9.1 Recommended hand signals

Hand signals for lifting and hoisting operations are regulated by means of European Council Directive 92/58/EEC on the Minimum Requirements for the Provision of Safety and/or Health Signs at Work. In practice however, the listed hand signals in this Council Directive do not cover all possible movements of lifting and hoisting appliances. Due to technical and on-going developments and improvement of cranes, they are being equipped with more and more technical features. That will require more and more hand signals for the communications. This is an additional reason to recommend the use of radio equipment for communications, backed-up with hand signals for emergencies in case radio equipment fails. Additional signals can be agreed upon to indicate:

Horizontal or vertical distance; Hoist to be used; Movements of boom, such as extend or retract.

10.10 Learn and record Communication includes feedback from the lifting and hoisting team after the operations and provision should be made for this in operational procedures. The intention of the de-briefing is to learn and record any faults, possible improvements to current practices and obtain lessons learnt for the benefit of future operations. Such lessons learnt should be communicated to other lifting and hoisting teams. References and further information. European Council Directive 92/58/EEC. OGP Lifting and hoisting safety recommended practice. IMCA SEL 020, IMCA M193 June 2008: Guidance for Operational Communications OMHEC recommendations. NEN 2025 Communication for the guidance of cranes and hoisting gear.


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11 Hoisting over live facilities

11.1 Introduction For the purpose of this guidance, live facilities (process plant or equipment) can be any of the following: Equipment, protected or not, having any single or combination of the following characteristics: hazardous, pressurized, energized or containing strategic “fluid”. Examples being: pipes or vessels containing hydrocarbons, electric cables, equipment cooling water supplies etc. Lifting and hoisting operations over live facilities will require more rigorous controls due to the inherent hazards associated with these operations. Generally, lifting and hoisting over live facilities should be avoided at all times. Only in exceptional circumstances will this restriction be lifted, but strict procedures shall be followed and there shall be additional controls in place.

11.2 Categorising lifting and hoisting over live facilities As applicable for all lifting and hoisting operations, the operations shall be categorized to reflect the associated risk and consequent level of control required. Lifting and hoisting operations over live facilities shall always be categorized as “non routine – complex – critical” operations.

11.3 Control measures As with all non-routine – complex – critical lifting and hoisting operations, the following control measures shall be in place: A permit to work. An authorisation to perform the operations. A risk assessment fully dedicated to the planned operations. A formal written work package including the Method Statement describing the operations step

– by – step. Dedicated and qualified engineering input to Method Statement and “Lift Plan”, clearly

showing detailed engineering. Preferably: formal approval of work package and planning by a Technical Authority, Subject

Matter Expert, Principal Technical Expert or third party independent engineers. A pre-job toolbox talk. A clear “yes” on all the 10 questions for a safe lift.

11.4 Further safety precautions to be considered Depending on the complexity of the task at hand and the risks identified in Task Risk Assessment, one or more of the following further safety precautions should be considered: Additional authorization from the manager of the asset; Shutting down, isolating, depressurizing and purging the live process plant, equipment or other

facilities; Selecting higher rated lifting and hoisting equipment, so there is no need to exceed 75% of the

capacity; The use of static back-up safety rigging, such as slings hooked up parallel with the hoist to

sustain the load in the event of a hoist brake failure; Performing a trial run using a water weight; Have an emergency plan in place; Having an emergency crew standing by; Having direct communications with the control room; Being ready to shut down.


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12 Working with two or more lifting and hoisting appliances

12.1 Introduction Hoisting a load with two or more hoisting appliances can be a hazardous operation and should be avoided if at all possible. Using two or more hoisting appliances for weight reasons alone (because a load is too heavy for a single crane) shall only be considered as a last option. Where the physical dimensions, weight of the load or circumstances prevents it being handled by a single hoisting appliance, then tandem hoisting will be acceptable as long as the operation has been planned strictly according the procedures. Having procedures in place is a legal requirement as per European Council Directive 2009/104/EC concerning the minimum safety and health requirements for the use of work equipment by workers at work. ANNEX II, article 3.2.5 reads as follows: “All lifting operations must be properly planned, appropriately supervised and carried out to protect the safety of workers”. In particular, if a load has to be lifted by two or more pieces of work equipment for lifting non-guided loads simultaneously, a procedure must be established and applied to ensure good coordination on the part of the operators”. A load can be handled simultaneously by two or more lifting and hoisting appliances in various ways: Hoisting a single load using two cranes; Hoisting a single load using more than two cranes; Taking a load from a horizontal position to a vertical position or vice versa; Using two or more chain lever hoists and or chain blocks; Any combination using a crane and a separate winch for hoisting; Combination of wire rope puller with a lever hoist; Hoisting portal or gantry in combination with a tailing crane; Floating sheer legs using two blocks; Etc etc.

12.2 Risks associated and general precautions Moving a load using multiple lifting and hoisting appliances brings in more risks to the operations. These risks include, but are not limited to: Stability of the hoisting appliances; Load coming out of level; Side loading of the boom, not normally encountered with one crane; If different crane models are used, the operators will have to match the raise/lower, boom and

swing speed. Unequal hoisting speeds will place extra load on one crane, and unequal swing rates will cause boom side loading;

Hoist lines coming out of the vertical resulting in side loading. It is vitally important that an accurate assessment is made of the load liable to be imposed on each appliance. During the whole operation there should be a full appreciation of how and to what extent this load situation can vary should the load come out of level or should one or more cranes have to boom up or boom down, travel or slew, resulting in the hoist ropes coming out of the vertical. Special rigging may also be necessary to suit the maximum variation in load distribution and angular loading which may result during the lifting and hoisting operation. Lifting and hoisting appliances should be suitable for multiple operations. User’s instructions should be consulted for this at all times.


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Dynamic hoisting operations with cranes working in tandem shall only be performed if both cranes are designed and certified for this operation.

12.3 Categorising operations using two or more lifting and hoisting appliances Working with two or more lifting and hoisting appliances shall, as a minimum, always be categorized as “Non Routine – complicated” operations.

12.4 Control measures Control measures in place shall at least be as required for “Non Routine – complicated” operations. Depending on the complexity of the task at hand and the risks identified in Task Risk Assessment, additional safety precautions should be considered.

12.5 Personnel involved For all hoisting operations utilising two or more appliances, a lifting and hoisting supervisor shall be appointed to actively supervise the operations on site. The supervisor has to make clear and check, that communication with each appliance operator is clear and well rehearsed.

12.6 Various ways of utilising multiple lifting and hoisting appliances As mentioned previously, there are numerous ways to utilise multiple appliances. Hereafter the most commonly used combinations are explained with some specific remarks that need to be addressed during Risk Assessment.

12.6.1 Hoisting a single load using two cranes

When two cranes are going to hoist a load a determination must be made on the location of the load attachment points and the centre of gravity. This must be calculated to properly distribute the load according to the capacities of each crane. Cranes of equal capacity and similar characteristics should be used whenever possible. The cranes and lifting and hoisting accessories to be used should be selected to have a capacity margin greater than that needed for the proportional load when handled as a single lift. Each crane, at the required boom length and operating radius, shall be capable of hoisting 75% of the total load. If load sensors are being used, each crane need only be capable of hoisting 25% above its estimated share of the weight. If a load is non-symmetrical, the centre of gravity will not be in the middle of the load, but closer to one end. In this particular situation it is likely that one crane will be positioned to lift over half of the load weight.

12.6.2 Hoisting a single load using more than two cranes

In this situation the load is divided across more than two cranes. Hoisting a load, which is suspended from three points, is always in a static determined position. Related to the centre of gravity of the load, there can be two situations: 1. The load is equally divided over the three suspension points 2. The load is not equally divided over the three suspension points Whatever the actual situation, it will be necessary to determine the exact position of the centre of gravity by calculation. In case the load is not equally divided over the three suspension points, each crane will have a different load. Hoisting a load that is suspended from 4 (or more) points is always in a static undetermined position and extremely hazardous. It is impossible to determine how the load will be divided between the


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suspension points. In some specific situations a solution might be to go back to three suspension points by connecting two of the four hoisting points by means of an equalising hoisting beam. All lifting and hoisting operations using more than two appliances shall be classified as “Non Routine – Complex/Critical”. All associated risks shall be assessed and consequent level of control required shall be strictly adhered to.

12.6.3 Taking a load from a horizontal position to a vertical position or vice versa

When erecting a pressure vessel or a structural component from a horizontal position to a vertical position a tailing crane is often used. During this type of operation, the relationship between the load attachment points and the centre of gravity is very important. It is essential to accurately calculate the position of the centre of gravity and the actual load exerted on both cranes. As the load changes from horizontal to vertical, the lead crane will absorb more of the load, until the total weight of the load is fully transferred to the lead crane.

12.6.4 Using two or more chain lever hoists and or chain blocks

When using more than one chain block or chain lever hoist, each individual hoist unit should be rated to a capacity of at least 100% of the load. Planning and control measures for this category, including defined procedures and drawings or sketches, need to be in place. If two or more lever hoists are used to share the load during hoisting operations, careful consideration of the operation is necessary as there is the potential to overload one of the hoists (beyond the working load limit) or under load one of the hoists (below 10% of the working load limit). Always check the user’s instructions in case chain lever hoists or chain blocks are used for horizontal or oblique traction. As not all types and brands are designed for this type of operation In case user’s instructions are not clear on this, it is forbidden to use chain lever hoists and chain blocks for this operation.

12.6.5 Any combination using two or more lifting and hoisting appliances

Whatever the combination of lifting and hoisting appliances used, user’s instructions should always be consulted and strictly adhered to. Crane barges, floating sheer legs and heavy lift construction vessels for example have their own rules for using them in a tandem hoist as agreed with their certifying authority.

12.7 Execution For a safe execution, the following issues need attention: The hoisting accessories being used to connect the load with the hoisting appliance shall be of

sufficient capacity. Special attention is needed when working out of the vertical; Always have only one person giving signals for both lifting and hoisting appliances, having

direct sight and permanent radio contact to the appliance operators; the personnel involved must work in unison and position themselves to avoid being trapped or

crushed; Prior to starting the operation, ascertain that both load lines are in the vertical without side /

off loading of the boom; Upon signal, both cranes to hoist slowly, to either the calculated weight tolerance limit or until

the load is free, and STOP; The lifting and hoisting supervisor to confirm that the full load has been transmitted prior to

authorizing the lift to continue. The safe load indicator accuracy and the integrity of the braking mechanism to be verified before the operation continues;

Keep a close eye on hoist lines and make sure they do not come out of the vertical during the whole operations.

Raising or lowering the load and slewing of the cranes may only be undertaken at the signal from the signaller/banksman and at the previously agreed speed.


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13 Setting up a “Lift Plan” for extensive operations

13.1 Introduction Frequently situations arise during which an extensive amount of lifting and hoisting operations are to be executed over a period of one day up to several weeks with one or more cranes on location. Situations like plant stops, revamps and projects are examples of this. Due to the above situations, questions come up about the requirements and the way forward regarding the planning of these activities in line with regulations and this Standard. As it is a the legal requirement that all operations shall be planned and appropriately managed, there might arise an idea, that a full set of control measures needs to be in place for each and every time a new load is going to be raised or lowered. This is certainly not the requirement and will result in unworkable situations. The ultimate reason for setting up a “Lift Plan” is always working towards the safest way of execution. This guideline is intended to give some operational back-up in setting up a “Lift Plan” that is compliant with the Shell Operational Standard for lifting and hoisting as well as the regulations.

13.2 Routine as well as Non-Routine activities The ever occurring steps in the process for planning and managing lifting and hoisting operations are: Define; Plan; Execute; Learn and record. During defining and planning of an extensive amount of lifting and hoisting operations it is advised to split-up between Routine en Non-Routine operations. All Non-Routine operations shall be planned according the Standard and have their own “Lift Plan”. Routine operations on the other hand can be combined. On the operation planning sheet make an overview of all items that need to be hoisted (scaffolding material, pipe work, general steelwork, valves, small pumps, motors etc) including the weight or range of weights involved. Conduct a Risk Assessment or use the general Risk Assessment. In addition to the above prepare a plot plan of the location and show clearly the position of the crane(s) to be used for the Routine operation. Around the crane, circles can be drawn showing a specific radius and the maximum load to be hoisted at that radius. It is advised to show 3 different circles. Having the operation planning, Risk Assessment and plot plan available during the toolbox talk the Person In Charge is perfectly able to explain and show to the members of the lifting and hoisting team: Where to set up the crane; What loads are within the planning; Maximum needed hoisting capacities at specific radii; Environmental conditions that need to be taken in account (e.g. obstructions during setting up

of the crane, specific danger area’s etc.) In case the crane is operating from one position during a whole week, and provided the members of the lifting and hoisting team do not switch during the week, having one toolbox talk covering a whole week (of only Routine hoisting) operations will do.


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In case there is a switch of personnel, a new toolbox talk shall be conducted prior to starting with the new team. If during the day or somewhere in the overall period of the hoisting activities the crane needs to be set-up on another location, this new location shall be shown on the plot plan as well. Crane operator to be instructed that setting up of the crane and hoisting operations are only allowed from the pre-determined positions. Variation from the pre-determined set-up positions of the cranes shall result in the job being stopped, reassessed and having a adequate measures in place to ensure continued safe operations.

13.3 Concurrent operations with more than one crane For situations where two or more cranes are working simultaneously on the same location it is advised to have one full overview (plot plan) showing all cranes working on site with their respective capacity per radius as mentioned above. A plot-plan giving an overview of all cranes on site is regardless the categorisation of the activities. If two cranes are on site, both for extensive Routine hoisting operations, they should be drawn on the plot plan as indicated above. On the other hand, one plot plan can also show one (or more) crane(s) for Routine operations and a crane for Non Routine operations. This also allows to clearly show situations where cranes are being set-up in such a way that the crane booms might come into each other’s working areas. Those overlapping areas need to be shown on the plot plan, risk assessed and measures must be in place to prevent crane booms colliding with each other.


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13.4 Example of plot plan for extensive lifting and hoisting operations


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14 Use of mobile cranes on marine vessels

14.1 Introduction Occasionally there might arise a need to use a mobile crane on a marine vessel or floating offshore unit. This guideline is intended to give technical and practical requirements in addition to local legislation, approved marine standards and classification society’s rules, which shall be followed when using a mobile crane on a marine vessel or floating offshore unit. The use of mobile cranes mounted on marine vessels requires special arrangements. The position and operation of the crane on the marine vessel affects the stability of the combination, and this has to be taken into account. Examples of marine vessels where this procedure shall apply include: Pipe laying ships and barges; Crane barges; Pontoons; Work boats; Dredgers, using cranes with clam shells or buckets; Construction vessels. It is the duty of the contract holder to ensure that any marine vessel, where hoisting operations are undertaken offshore, has equipment which complies with the marine vessels classification society’s rules and this procedure.

14.2 Vessel deck strength The structural adequacy of the deck and internal structure to safely support the loads from the crane needs to be carefully assessed. Consider a truck crane on a vessel. All loads from the crane will be impressed on the deck at the outriggers. The typical deck construction will rarely be able to carry these loads from a large crane. Therefore steel grillages will have to be installed on deck to transfer the outrigger loads to the internal structure. Crawler cranes present a similar challenge. The best advantage can usually be gained by setting the crane with the crawlers in the longitudinal direction. The spacing of the transverse trusses is commonly in the range of 1.5 to 3m, so the crane can usually be located such that the crawlers bear directly over three or more trusses. The outrigger or crawler track loads are calculated in roughly the same way as for a crane installation on land. Once the crane’s reactions are known, the vessel structure can be analysed by a naval architect or structural engineer. The vessel’s classification society or a naval architect shall verify that the vessel’s deck is strong enough, under all operating conditions. For securing the crane on deck (sea fastening) see under chapter 14.4.

14.3 Crane suitability The crane must have the vertical and horizontal reach to place the load, and it must have the capacity to safely hoist the weight. However, the effects of the marine environment alter both of these areas. It should be especially noted that mobile cranes are particularly sensitive to external influences such as environmental effects, vessel movements, and dynamic loading. There are several types of mobile cranes initially designed for land-based operations, which can be considered for hoisting operations offshore. Not all, however, are equally suitable, e.g., a wheel-mounted crane, will not be suitable,


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because of tyre floatation effects and shorter wheelbase. It is not as stable as a tracked/crawler crane for the same duty and/or operating conditions. The suitability of a mobile crane for use on a marine vessel shall therefore be carefully appraised according to service requirements, type of marine vessel and operational requirements. Factors for consideration when selecting mobile cranes for use offshore are as follows: Cranes, which operate with outriggers deployed, shall have the facility to withstand any high

pressure generated in the outrigger's hydraulic system, arising from dynamic hoisting operations.

Booms shall have adequate torsional stiffness, rigidity and lateral stability for the service specified. Box section booms of the type used on ram luffing/telescoping cranes are not considered suitable.

Mobile cranes fixed, tied-down or pedestal mounted shall still be considered as mobile cranes.

14.4 Securing the crane on deck Mobile crane’s operating on a marine vessel, require to be tied down or fixed at dedicated locations on the deck. The location of the tie down points on the crane/marine vessel and, the method of fixing via welding, bolting, turnbuckles etc., shall be agreed between the marine vessel’s Classification Society or Naval Architect and the crane manufacturer/supplier. The crane supplier shall verify that the method used to fasten or restrain the crane to the deck is strong enough, under all operating conditions to prevent the crane from breaking off the deck or moving on the marine vessel. There shall be a critical assessment of the strength and failure mode sequence of the tie down points and of the crane’s primary load path elements The calculations of all forces transmitted to the marine vessel’s structure and the sequence of failure report in conjunction with the hoisting operations that the mobile crane is intended to be used for, shall be assessed and approved by the marine vessel’s Classification Society, Naval Architect or warranty surveyor.

14.5 Load chart applicable for the specific situation A fundamental need in using a mobile crane in a marine environment is the establishment of the load chart. Some crane manufacturers publish load charts for services in a marine environment. These charts show hoisting capacities for conditions in which the crane is out of level by various angles. If charts are available, then one need only make an estimate of the maximum angle by which the crane will be out of level. If load charts for the specific situation are not available, estimating the hoisting capacities is very difficult, if not impossible. Depending on the boom length and operating radius, the marine service capacities may be on the order of 90% of the land service capacities or less than 50% of the land capacities. First, the vessel will continually move as the crane hoists and swings its load, thereby failing to provide the firm and level support that is required by the normal load chart. Second, the movement of the vessel and crane can result in the development of dynamic loads that are not considered in standard crane design. Crane load charts normally cannot be developed by the crane user. The most significant reason for this is that most crane users do not have enough information about the crane to accurately assess its structural and mechanical limitations. Many components of the crane will be stressed differently when the crane is out of level. Determination of the crane’s capacity requires detailed knowledge of the strength of all of these components. Some crane manufacturers publish marine service load charts for some of their models. If such charts are not available, then the manufacturer must be contacted for assistance.


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There is one last point that must be made regarding marine service load charts. The standard load charts are based on out of level only. The hoisting capacities do not account for any dynamic loads other than those normally considered in crane design. If a vessel-mounted crane is to be used in exposed waters, wave action may cause motions that will create additional dynamic loads. The possibility of dynamic loads may require additional de-rating. The crane manufacturer should be consulted for guidance.

14.6 Weather criteria and vessel stability The weather criteria and maximum vessel movement for all cranes on marine vessel operations shall include: Maximum wind speed; Significant wave height; Maximum list of the vessel. The master of the marine vessel shall demonstrate that the agreed weather criteria are met at all times during hoisting operations. In all cases when the agreed values are exceeded the hoisting operations shall be stopped immediately and the boom lowered onto a boom rest. Crane activities can only resume when the weather criteria fall below the agreed values.

14.7 Points to remember Once the crane is secured on the deck and floating service load charts have been established, the time has come to make the operations. All lifting and hoisting operations shall be planned and at this point, the planning is unique to marine environment. A few final points to remember are worth listing here. 1) The vessel will move. As the load is lifted and swung, the constantly moving centre of gravity

will cause the vessel’s list and trim to change. 2) Movement of the vessel will affect the crane’s radius. The crane operator must be aware of

what to expect so that he can compensate. 3) Movement of the vessel may cause the load to sway more than is normal on land. This, too,

must be recognised by the operator so that he can adjust the crane’s movements to control the load.


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15 Handling of tubulars

15.1 Slinging of tubulars Practices for the safe operation of slinging tubulars or tubular bundles should include the following: Using certified Cargo Carrying Units or Transportation Frames are considered best practice; Only tubulars of the same diameter or size and about the same length should be bundled

together; Ensure crane operator is aware of correct procedure for 'tightening' bundle and supporting

while grips are attached to slings; Ensure casings are supported by crow-bars or similar while attaching clips to prevent leg injury

if bundle should slip; The number of tubes in each bundle should be such that the middle tubes are gripped and will

not slip out of the bundle. Whenever practicable tubulars over 5.5” in diameter should be bundled in “odd” numbers;

Tubulars should always be slung with two slings, each of the same length and of the same WLL; The WLL of each sling should be equal to or greater than the Gross Weight of the load. Every hoisting activity of tubulars must done with the tubulars level.

In the case of bundles of tubulars, a means of preventing the bundle from coming slack when it is landed should be considered, such as a wire clamp or a wire rope grip above the reeved eye that forms the ‘choke’ and a tie wrap of robust design on the reeved eye of the sling to prevent the eye from slipping over the rope grip. This shall be subject to a risk assessment;

Slings should be placed at equal distance (approximately 25% of total length) from the ends of the load. They should be double wrapped and choked around the tubular either when using steel slings or nylon webbing;

The sling should be of sufficient length to ensure that the choke is on the sling body, never on the sling splice, fittings, tag, eye or at the base of the sling eye or fitting;

The inside angle of the choke shall not exceed 1200; Avoid crossing the sling; Always pass sling through eye to make choke, do not use a shackle! Shackle miss-alignment

may occur when tightening bundle; Excessive long tubular bundles shall have a tag line attached. This shall be subject to a risk

assessment; Care should be taken on removing slings due to stowage movement; Whilst loading, consideration should be given to the installation discharging sequence; Ensure thread protectors and end caps are securely fastened; Due care and attention should be taken when loading tubulars to avoid damage to slings; Prepare the landing site to enable the bundles to be landed without crushing the slings; Use dunnage between bundles to prevent wire slings being compressed; Do not stack bundles above head height where possible; Do not stack bundles near walkways or passages; Do not stack bundles near walkways or passages; Extreme care must be exercised after bundles have been in transit (grips may have slipped

etc); Prior to making any hoists, the release of rigging should be considered. Precautions are

required to prevent personnel from being trapped between tubulars during release of rigging. Never: Sling tubes of different diameters; Sling a mixture of tubulars, angle, flat bar etc.; Tighten the choke by hammering as this will increase the effective sling angle thus weakening

the sling.


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15.2 Handling of casings or drill pipes by forklift trucks For frequent handling of casings or drill pipes (e.g. rig facilities, pipe handling workshops etc) a so called pipe/load clamp device shall be installed to avoid fall out of pipes during driving or an emergency stop. An instruction manual for the pipe/load clamp device – forklift truck combination shall be available at all times.

The distance between choked wraps on bundle is less than sling suspended lenth

Bulldog grip: prevents release of energy on lowering

Large Tie Wrap - prevents sling eye jumping grip

Same diameter and similar lenth of casings in one bundle!

Always uneven number of casings in bundle


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15.3 Transportation Transportation frames are considered best practice for chrome casings to avoid/reduce body

to body contact When transporting tubulars they should, wherever possible, be “butted up” to trailers with

steel headboards and not exceed the height of the headboard In preparing tubulars for transportation it is good practice to pick up the tubing bundle for a

second time to see if more slack can be taken out using clamps or bulldog clips.

15.4 Storage Tubular ‘stacks’ should be segregated by pipe posts; The bottom stow of tubulars should be individually ‘chocked’ or secured by other mechanical

means to stop movement.

15.5 Handling drill-pipes aboard drilling platforms The use of synthetic slings and spring loaded hooks are banned from this operation; When picking up singles of drill pipe, either use a hoisting cap with a shackle installed in the

eye or bail or use an appropriate joint elevator under the tool-joint-box. The tugger-line should have a swivel fitted;

When using the shackles, maintain all precautions to ensure that they are secured at each hoist;

Pipe handling in the drilling area to and from deck shall be carried out in accordance with local procedures;

Only personnel who are cleared by the operational responsible person can be present in the drilling area;

When handling tubulars with the claw or magnet, the work area shall be barriered off and no personnel shall be in the vicinity. When barrier off the area, special attention shall be given to the fact that tubulars can slip out and represent a hazard for surrounding areas;

If lifting and hoisting appliances are located in an area with a good overview, and there are no blind hoists involved, the lifting and hoisting appliance operator can carry out the operation alone through dealing with the slinger and signaller/banksman’s tasks;

A local procedure shall be in place for the number and type of tubulars that can be lifted safely in one bundle;

Before commencing the operation, the lifting and hoisting appliance operator shall make sure that the correct gripping arrangement has been selected and that the claw or magnet is in the correct position and is correctly secured to the load;

The crane path shall be free of obstacles and supply cables shall run freely; The operator shall ensure that the lifting and hoisting appliance and guiding device are

coordinated;

15.6 Pipe handler or tubular handler cranes The pipe handler or tubular handler cranes are used mainly for handling tubulars. The use of a pipe handler is restricted to pipe handling operations within the confines of the pipe deck, using a grab in accordance to the instruction manual. Suitable grabs shall be used for the diameter of tubular being lifted or hoisted. Depending on the outer diameter of the tubular being lifted or hoisted the grabs must be set appropriately in order for the correct force to be applied to the outer diameter of the tubular in order to prevent the tubular slipping whilst being lifted or hoisted. Only single stands to be carried out by the pipe handler. References and further information: Best Practice Guide to Handling Tubulars. Prospect: Step change in safety. UKOOA Guidelines for the safe packing and handling of cargo to and from offshore locations.


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16 Handling of scaffolding material and boards

16.1 Load carrier Where practically possible, scaffolding material and boards should be transported, lifted and hoisted in dedicated load carriers. For hoisting operations to and from vessels, scaffolding material and boards shall always be transported in a dedicated load carrier. The load carrier should be in the form of a container (i.e. basket) or frame of suitable design and comply with regulations and accepted standards: Offshore: an applicable international standard for offshore containers; Onshore: the European Machinery Directive.

16.2 Slinging When moving scaffolding material and boards whereby a suitable load carrier cannot be used, the following general guidelines for slinging should be followed: Always keep scaffold boards and scaffold tubulars in separate bundles. It is not allowed to

bundle scaffolding boards and scaffolding tubulars together in one bundle; Polypropylene, polyester or nylon ratchet straps shall be used to make bundles and to prevent

slipping; The slings shall be wrapped round twice and choked around the load. The slings should be

choked in the same direction. Appropriate rope grips/clamps and tie-wraps shall also be applied to ensure the security of the slinging arrangement;

The slings ideally should be positioned at equal distance, approximately 25% (of the total length) in from either end of the bundles;

In order to prevent single boards or single tubulars falling out of the bundle, do not bundle different lengths of boards or different length of tubulars together. Make separate bundles of tubulars all having the same length and separate bundles of boards all having the same length;

Other associated equipment, e.g. clips, clamps, swivels etc. should be sacked or containerised and never be allowed to be hoisted on top of a bundle;

Whenever possible, transit path of taglines should be confirmed clear, before lifting and hoisting operation starts;

Taglines shall be closely monitored during lifting and hoisting operations and prevented from snagging.


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17 Transit slings

17.1 Introduction Transit slings are those used only for the transportation of equipment to and from offshore installations (e.g. offloading and back loading of drilling tubulars) and onshore sites and should only be used for this purpose. Transit slings shall not be used for general lifting purposes, as they are not part of the installation’s lifting equipment. Transit slings must be removed from the equipment, to which they are attached as soon as practicable, placed in a designated quarantined storage area and returned. A formal system is required to manage the use of transit slings to ensure that they comply with all relevant legislation and can be identified. Transit slings shall be of wire rope manufacture.

17.2 The use of transit slings Transit slings will be utilised for one operation only. The criteria for one operation offshore consists of:

1. The transportation of the pre-slung load to the installation; 2. The hoisting of the pre-slung load onto the platform deck with the use of the platform

pedestal crane; 3. The lifting of the pre-slung load on the platform deck with the platform pedestal crane

providing that the bulldog grips/restraints have never been disturbed or removed; Once any part of the original transit slinging method has been removed e.g. the bulldog clips,

cable ties etc., then this is the end of the “one operation” criteria; If the originally installed transit slinging method on any bundle of drilling tubulars has not been

removed or disturbed, then the transit slings can be utilised for a crane hoisting operation back down to a supply vessel. Prior to the hoisting operation commencing, a trial lift shall be conducted, and a visual inspection on the available section of the sling shall be carried out as far as reasonably practicable to ensure the integrity of the slings;

Once the transit slings have been released from their original pre-slung configuration, then the transit slings shall not be used under any circumstances to undertake platform lifts of any nature;

Once the transit slings have been removed from the load, the transit slings shall be quarantined, back loaded or disposed of following the appropriate methods and procedures;

In the event of transit slings being required for back loading purposes, then the appropriate transit slings should be requested from onshore along with the bulldog grips, cable ties etc. and then be installed by competent personnel prior to the lifting operation commencing.

17.3 Plastic coated transit slings Plastic coated transit slings may be used for transporting easily damaged items, subject to thorough risk assessment, which must take into account seasonal factors, such as low temperature cracking of plastic sheathing. These slings must be subject to the same restrictions for use and controls as normal transit slings.

17.4 Never use a synthetic sling as transit sling Synthetic slings shall never be used as transit slings. A synthetic sling, that arrives as transit sling, pre-slung by the supplier, shall not be used. References and further information: UKOOA Guidelines for the safe packing and handling of cargo to and from offshore locations.


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18 The safe use of Flexible Intermediate Bulk Containers

18.1 General An FIBC is a flexible container, sometimes called a “big bag” or “bulk bag”, with a capacity up to 3 cubic metres, carrying loads from half tonne to 2 tonnes. FIBC’s are suitable for any free-flowing material in powder, granular or flake form. They are lifted from above by conventional handling equipment such as forklift trucks and cranes. For safety reasons and liabilities every FIBC should meet or exceed the standards recommended by the European Flexible Intermediate Bulk Container Association (EFIBCA). Relevant EFIBCA test standards being: EFIBCA 005 Safety Factor 5:1; single trip. For one filling only and not reusable. EFIBCA 004 Safety Factor 6:1; standard duty. Semi reusable for a limited number of fillings and discharges. An FIBC of this

category cannot be reused if damaged. EFIBCA 003 Safety Factor 8:1; heavy duty. Multi trip and reusable. It is recommended that all FIBC’s meet the following standard: NEN-EN-ISO 21898:2005. FIBC’s shall never be used for the transportation of anything other than the cargo for which they were designed. FIBC’s for repeated use shall be documented, checked and inspected regularly as hoisting equipment.

18.2 Certificates, labelling and marking All bulk containers must be tested and certificated by an EFIBCA accredited test house. The certificate data must be mentioned on a label, which forms an integral part of the FIBC and is sewn in the FIBC. The label must contain the following information: Manufacturers name and address; Month and year of manufacture; Type of Bag i.e. “Cross Corner Four Loop”; Test standard; Test certificate date and number; FIBC Class, depending on the Safety Factor; Safety factor; Working Load Limit, WLL.

Typical FIBC label


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18.3 Hoisting and carrying FIBC’s FIBC’s shall be handled in accordance with the manufactures instructions, which are highlighted on the FIBC label. Before handling one shall check the general condition for structural damage or disintegrating marks possibly caused by environmental conditions or exposure to UV radiation from the sun. Any bag that shows any sign of wear or damage on any of the hoisting loops shall never be hoisted.

18.3.1 Hoisting with cranes or hoists

The hooks, spreader bars or other devices used for hoisting should have rounded edges and/or protective covers. Safety hooks with an integrated safety latch shall be used to prevent the hook from accidentally slipping off the loop. Hooks should have a sufficiently large radius to prevent squeezing the loop. When the FIBC is suspended, the loops must be vertical, or at a maximum angle as allowed by the instructions on the label, without any twists or knots.

18.3.2 Hoisting with forklift trucks

When hoisting FIBC’s with a forklift truck, be sure that the forklift tines are spaced correctly. All hoisting loops, sleeves or other hoisting devices should be vertical, so that no lateral forces will be created in the FIBC. Be sure that the hoisting loops are not twisted. Forklift tines should have rounded edges and/or being provided with protective covers in order to avoid damage to the hoisting loops. FIBC’s should be raised or lowered smoothly.

18.3.3 Horizontal carrying of FIBC’s with forklift trucks

The forklift truck must be suitable for the load to be carried. When travelling with a FIBC hanging from the forklift tines, there is an increased danger of the truck becoming unstable. The FIBC should be held close to the mast and as low as possible with the mast tilted slightly backwards. Make sure that the wheels of the truck will not damage the FIBC body. The load should not restrict the view of the driver.


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FIBC’s must not be dragged. The truck should be brought to a stop before the FIBC is raised or lowered.

18.4 Stacking and storage of filled FIBC’s When stacking filled FIBC’s 2 or more high, every effort should be made to ensure that the stack is stable. Where possible, the stack should be formed against at least 2 retaining walls, preferably 3, to achieve maximum stability. Generally, the higher the stack, the greater the number of retaining walls required. Where only free stacking is possible, a pyramid method should be used FIBC’s should not be pushed into a stack as this can cause damage to the sides or the back of the FIBC. If FIBC’s are stored outside, attention should be paid to the top closure. Be sure the top closure is properly tied off. FIBC’s should be covered with waterproof, U.V. protected material to avoid water collecting on top of the FIBC and to prevent damage from sunlight. Be sure FIBC’s are not standing in water and stored on proper and even surface.

18.5 Using FIBC’s in an offshore environment Although not the preferred method, occasions can arise that using FIBC’s is the preferred method of transporting loads to and from an offshore installation. The preferred method for transporting FIBC’s to an offshore installation is by means of a Cargo Carrying Unit.

Using FIBC’s in an offshore environment is only allowed under the following strict conditions: FIBC’s to be ordered from a FIBCA member and only after consultation of the manufacturer

and being advised on the FIBC to be used, given the specific application. Only FIBC’s in accordance with EFIBCA Standard 005 with a safety factor 5:1 shall be used. To be sure that weather or sunlight had no negative influence on quality and strength, only

new FIBC’s shall be used from a recent production batch. FIBC’s to be used for a single trip only. Single trip meaning: from filling point to supply base,

from base to supply vessel, from supply vessel to offshore installation. FIBC’s shall be used to a maximum of 66,6% of their Safe Working Load in order to overcome

dynamic forces in the offshore environment. References and further information: Can be obtained from the Flexible Intermediate Bulk Container Association, FIBCA at

www.fibca.com NEN-EN-ISO 21898:2005. Flexible Intermediate Bulk Containers for non-dangerous goods.

http://www.fibca.com/


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19 The safe use of chain blocks and chain lever hoists

19.1 Introduction This practical guidance is of a general nature only, covering the main points for the safe use of chain blocks and chain lever hoists. This guideline does not address the design and manufacturing standard. Generally the liability is on the manufacturer and/or supplier of equipment to ensure that its product is fit and safe for the intended purpose. The following information shall be provided to the end user: Instructions for use, setting out at least the following particulars:

The intended use; The limits of use, including the W.L.L. (Working Load Limit); Instructions for assembly; General-purpose instructions for the safe use of the equipment; Any limitations on the use or special requirements for use in hazardous conditions; A statement regarding the potential for light load failure; Maintenance instructions.

A copy of the thorough examination report. Instructions for use at all times pre dominate any practical and general guidance for the safe use of lifting and hoisting equipment.

19.2 Important warnings Chain blocks and chain lever hoists are used extensively for lifting and hoisting operations. Their design characteristics allow for ease of transportation to site and require minimum set-up. As there has been a history of failures in the use of this equipment, everyone involved in the use of hoists should be aware of the following important warnings: 1. Chain blocks can only be used upright and should be used for vertical hoisting only. The pawl

of a chain block may not operate correctly if the chain block is used out of the vertical; 2. Only chain lever hoists can be used in another orientation than vertically. However always

check the instructions before use; 3. Avoid hoisting loads below 10% of the hoist’s capacity and never hoist loads below 5% of the

capacity, as the weight of the load may not be enough to activate the friction brake; 4. Always read and follow the instructions for use issued by the manufacturer or supplier. There

might be important warnings in the instructions.

19.3 Selecting the correct hoist Chain blocks and chain lever hoists are available in a range of capacities and with various types of suspension. When planning hoisting operations, select the hoist to be used taking the following into account: The required Working Load Limit to suit the load to be hoisted. Should the load be of unknown

weight, a calculation should be carried out to determine the weight, a percentage added for error and a selection then made;

Minimum “drawn-up” dimensions as lack of headroom are often a problem in confined spaces. This dimension varies with different manufacturers and or models and may well influence the selection of the hoist;

Height of the hoisting operations. Chain blocks normally have a standard 3-metre height of operation, but can be produced for practically any height required. Chain lever hoists normally have 1,5 metres height of operation, but again can be delivered with longer chains to suit the operational requirements;

Type of suspension available and going to be used: hook, fixed pad eye on beam clamp, trolley etc.


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19.4 Pre-use checks The Shell UIO Operational Standard for lifting and hoisting is configured in such a way, that all applicable rules, regulations and requirements for lifting and hoisting equipment can be found in one Chapter, we kindly revert to Chapter 8 of the mentioned Standard. Before using chain blocks and chain lever hoists, it is the responsibility of the lifting and hoisting team performing the hoisting operations to ensure the hoist is in working order and safe to operate. The following pre-use checks should be made: Is the Working Load Limit adequate for the load; Is the hoist tagged or marked with:

Working Load Limit; A unique identification number; A valid certification date.

Suspension hook and load hook. Ensure hook safety latch is fitted and functions correctly and the swivel operates without restriction. Check also for obvious opening-out of either the load hook or the suspension hook;

Check load chain for distortion, corrosion and any other form of damage. The chain linkage should all appear to be in a straight line. If the chain gives the appearance of having a “spiral” the hoist has been overloaded whilst the chain was twisted;

Check end stop being fitted on chain lever hoist and dead end being connected on the chain block;

Check for build-up dirt in the pocket wheel; Check for correct operation of the selection lever on the lever hoist and the chain wheel on the

chain block; When spinning the chain wheel or operating the lever, the ratchet should sound crisp; Body assembly should show no signs of misuse, cracked casings, loose bolts or other damage;

Chain lever hoist pre-use checks Chain block pre-use checks

19.5 Installing and commissioning of hoists At all times follow any specific installation instructions issued by the manufacturer or supplier. When installing hoists it is essential to ensure that the structure from which it is suspended is adequate for the load it is intended to carry. This load should include the weight of the hoist itself together with any attachments such as slings, shackles, trolley etc.


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Runway beams and pad eyes should clearly be marked with Working Load Limit, identification number and a valid certification date. When using a hook suspended hoist, the top hook should be attached to its support in such a manner that the support fits freely into the seat of the hook and does not exert any side thrust upon the point. For trolley suspension, ensure the trolley is correctly set for the beam width. After installation a check should be made to ensure that the hand and load chains hang freely and are not twisted or knotted. In particular, special care should be taken with multi-fall blocks to ensure that the bottom block has not been turned over between the falls of chain imparting a twist to the load chain. If this has occurred the bottom block should be turned back until the twist is removed. The length of the load chain should be checked to ensure that the bottom hook will reach the lowest position required without the load chain running fully out. If the load chain is permitted to run fully out, unacceptable stress may be placed on the slack end anchorage or end stop, not being a true load bearing component.

19.6 Operating chain blocks and chain lever hoists safely All personnel involved in hoisting operations for which chain blocks and chain lever hoists are used, shall be adequately trained and competent for their job. They shall understand the use of the equipment, adopt safe slinging practices and follow the instructions for the safe use of the equipment at all times. The Shell UIO Operational Standard for lifting and hoisting is configured in such a way, that all requirements for training and education of personnel involved in lifting and hoisting operations can be found in one Chapter, we kindly revert to Chapter 9 of the mentioned Standard. Check the load is free to move (not welded or bolted down) before commencing the hoisting operation and that the landing area has been prepared. Check the travel path is clear and that you have a clear view so as to avoid accidental hook engagement or collision. Raise the load just clear, and then halt the operation to check the integrity of the hoist and the slinging method. When operating hoists, ensure that the hoist operates smoothly and easily and with a distinctive ratchet “clicking” sound. If it requires excessive force to operate the hoist, stop hoisting operations and investigate. A hoist should always operate smoothly and easily; it is designed for one-man operation. Keep fingers and toes clear when lowering loads.

19.6.1 Always:

Position the hoist directly above the centre of gravity of the load; Ensure the load rigging seats correctly in the bowl of the bottom of the hook and allows the

safety latch to close; Ensure the load is correctly balanced; Ensure all restrictions have been removed, such as hold-down bolts etc.


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19.6.2 Never:

Load the tips of the hook; Use the load chain as a sling, that means never wrap the load chain around items to be hoisted

and hooked back on itself; Incorrect use of hook and load chain Correct slinging method Travel a load above personnel; Use excessive force on the hand chain or operating lever as this would result in overloading the

hoist; Use an extension pipe on the lever for extra moment. Leave a suspended load unattended without back-up rigging; legally this is not permitted; Exceed the Working Load Limit; Use a chain lever hoist in a dynamic hoisting application; the changing loading may cause the

hoist to fail or slip.


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19.6.3 Use of multiple lever hoists to share the load

When using more than one chain block or chain lever hoist, each individual hoist unit should be rated to a capacity of at least 100% of the load. Any operation involving the transfer of the load from one hoist to another should be categorized as “non routine – complicated” operations. Planning and control measures for this category, including defined procedures and drawings or sketches, need to be in place. If two or more lever hoists are used to share the load during hoisting operations, careful consideration of the operation is necessary as there is the potential to overload one of the hoists (beyond the working load limit) or under load one of the hoists (below 10% of the working load limit).

19.6.4 Use of static rigging or multiple rigging points to avoid single point failure

Where a lever hoist introduces a single point failure into a hoisting arrangement, the use of static rigging or some other means to eliminate the potential single point failure should be considered. This is particularly important if a load is to be suspended on a lever hoist for an extended period. The need for additional backup rigging should be identified as part of the “Lift Plan” and risk assessment.

19.7 Storing, handling and in-service maintenance After use, thoroughly clean the hoist; remove any rubbish, which may have become attached

to the chain preservative and check for abnormalities. Never return damaged or defective hoists to storage. Secure hoisting chain to avoid chain lying on the ground when hoist is hung in rigging loft. Spray load hook and chain with WD40 or equivalent while taking care not to contaminate

brake mechanism. Store hoists hung from the suspension hook with the chains raised clear of the ground. Hoists should not be dropped, thrown or dragged across the floor. Follow any specific maintenance instructions issued by the supplier but in particular keep load

chains lubricated and free of debris. Check the operation of the brake. Brakes must be kept free of oil, grease etc. Never replace the load chain with a longer one without consulting the supplier. Regularly inspect the hoists and, in the event of the following defects, refer the hoist to an

approved workshop for thorough examination: wear; damage to hooks and fittings; damage or distortion to slack end stop; chains worn, bent, notched, stretched, cracked, corroded, do not hang freely, twisted or jump; load slips or will not hoist; damaged hoist casing; bent or cracked operating lever; illegible markings.

Never expose hoists to chemicals, particularly acids, without consulting the supplier. Never allow oil or grease to come into contact with the brake. Consult the supplier if the lever hoist is to be used in areas of high risk, exposed to the

elements, water, steam etc, with hazardous substances, e.g. acids or chemicals, or subjected to extremes of temperature.

19.8 Pneumatic hoists Should the hoist be air powered, ensure an air service unit (filter, lubricator and regulator) is fitted to set the air supply at the correct pressure and prevent contamination of the air motor. Function test the hoist through its entire hoisting height and check the operation of the over-hoisting limits before starting the actual hoisting operations. Check the controls and ensure the operating buttons and levers are not sticky and that they return to neutral on release. In extreme cold weather conditions a de-icing agent may be introduced via the lubricator to prevent the air motor freezing. Check and follow the instructions for the safe use of the equipment at all times.


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Make sure that the connecting hoses and fittings are fit for purpose with an approved type of coupling.

19.9 The use of hoists underwater Occasions sometimes arise where hoists are required to be operated underwater by divers. The harsh conditions experienced at sub-sea worksites undoubtedly will have an adverse effect on any lever hoist used in that environment. The salt-water conditions may accelerate the corrosion within the unit, the immersion in water may wash grease from internal parts and particles suspended in the water can affect the ability of the brake to hold the load. Because of the extreme operating conditions the following additional points should be considered when selecting a chain lever hoist specifically for sub-sea use: Care has to be taken when selecting hoists for this purpose, as not all hoists are suitable due to

the material of their brake discs. The hoist model shall be clearly identified as suitable for subsea use by the manufacturer as

per instructions for use or after consulting the relevant manufacturer and written confirmation of the suitability of their equipment.

Introduction of a system of marking chain lever hoists that have been specified and procured for use sub-sea, clearly identifying them and differentiating them from other chain lever hoists that may be present at the worksite;

Hoists used underwater should, on completion of the job, be returned to an approved workshop and be completely stripped, purged of salt water, re-lubricated, re-assembled and tested prior to further use.

19.9.1 Immersion policy

To avoid deterioration of the lever hoist during use sub-sea a single immersion policy should be implemented. Each lever hoist should only be submerged once and this immersion should have a specified maximum time limit. A chain lever hoist should not normally be submerged a second time until it has been inspected, serviced and tested by a suitably qualified person. Pre-planning of the work should be done with the single immersion policy in mind and the need to re-use a lever hoist that has been sub-sea without first servicing and testing it should be eliminated. References and further information. IMCA publication D028 Rev.1 February 2008: Guidance on the use of chain lever hoists in the

offshore sub-sea environment.


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20 Working with forklift trucks

20.1 Forklift trucks – scope for this practical guideline This practical guidance covers the most important aspects for the safe use of and operation with forklift trucks. It includes the safe operation of different types of trucks, such as, but not limited to: Counterbalanced forklift trucks; Reach trucks; Side Loaders; Transportable forklift trucks; Rough Terrain forklift trucks; Pedestrian controlled forklift trucks.

20.2 General safety considerations Forklift trucks feature prominently in workplace accidents. Even if people are not injured in forklift truck accidents there is often damage to buildings, storage systems or stock. The main causes of forklift truck accidents are: lack of operator training; inadequate premises; poor forklift truck maintenance It is the responsibility of management to assess forklift truck operations and ensure that safe systems of work are implemented and maintained. Subsequent responsibilities for safe use will also lie with line managers, supervisors and operators.

20.3 Checking the forklift truck Checking, inspecting, maintaining and examining shall be done strictly in accordance with: 1) the instruction manual that shall be available for each forklift truck. 2) local legislation. As a general guidance, the operator is responsible for daily maintenance and pre-use inspections. The owner of the forklift truck is responsible for routine maintenance, inspections and thorough examination.

20.3.1 Pre-use specific checks for forklift trucks

In order to demonstrate the operational readiness, the following type of checks shall be completed before the Forklift truck is used, each day: Fork arms No cracks or distortion, evenly spaced on carriage plate and clips

engaged. No temporary fixes installed; Load chart Clear load chart available Carriage plate No obvious damage, end stops secure; Back rest Load backrest extension secure and not damaged or distorted; Mast No damage distortion or cracks. Inner channels or runners reasonably

clean and smooth; Lift chain Free from damage or rust. All pins in place; Hydraulics No damage or leakage from any point. Wheels Undamaged. All nuts tight; Tyres No excessive wear, cuts or foreign bodies. If pneumatic, tyre pressure

correct; Lights, indicators All functioning; Horn, acoustic signals Clearly audible; Mast controls Lower-lift, tilt and side shift operating properly; Hand – parking brake Strong enough to prevent truck being driven; Driving – service brake work properly in both directions in both directions when tested

slowly; Fuel – power Adequate for shift; if LPG, cylinder secure and hoses OK;


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Levels Coolant and engine oil levels correct. If electrical, check battery water level;

Steering Works properly in both directions at standstill and when moving; Safety belt Working properly; Tidiness Cabin clean and no debris in the mudguards or lifting mechanism. Inspection and testing Shall be within the inspection and examination intervals as per

applicable regulations. It is recommended, as good industry practice, to provide each forklift truck with a checklist for the pre-use inspections. The operator can use the checklist by simply “ticking” the checklist. If controls do not operate properly, the operator is responsible for notifying the supervisor. Repairs and adjustments shall be made before operations begin.

20.3.2 Maintenance, inspection and thorough examination

The Shell UIO Operational Standard for lifting and hoisting is configured in such a way, that all applicable rules, regulations and requirements for lifting and hoisting equipment can be found in one Chapter, we kindly revert to Chapter 8 of the mentioned Standard.

20.4 Forklift truck operators The Shell UIO Operational Standard for lifting and hoisting is configured in such a way, that all requirements for training and education of personnel involved in lifting and hoisting operations can be found in one Chapter, we kindly revert to Chapter 9 of the mentioned Standard.

20.5 Basic forklift truck driving rules Forklift trucks shall only be used to lift loads within the capacity range as shown on the load chart. All loads shall be correctly placed and/or secured on the forks to avoid tipping forwards or sideways. Wherever possible, forklift trucks shall be driven with the forks in the lowered position and with the mast slightly tilted back, with care taken to avoid scraping the fork heels on the ground/deck. Movement with loads in excessively raised positions is not allowed and shall be avoided to minimise the danger of toppling, especially on uneven surfaces and while cornering. Exemptions are to position the forklift trucks for an unloading position. forklift trucks shall only be used for loads, which can be carried safely on the forks. Non-standard, unpackaged and excessively wide loads shall be avoided wherever possible. In particular, long tubes shall be carried using appropriate attachments. Forklift truck operators shall strictly adhere to the following basic driving rules: Do not start or operate the truck from any place other than from the Operators position; Wear seat belts while operating their vehicles, also when cabin doors are closed; Keep all parts of the body inside the operator compartment during operations; Obey site traffic regulations; Driving at a speed appropriate to the existing circumstances (space, load, lighting, surface

conditions, etc.) and at or below posted limits; Rapid acceleration, hard braking and sharp cornering which increase the risk of load tipping

shall be avoided; Ensure other personnel are not in the swing radius prior to performing turning manoeuvres; Sound the horn when approaching cross aisles, doorways and other locations where

pedestrians shall step into the path of truck travel; Verify sufficient headroom under overhead installations, lights, wiring, pipes, sprinkler systems

etc; Ensure driving on suitable surfaces. Road humps, drains and rough or soft surfaces, shall be

avoided; Movement with loads in excessively raised positions shall be avoided to minimise the danger

of toppling, especially on uneven surfaces and while cornering;


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Only moving with a raised load at a creep speed. And only whilst stacking or un-stacking; Stacking and un-stacking on inclines shall never be attempted; Normal travel is with the forks 100 - 150mm above the ground; Looking in the direction they are travelling. Travelling in a direction in which they have a clear

view, or using a trained signaller/banksman or guide. So counterbalanced trucks go backwards if the load obstructs vision (but when going uphill on a slope with a bulky load, travelling forwards but with help from a guide);

Never going across sloping ground, only up or down; When travelling on a slope when loaded, with the load uphill; When travelling on a slope when unloaded, with the forks downhill; Never lifting anyone on the forks or on a pallet; Never carrying passengers;

Care shall be taken at all times during operations to avoid pedestrians, other vehicles and hazards within their area of operations. Operators shall only drive in areas where they are authorised to do so. Forklift trucks shall only be used in areas where there is enough room for their safe operation. Particular care shall be taken to ensure that forklift trucks used in aisles have enough room to circulate and manoeuvre either loaded or empty. Sharp bends and overhead obstructions shall be avoided as far as possible. Special care shall be taken to avoid hazards such as loading bays, excavations, columns, pipe-work, racking and other plant. Forklift trucks shall not be operated on excessive gradients.


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20.6 Lifting and transporting of personnel Primarily, forklift trucks are intended for lifting materials and not people. Operators shall not carry passengers anywhere on the forklift truck. Legislation places a duty on employers to select the most suitable work equipment for the task to be carried out regardless of the duration of the task. Forklift trucks are never allowed for people to work at height.

20.7 Use of forklift truck attachments Forklift truck attachments are available in a very wide variety to extend the reach, clamp a barrel, act as hoist, lift odd shaped items and mainly consist of specially designed equipment: Hoist and hook attachments; Forklift extensions; Mounted attachments; Boom attachments; Forklift truck platforms; Forklift truck hoppers; Drum carriers and rotators; Etc., etc. etc. Always keep in mind, that a forklift truck is primarily intended for the lifting of loads by means of the forks instead of hoisting the load! Attachments almost always affect rated capacity of the forklift truck. When a forklift truck is equipped with an attachment, the rated capacity of the forklift truck-attachment combination shall be established by the manufacturer. Capacity, operation, maintenance and instruction plates, tags and a full user’s manual for the forklift truck – attachment combination shall be available at all times! Based on rules and regulations, the use of “after market” attachments to forklift trucks is not allowed, unless there is a clear and written approval from the manufacturer by means of the EC declaration of conformity and the users instructions.

20.8 Handling of casings or drill pipes For frequent handling of casings or drill pipes (e.g. rig facilities, pipe handling workshops etc) a so called pipe/load clamp device shall be installed to avoid fall out of pipes during driving or an emergency stop. An instruction manual for the pipe/load clamp device – forklift truck combination shall be available at all times. Only pipes with a similar length shall be loaded.


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20.9 Layout and maintenance of the workplace The layout and maintenance of the premises should be given the right attention to avoid incidents. Protection of personnel should be achieved by consideration of the following measures: Segregation of pedestrians from vehicles (barriers, marking of routes, warning devices); Audible warning devices on forklift trucks, e.g. horn, reversing bleeper; Flashing beacons on forklift trucks; High visibility clothing; Wearing of Personal Protective Equipment e.g. hard hats and safety boots; Roadways and aisles etc. should have sufficient width and overhead clearance (for loaded

forklift trucks and for forklift trucks passing each other if necessary); road humps should be avoided; consideration could be given to a 1-way system if warranted; adequate lighting is essential;

Pedestrians should be prohibited where possible, or risks assessed and controlled by the use of signs or barriers that are clearly marked;

Edges of loading bays etc. should be clearly marked or, where possible, fitted with barriers; Avoidance of sharp bends, obstructions, etc.; Warning devices, mirrors etc. may be needed where barriers cannot be used; Structural features should be identified, marked and protected (e.g. with impact barriers); Ceilings, lighting fittings, ductwork etc overhead can be struck by a raised load if the operator

is careless. It may be worth getting an engineer to adjust the maximum operating height to avoid this risk;

Not working with diesel powered forklift trucks in closed areas; Driving with unauthorised forklift trucks in areas classified as hazardous locations.

20.10 Use on public roads Even if operators possesses a forklift truck training certificate, they must also have an ordinary driving license if they are to take their truck onto the public road to unload a lorry or move goods to an adjacent building. Driving forklifts trucks on public roads shall be kept to a minimum. When public road travel is necessary, fork arms should possibly be removed, folded or protected in some way so that they do not present a hazard to other road users. Where this is not possible, forks shall be painted or otherwise made highly visible.

20.11 Rough terrain operating conditions The operation of rough terrain forklift trucks involves special hazards, which require additional care and consideration: Care shall be taken at all times to ensure that traction is retained. Loss of traction due to the

nature of the terrain or weight transfer taking load off the driving wheels is to be avoided; Care shall be taken and speeds minimised to reduce the risk of load toppling caused by the

imbalance induced when operating on rough terrain; Operators shall ensure that the parking brake is capable of holding the forklift truck stationary

on an incline. (Some rough terrain vehicles are capable of climbing inclines steeper than those on which the parking brake will hold the vehicle);

Checks for overhead obstructions shall be made before lifting and transporting loads; Special care shall be taken near power lines and other materials handling vehicles such as

mobile cranes.


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20.12 Parking When unattended, forklift trucks shall be left with the fork arms tilted forward and lowered to rest on the ground/deck. The engine shall be switched off, the key removed and the hand-brake applied. Keys shall be kept in a secure place and only issued to authorised operators for the duration of the duty period or task. forklift trucks shall never be parked on a slope. When not in use, forklift trucks shall be parked in secure or supervised areas, to prevent access, by unauthorised personnel. When parked they should not block access to fire aisles, stairways, or fire equipment. When parking at the end of a shift, make sure the forklift truck is tidy, with a clean cabin, without debris in the mudguards or lifting mechanism and full with LPG or diesel for LPG and diesel powered trucks.


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21 Hoisting personnel with a crane, using a suspended basket

21.1 Introduction and scope Cranes are designed for the hoisting of loads and not people. The hoisting of persons with machines not designed for that purpose is dealt with in European Directive 2009/104/EC, use of work equipment, in annex II, article 3.1.2, which prescribes: “Persons may be lifted only by means of work equipment and accessories provided for this purpose” Work equipment which is not specifically designed for the purpose of hoisting persons may be used to this effect, provided appropriate action has been taken to ensure safety in accordance with national legislation and/or practice laying down appropriate supervision. This practical guidance applies to the hoisting of personnel by means of a suspended basket using cranes. This practical guidance does not apply to: suspended baskets on lifting appliances (e.g. forklift trucks); lifts for crane drivers; moveable cabins; manriding; personnel/freight elevators; helicopter hoisting; medical evacuation; specialist rope access activities.

21.2 Definition A suspended basket is a device fitted out for the transportation of persons to a workplace at height by attaching the suspended basket using its own hoisting accessories to a hoisting installation (crane). According EN 14502-1 equipment for the hoisting of persons part1,. the definition of a suspended basket is: “arrangement designed for the lifting of persons by a crane”.

21.3 General safety considerations Local legislation and regulations will prevail above this guidance if not documented in this guidance. The use of personnel suspended basket is an operation that poses more risks that normal due to the combination of a fall hazard, instability (swinging) of the workplace and the danger of becoming

trapped during hoisting, and it may only be used on its own. In principle, the use of a personnel suspended basket with hoisting equipment is not allowed and it may only be used in exceptional circumstances, and then only under strict conditions. Because other solutions, such as using a mobile elevating working platform, are always possible, the use of work baskets for working at height on lifting appliances such as forklift trucks are not permitted.

21.4 Deciding to use a suspended basket Using a suspended basket on a hoisting device is only allowed if a risk assessment has clearly demonstrated that there is not a more appropriate, safer alternative readily available. A suspended basket on a hoisting device may only be used in the following situations: The use of any other means to get access to the workplace is impossible;


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The operations occur incidentally and have a very short duration (less than 4 hours). This includes operations that are only performed several times a year;

It concerns operations with an urgent nature whereby the delay required for installing more suitable equipment would cause greater risks than the risks connected with the work in a suspended basket;

It concerns short operations, where the use of more suitable equipment would result in unreasonable costs (a guideline here is a factor 5 with regard to crane and Mobile Elevating Working Platform tariffs). The point of departure for this decision should be the creation of a thorough task risk assessment, which looks into the costs of available alternatives;

The workplace cannot be reached using Mobile Elevating Working Platforms or scaffolding; In the event that a fall hazard of more than 1.8 metres is present, e.g. because it is not possible

to use platforms, scaffolding or other appliances for the activities, or because it is not possible to install collective protection, or during the assembly or disassembly of scaffolding, fall protection equipment must be used.

21.5 Planning and preparing for the safe use of a suspended basket Hoisting operations using a suspended basket shall always be categorized as “non routine – complicated” operations.

21.6 Equipment requirements The Shell UIO Operational Standard for lifting and hoisting is configured in such a way, that all applicable rules, regulations and requirements for lifting and hoisting equipment can be found in one Chapter, we kindly revert to Chapter 8 of the mentioned Standard.

21.6.1 Pre use inspection

Prior to initial use and at each new job site, all suspended baskets, hook, catch and fixed load hoisting attachment shall be inspected by a competent person to ensure that the equipment is free from defects and certified for use. Pre use inspections must be recorded and dated. These records must be kept by the Person In Charge for the duration of the personnel hoisting operation.

21.7 Hoisting Accessories Hooks used to hoist personnel must have an operable safety latch that can be closed or locked. Usage of a ball hook is never allowed if a visual inspection of the hook connection is not possible; see figure. When a wire rope sling set is used to connect the suspended basket, the slings must be connected to a master link or shackle so that the load is evenly positioned between the sling legs. Only safety bow shackles, with nut and safety pin as shown here after, may be used for this purpose.

Bow shackle screw pin

“D” shackle screw pin

Bow shackle round pin

Safety bow shackle Safety nut and pin


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Sling sets and associated hoisting accessories for attaching the suspended basket shall not be used for any other purpose. Rigging should be such that in the event of failure of a single sling or pad eye, the suspended basket will not tilt excessively.

21.8 Personnel involved The combination of the crane and the suspended basket shall only be operated by people trained in the safe use of the combination, including the operating procedures for egress in case of power supply failure or control failure. A crane driver shall always be present at the normal crane control station when the basket is occupied. During operation the employer shall not require the crane operator and signaller/banksman to do other work at the same time. During the operation they shall operate only one crane or direct one suspended basket.

21.9 Checklist Before starting the actual hoisting operation of the suspended basket a checklist shall be completed fully and adequately and shall be signed by the operator as well as the occupant(s) of the suspended basket. The appendix at the end of this practical guidance gives a recommended checklist. Comparable checklists used for the same purpose might be used. The checklist must be archived together with the other documents relevant to the activities (permit to work, risk assessment, specific plan and toolbox talk).

21.10 Additional requirements during operations with the suspended basket During the actual hoisting operations with a suspended basket, the following additional requirements are applicable: The crane’s maximum allowable load shall be:

o The weight of the maximum loaded suspended basket together with the basket itself shall never exceed 25% of the rated capacity of the mobile crane.

o The weight of the maximum loaded suspended basket together with the basket itself shall never exceed 50% of the rated capacity of the fixed (offshore) crane.

All movements should proceed gently with low speed; Unintended movement of the basket shall, where possible, be prevented e.g. by means of

guide ropes or anchoring; Suspended baskets shall not be used in wind in excess of 7 m/s (4 Beaufort), electric storms,

ice, snow, fog, sleet or other adverse weather conditions which could affect the safety of personnel;

Visible and audible communication shall exist between the persons in the basket and the crane driver at all times during the hoisting operations;

The required equipment necessary to perform an emergency rescue shall be available throughout the hoisting operation;

The basket shall be positioned on a firm surface during access and egress; The basket rated capacity shall not be exceeded; Persons in suspended baskets shall fasten their safety harness onto the anchorages provided; Occupants shall keep all parts of the body inside the suspended basket during raising, lowering

and positioning, to avoid pinch points; Tools and material carried by personnel shall be secured, in particular against displacement,

tipping and falling out; If suspended baskets are moved through openings, measures shall be taken against

entanglement and crushing risks.


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21.11 Appendix: Recommended checklist for using a suspended basket

To be used during performance of operations with a crane with a suspended basket.

Date :

Principal :

Name operator : Employed by :

Crane type :

Owner suspended basket : Number of basket :

Location operations :

Remarks :

Yes No

1. Is certificate of the work platform, slings, fastenings present?

2. 2 throwing lines approx. 25 metres present? (Optional)

3. 2 steering lines approx. 50 metres present? (Optional)

4. Communication:

Visual By radio

5. 1 items escape mask per person present? (Optional)

6. 1 items harness belt with short line per person present?

7. 2 items fire extinguishers present?( Hot work only)

8. Pre use inspection: is suspended basket in good condition?

9. Only work at height? (without getting out)

10. Crane not more than 25% of the workload? (50% for fixed crane)

11. Basket correctly secured? (secured against undesired weight loss)

12. Cable on winch correctly secured?

13. Hoisting cable on block correctly secured?

14. Hook in block correctly secured?

15. Master link of 4 legged sling correctly secured in hook? (secured against

undesired weight loss)

16. 4-legged sling correctly secured to the basket?

17. Safety harness belts are worn and secured?

18. Wind speed not in excess of 7 m/s (4 Beaufort)?

19. Entering/leaving takes place only on firm surface?

Use of the suspended basket without this obligatory inventory and check list is not allowed.

Name operator : Signature :

Name user(s) : Signature :

Dept. Transport : Name: Signature :


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22 Transfer of personnel by personnel carrier

22.1 Introduction and scope Cranes are designed for the hoisting of loads and not people. The hoisting of persons with machines not designed for that purpose is dealt with in European Directive 2009/104/EC, use of work equipment, in annex II, article 3.1.2, which prescribes: “Persons may be lifted only by means of work equipment and accessories provided for this purpose” Work equipment which is not specifically designed for the purpose of hoisting persons may be used to this effect, provided appropriate action has been taken to ensure safety in accordance with national legislation and/or practice laying down appropriate supervision. This practical guideline provides guidance on operations that involve the transfer of personnel to, from and around offshore installations by means of utilising suitable hoisting equipment and personnel carriers. They are intended to aid risk assessment and the development of appropriate procedures for the safe transfer of personnel using personnel transfer carriers. This guideline applies to both soft rope and rigid steel carriers but is not meant to favour any particular make of personnel transfer carrier. All means for personnel transfer have a unique hazard/risk profile and should be assessed separately, extending to the particular conditions on each occasion of use and the wishes of the personnel being transferred. This guideline specifically does not cover the following types of operations that use hoisting equipment and personnel carriers: Use of a crane with a suspended work basket or cage which is being used as a working

platform; Equipment used for manriding and personnel transfer operations in and around the drilling area; Rope access systems; Any form of emergency evacuation equipment, such as Man Overboard Boat or fast rescue

boat, and its associated handling facilities; Helicopter winching; Purpose designed machinery for hoisting persons such as powered access platforms (“cherry

pickers”), personnel traverse platforms etc.; Passenger lifts of all types; Any personnel transfer operations between ships using the ships work equipment.

22.2 Use of a personnel carrier Personnel transfer operations using hoisting equipment and personnel carriers should only be undertaken when the particular circumstances make it essential, and it is not reasonably practicable to transfer personnel by less hazardous means. The offshore installation manager (OIM) of an installation/MODU and/or the master of a vessel might decide to use a personnel transfer carrier for the transfer of people in cases where the use of other means of transferring people is impractical or less safe and where the requirements set out in these guidelines are followed. It is not allowed to use personnel carriers for the purpose of routine crew changes in the open sea when other methods of transfer are available. The normal method used to effect crew changes in the open stretches of the North Sea to/from vessels/installations/MODUs fitted with helidecks would be by helicopter transfer.


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22.3 Planning and preparing for the safe transfer of personnel Hoisting operations using a personnel transfer carrier shall always be categorized as “non routine – complicated” operations.

22.4 Risk Assessment. Before any transfer of personnel is undertaken using a personnel transfer carrier a risk assessment should be carried out by those knowledgeable in the use of personnel transfer carriers. The use of this type of transfer will depend on a number of factors including the necessity of the transfer and the prevailing environmental conditions. The following factors should be taken into consideration The necessity of the transfer; Alternatives available; The suitability of the vessel(s) to maintain station; The availability of sufficient clear space both at the embarkation and landing locations; The likely route of the carrier during transfer; Visibility; Sea-state and wind speed; The wind speed limitations of the crane to be used; The wishes of the persons being transferred. When carrying out the risk assessment, the hazards associated with the carrier transfer to be undertaken should be considered. The risks associated with each identified hazard should be assessed and appropriate risk reduction methods introduced to control the risks.

22.5 Responsibilities The duties of personnel in supervising or involved in the personnel carrier transfer should be clearly defined. The people likely to be involved are – the OIM of the installation/MODU (if appropriate), the master of the vessel involved in the transfer, the crane operator, the personnel being transferred, the deck operatives at both ends of the transfer, the standby vessel, and any other person nominated by the OIM or master to undertake specific duties. Transfer operations shall be conducted under the appropriate “permit to work” system.

22.6 Factors to be taken into account prior to transfer

22.6.1 General hoisting procedure

During transfer to/from an installation or vessel, it is good practice to minimise the height of the carrier above the deck (generally to a maximum of two metres) before swinging over the open sea. Consideration should also be given to restricting the height of the carrier above the open sea; this will be dependent on the prevailing sea sate.

22.6.2 Obstructions

Transfers should only take place when there is sufficient clear space at both the point of embarkation and the point of landing of the carrier. As part of the risk assessment, consideration should be given to the likely route of the carrier to minimise the risk of the personnel striking work equipment, structures, or other objects during the transfer. A permanent carrier transfer landing area could be considered.

22.6.3 Weather Conditions

It is important that the prevailing and forecast weather conditions are taken into account in planning the transfer operation. Factors to be considered are visibility, wind and sea state and other items as featured in the installation rescue and recovery plan. Companies should give guidance on the wind speed and the sea state tolerances. The wind speed limitation on crane operations should also be indicated. If transfer by carrier at night is necessary the transfer areas must be adequately illuminated.


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22.6.4 Suitability of vessel(s) involved in the transfer operation

The size, manoeuvrability and capability to maintain station of any vessel involved in the transfer operation should be considered. The vessels motion (pitch and roll) in the sea conditions (wave height, wave period) and speed should be taken into account when planning the transfer operation.

22.6.5 Hoisting equipment

The crane used in the transfer operation shall be adequate and suitable for hoisting persons. Freefall or non-powered lowering shall not be used during personnel carrier transfer operations. The crane’s maximum allowable load shall be not more than 50% of the weight of the transfer carrier with maximum load.

22.6.6 Rigging prior to transfer – pre use check

It is vital that the transfer carrier is correctly rigged onto the crane prior to transfer and the rigging is checked. The security of all shackles, safety slings and hooks should be checked. The crane hook pennant should be of sufficient length to keep the hook well clear of the personnel being transferred. Tag lines are often attached to the underside of the carrier to enable control of the swing when raising and lowering the carrier. Consideration needs to be given to the length/position of the tag lines to guard against the possibility of the tag lines becoming snagged.

22.6.7 Personnel carrier – maintenance/testing/inspection

The personnel carrier should be in good condition at the time of use and checked before use. The carrier should be marked with its working load limit (WLL). It should be appropriately certified with a current certificate of test and/or inspection. The carrier must not be operated beyond its safe working load. Procedures should be available setting out methods of maintenance and storage together with instructions related to inspection before use.

22.6.8 Training

Personnel being transferred should have sufficient instruction and training before the transfer takes place. They should be aware of the appropriate method of holding on during the transfer and how to disembark safely from the carrier on landing. If any persons are being transferred who have not previously been transferred by the means being used, then someone who is experienced should accompany them. The transfer of any person should only be undertaken with their agreement. No one should be transferred by personnel carrier against his or her wishes. A trained crane operator who has experience of transferring personnel by carrier transfer should operate the crane.

22.6.9 Communications

Radio communication should be established on an agreed radio frequency and maintained during the transfer operation. Radio communication needs to be established between the crane operator, and the persons in charge of the vessel/installation both to and from which the transfer is being undertaken. The crane operator should have a good view of the transfer areas, the personnel to be transferred and the signaller/banksman/deck officer at the two transfer locations.

22.6.10 Briefing prior to transfer

All participants involved in the transfer should be briefed prior to the transfer to ensure that the procedures to be followed are understood


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22.7 Additional requirements for transfer

22.7.1 Survival and Personal Protective Equipment

Depending on the geographical location of the transfer operation, personnel to be transferred should wear life jackets and other Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) suitable for the water temperature and sea conditions. Consideration should be given to the use of a suitable means of illumination for personnel during night transfers.

22.7.2 Procedure during transfer

The procedure to be followed will depend on the type of carrier being used. Personnel being transferred should follow the manufacturer’s instructions, taking into account any special precautions stipulated by the installation. The person in charge of the transfer must be familiar with the type of unit being used and should be satisfied that everyone is correctly positioned and ready for the transfer to commence. Procedures detailing the method to be used in moving the carrier (e.g. detailing height above deck, swinging over open sea) during transfer should be available.

22.7.3 Rescue arrangements

In the event of an emergency, arrangements should be in place for carrying out a rescue. Throughout the operation, a lifebuoy, boat hook, heaving line and any other appropriate accessories should be available for use in an emergency. Where an offshore installation (or MODU) is involved in the transfer operation, recovery arrangements should be made with the standby vessel, helicopter, or other rescue unit as appropriate. The offshore installation (MODU) should instigate the appropriate

state of alert for the transfer operation according to its evacuation, escape, and rescue plan.

22.7.4 Transfer of injured personnel

When the carrier is to be used to transfer a sick or injured person, then the injured party should be accompanied by two crew members if the configuration of the unit being used permits this to be done and it is safe to do so. References and further information: HSE Offshore Information Sheet No. 1/2007; Step change in safety brochure: “Marine transfer of personnel guidance”; Information note IMCA SEL 08/01:Guidelines on transfer of personnel by basket on the UK

continental shelf; IMCA SEL 025, IMCA M 202, March 2010: Guidance on the transfer of personnel to and from

offshore vessels.


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23 Manriding using winches

23.1 Introduction and scope This practical guideline covers the basic safety requirements that must be met when personnel are engaged in manriding operations by means of a winch. It should always be remembered that manriding operations must be considered, as the last option, non-routine, subject to stringent planning and control measures and alternatives should have been challenged. Manriding should always be avoided and alternatives should be given priority. However if the situation has been properly assessed, and manriding cannot be avoided, then only competent persons and dedicated manriding winches, incorporating the appropriate safety equipment, may be used. This guideline does not apply to personnel/freight elevators, diving operations, helicopter hoisting, medical evacuation and specialist rope access activities. Using the manriding register, it is good practice to engineer manriding operations out of the job whenever possible, or use alternatives.

23.2 Planning and preparing for safe manriding operations Planning and preparing is essential for safe manriding operations. Basic safety procedures, risk assessment and “Lift Plan” are required to be satisfied before manriding can take place. For a proper planning at least the following must be taken into account: For use of the manriding winch, local laws and regulations should be adhered to; A suitable and sufficient risk assessment must be carried out to identify all reasonably

foreseeable hazards and failure scenarios ensuring that during all operations using manriding winches the person is protected against being crushed, trapped, struck and against falling from the carrier. Measures additional to those mentioned in this guideline must be put in place if the risk assessment identifies circumstances in which additional controls are required;

Emergency equipment must be available that can be used to effectively and rapidly bring all winch motion to a halt;

A comprehensive review must be carried out by the Person In Charge to ensure that the safety features of the winch are adequate and that they provide a safe method of operation for the manriding operation;

Manriding below the derrick floor level is not allowed. It requires a separate manriding winch mounted below the floor. Manriding above monkey board level shall not be permitted.

The Shell UIO Operational Standard for lifting and hoisting is configured in such a way, that all applicable rules, regulations and requirements for planning and preparing safe lifting and hoisting operations can be found in one Chapter, we kindly revert to Chapter 3 of the mentioned Standard.

23.3 Personnel involved All persons involved in manriding operations must demonstrate a baseline of competency prior to becoming involved in manriding operations. Persons involved shall have a record of the type of manriding equipment they are deemed competent to use. For manriding operations, the winch operator, the signaller/banksman and the person in the manrider must have experience with such operations and know the potential dangers.

23.4 Equipment If there is no alternative to manriding the following equipment should be used with the listed safety features: Winch; Harness; Personal Protective Equipment, PPE;


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Connecting devices; Secondary fall arrest equipment; Radios.

23.4.1 Winch

The manriding winch must be certified for such hoisting, clearly marked: “dedicated for manriding” and never used for any other purpose. Winches that are to be used for manriding must have the following features and settings: Limited maximum pull, (counter balanced system for use on floating installations); Independent secondary braking system; Slack line shut-off mechanism; Control lever returns to neutral (STOP), push lever away = pay out (LOWER),pull lever = heave

in (RAISE); Crown block sheave designed for manriding. (Fall protection for whole assembly including

sheave); Unobstructed emergency stop facility; Wire rope termination to comply with current standards; Spooling device; Drum guard; Upper and lower travel limit switches; Emergency lowering facility.

23.4.2 Harness

Harnesses that are to be used for manriding shall: Be of the full body type; Harnesses should be of a type that will prevent an unconscious person falling out; Fitted with 'D' rings for carrying hand tools; Be equipped with a rescue or fall arrest lanyard; Have safe system for tools aloft (lanyards etc.) The use, maintenance, storage, checking, inspection and examination of riding belts should at least comply with manufacturer’s instructions for use and must be in compliance with EN 813 (Personal protective equipment for prevention of falls from a height) and EN 365 (Personal protective equipment against falls from a height. General requirements for instructions for use, maintenance, periodic examination, repair, marking and packaging).

23.4.3 Personal Protective Equipment

In addition to normal rig Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), wear a high visibility jacket or manrider armbands. Always fit and use a chinstrap on the hard hat.

23.4.4 Connecting devices

No hooks shall be used for manriding operations; only shackles of the bow type with pin, nut and safety split pin are allowed;

Harnesses are to be attached directly to the winch wire by a shackle; hooks and lengths of chain are not acceptable.

Overhoist protection placed 4 ft above manrider, e.g. oversized end link.

23.4.5 Secondary fall arrest equipment

Whenever practical, use an additional safety device attached to a safe part of the harness (fall arrestor, inertia reel, line locker, pennant line).


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23.5 Emergency plans and rescue equipment Before any manriding operation can commence, a rescue plan must be considered as part of the pre-task risk assessment and all relevant equipment must be readily available. The maximum recommended suspension time for any individual, in harness, is twenty minutes. Any longer then this and the individual may start to lose circulation in the limbs held by the harness, this can result in discomfort and at worse, loss of consciousness. However, consideration must be given to repairing malfunctioning equipment before attempting a rescue if the equipment can be repaired safely if the manrider is not in any immediate danger i.e., if the air supply to the winch fails but can be reinstated within a short timeframe. He may then be brought to safety once the equipment is repaired. Equipment that may be an integral part of a rig's Rescue Plan: Harness - full body type fitted with a D ring suitable for rescue purposes; Alternative nitrogen or air supply to winch; Secondary winch; Rescue basket (for use with alternative winch); Fully charged radios; Emergency manual lowering device on main manriding winch; Emergency Descent/Ascent device (personnel must be trained in use). The use of emergency ascent/descent devices, such as Spanset and Gotcha, should only be used if no other alternative can be found. Only trained personnel should operate the devices. As with any manriding task, during a rescue operation it is essential that, in the event circumstances change, full reassessment of conditions is conducted to ensure the continued safety of everyone involved.

23.6 Pre-use inspections Prior to initial use and at each new job site, all equipment shall be inspected by a competent person to ensure that the equipment is free from defects and certified for use. Pre-use inspections must be recorded and dated. The Person In Charge must keep these records for the duration of the personnel hoisting operation. The routines prepared by the manufacturer must be followed. If the manufacturer’s checklist does not include the following points, these must also be dealt with: Use anti-fall securing equipment on tools; Functions test of the winch; Test the emergency stop function; Check the emergency heaving and lowering and check the brake; Check the winch components visually with damage, leaks, etc. in mind; Be very careful that the wire winds correctly onto the drum, so that the wire does not build up.

This may cause an uncontrolled fall for the person hanging in the manrider

23.7 Toolbox Talk The winch operator, the signaller/banksman and the person in the manrider must always discuss the operation in advance in order to determine the best work method. Both verbal and hand signals should be clearly understood and agreed by all parties before the start of the operation. The winch operator shall conduct a "buddy check" of the manrider and the fastening (correct use of safety equipment). The winch operator must ensure that tools to be used by the person in the manrider have been secured.


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23.8 Executing the manriding operations

23.8.1 Requirements for continuous monitoring

The winch operator and the signaller/banksman must remain on station throughout the operation while the man is aloft;

The winch operator must have a clear view of the person in the riding belt and this must be maintained throughout the operation. If the winch operator does not have a clear view of the person in the riding belt during any part of the operation, a competent signaller/banksman, who can see and is within clear voice range of the winch operator, and who has a clear view of the person in the riding-belt, must be used to convey instructions between the person in the riding-belt and the winch operator;

The winch operator and the signaller/banksman must not carry out any other work during manrider operations;

The winch operator must stop the hoisting operation if there is a stop signal and/or the safety of the operation is in doubt.

23.8.2 Communications and signalling

Good communication must be established between the person in the manrider and the operator of the manriding winch. A radio with a headset is recommended. Radios and batteries must be controlled before start-up, and the radio communication must be tested before personnel are transported by winch. The radio channel to be used must be agreed in advance. Radio communication must be established before the manriding operation is begun, but the radio shall not be the only type of communication used to convey signals. If a signaller/banksman is used, there must be radio communication with both the winch operator and the person manriding. It is vital that communications between the winch operator and the person in the riding belt are clear and continuous throughout the whole operation. Verbal instructions and hand signals must be used between the person in the riding-belt and the winch operator and any signaller/banksman. Both verbal and hand signals should be clearly understood and agreed by all parties before the start of the operation. In addition, the Supervisor, winch operator and the signaller/banksman must be equipped with radios as a back-up to verbal/visual communications. Communication should be part of the risk assessment; toolbox talk and everyone involved shall be fully familiar with the Radio Communication Voice Procedure: Use a dedicated channel where possible. Always speak slowly and clearly, never talk over or interrupt. At the end of each communication say "over", only then is it safe for someone else to speak. Never use the radio to have a chat with your mates. Assign everyone a call sign and use it (winch control, manrider, driller etc) Use continuous direction commands i.e., (up, up, up, up, up, / down, down, down, down/ stop,

stop, stop). Remember no command = stop the winch. If there are long periods of silence, call for a radio check with everyone involved. If your radio stops working, contact the team by another means ASAP and get it replaced. If

you are the manrider use your hand signals to return to the rig floor.


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Hand signals to be used during manriding: To raise: extend arm horizontally outward, turn palm of hand up, move arm/hand up and down

at your side in a clear and positive fashion; To stop: horizontal sideways movement of the arm from the chest with the palm and fingers

flat. The emergency stop is the same signal done more quickly; To lower: point arm and fingers downwards; make circular motion with hand/arm in a clear

and positive fashion.

23.8.3 Operational aspects

All equipment/tools, carried aloft should be tied off or otherwise prevented from falling and the area beneath should be cleared of personnel and barriers erected.

Movement of equipment in the immediate area must be suspended while the man is aloft. All travelling equipment in the work area must also be immobilised.

Manriding between decks is never allowed. The winch operator must only operate one winch; A secondary fall protection device must be used, independent of the primary hoisting

mechanism.

23.8.4 Duration of manriding operation

Use of manriding harnesses is only allowed for short periods with authorisation of the site manager. Refer to (Yellow Guides) “Working at Height” for maximum permitted times and recovery periods. The maximum time suspended in the manriding harness must always be determined in the risk assessment, taking into account manufacturer’s instructions, gender and physical condition of the manrider. Harnesses shall never be used for hoisting personnel for long duration jobs, as the potential exists for constricting the blood supply vessels in the legs.

23.9 Learn and record: the Manriding Register To eliminate manriding as much as possible, a Manriding Register can be used to document when alternatives to manriding have been successful. The purpose of the register is to facilitate a simple evaluation of the need to man ride and to log potential alternatives. The register can also be used as a lateral learning tool for other crews, other installations or other companies. Key components of the register: Task: identify the actual task for which manriding is perceived to be required; Alternative method: members of the team consider and detail alternative methods that could

be utilised in place of the manriding operation; Alternative method used and justification: indicate if the alternative method was used (yes or

no) and detail the reasoning for non-application or application of the alternative. References and further information: Step change in safety brochure: “best practice guide to Manriding safety.


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24 Handling and moving of barrels and drums

24.1 Introduction and scope Within Shell UIE operations there are numerous occasions during which barrels and drums need to be handled, moved or hoisted. The handling, moving and hoisting of barrels and drums must be considered as operations bringing specific dangers to the jobsite. There are various methods for handling, moving and hoisting steel and plastic barrels out of and into Cargo Carrying Units (CCU’s) and around plants, facilities, onshore and offshore installations and vessels. This guideline is of a general nature only, covering the main points for selecting the safest method and raise awareness for hazards and risks associated with the handling, moving and hoisting of barrels and drums.

24.2 General considerations Before deciding to move a drum or barrel the following considerations should be taken in to account: Is there a possibility to pump the contents to his destination, thus avoiding the handling of the

drum? Can the required amount of the contents of the drum or barrel be “decanted” by pump to

another suitable receptacle for transportation and thus avoid hoisting? Can the drum or barrel be moved without hoisting, i.e. moved by a wheeled barrel

transporter?

24.3 Planning and preparing for a safe operation Based on European law (European Council Directive 2009/104/EC), it is an important safety enhancement that prior to any lifting and hoisting operation being carried out, plans shall be produced and risk assessments shall be carried out. Another regulatory requirement is that all lifting and hoisting operations must be properly planned, appropriately supervised and carried out to protect the safety of workers. It is not allowed (regulatory requirement in Norway) to use a barrel clamp for hoisting drums or barrels between levels. It is only allowed to use a clamp to hoist drums or barrels from the load carrier. For hoisting of drums and barrels between levels, they shall be placed in a suitable basket. At all times, plant or platform and company specific procedures shall be followed. The Shell UIE Operational Standard for lifting and hoisting is configured in such a way, that all applicable rules, regulations and requirements for planning and preparing safe lifting and hoisting operations can be found in one Chapter, we kindly revert to Chapter 3 of the mentioned Standard.

24.3.1 Points to consider when compiling the risk assessment

When compiling the risk assessment for handling and moving of barrels and drums, the following points should be considered: Can this task be completed safely? What hazards will I encounter during the task? How can I minimise manual handling during this task? Are the contents of the barrel hazardous if spilt? Do I need spill kits at the worksite / landing area? Are there any obstacles / structures along the hoisting path which if contacted may cause

damage to the barrel if it is not protected? Can the barrel be hoisted into another “deck basket” to provide protection for transportation

to the landing area?


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24.3.2 Points to consider when compiling the “Lift Plan”

When compiling the “Lift Plan” for handling and moving of barrels and drums, the following points should be considered: What equipment is available to carry out the operation? What is the minimum distance I need to hoist the drum or barrel? What equipment is available at the landing area to transport the barrel to its required final

location? What route will the load have to take to the landing area and is it clear of conflicting activities? Are there sufficient competent personnel available to carry out the operation safely?

24.4 Requirements for lifting and hoisting equipment There are several requirements that lifting and hoisting accessories must meet before we can introduce them into our regular lifting and hoisting activities. There are also hazards and risks associated with each type of barrel hoisting device which must be considered and controlled. The Shell UIE Operational Standard for lifting and hoisting is configured in such a way, that all applicable rules, regulations and requirements for lifting and hoisting equipment can be found in one Chapter. Although we kindly revert to Chapter 8 of the mentioned Standard for all the requirements of lifting and hoisting accessories the following points need to be highlighted: All lifting and hoisting appliances and accessories shall fulfil the requirements of the Machinery

Directive 89/392/EEG, 98/37/EG or 2006/42/EG. The assembler/ supplier has to declare by declaration of conformity that the equipment fulfils the essential safety requirements of the mentioned directive. The declaration shall give a description and identification of the lifting and hoisting equipment;

To act as visual conformation that the item complies with the relevant European Directives, there shall be affixed to the item a CE mark;

All lifting and hoisting equipment must be accompanied by users’ instructions in the official community language or language of the Member State in which it is placed on the market and/or put into service;

All lifting and hoisting equipment shall be marked with the following information: Working Load Limit, WLL; A unique identification number; Figure indicating the month and the year of the last inspection date and preferably the

next inspection date; (often referred to as “valid certification date”); Safety instructions and warnings if applicable.

Examples of cargo deck baskets with drop front providing a non slip ramp which allows easy access


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24.5 A selection of barrel hoisting devices There is a wide variety of barrel hoisting devices available on the market. The examples given below are just a handful of options. Certainly not all of them are “fool proof”, fail safe or a guarantee for safety in any given surrounding condition.

http://www.pallettruckstop.co.uk/shop/Steel_Drum_Pincers_500A.html

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http://www.materialflow.com/index.cfm?mf=browse.showPart&partClassID=598&PName=Model 41 Drum Lifting Hook

http://www.pallettruckstop.co.uk/shop/Steel_Drum_Pincers_500B.html

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24.6 Personnel involved Any person operating the equipment shall be adequately trained for the purposes of health and safety, including training in the methods which may be adopted when using the work equipment, any risks which such use may entail and precautions to be taken. Only properly trained competent personnel shall carry out the operation.

Everyone involved in lifting and hoisting operations has the responsibility to stop the lifting and hoisting operations at any time they believe the operation could, or has, become unsafe or there is a change of the agreed plan! The lifting and hoisting operation shall stop immediately: Whenever safety is in danger; If the users instructions are unclear; In the event of loss of communication.

24.7 Examples of safe handling and moving of barrels and drums Order the barrels to be delivered in a half height with swinging doors. When the half height

arrives onboard ensure it is laid down in the correct rotation for opening the door(s). Open the door and place a suitable ramp at the edge to allow wheeled access. If on pallets access with a hydraulic pallet lifter and remove the barrel on the pallet, if placed directly on the half height floor access with a wheeled barrel transporter, lift the barrel and remove from the half height. Care must be taken when adopting this method to account for wheeling the load down the slope of the ramp; a manual handling assessment shall be carried out.

Use a wheeled barrel transporter which comes fitted with a lifting bridle to lift the barrel from within the delivery half height container keeping the barrel to a minimum height to clear the half height side and land it in to the deck alongside the half height and wheel it to the final location.

Use a Vertical Lift Barrel Clamp to lift the full barrel from within the delivery half height container keeping the barrel to a minimum height to clear the half height side and land it in to a deck basket alongside the half height. Remove the vertical barrel clamp master link from the crane pendant hook. Attach the lifting slings of the deck basket to the crane pendant hook and lift the barrel and deck basket to the desired landing area. Land the deck basket at the landing area and remove the deck basket lifting slings from the crane pendant hook. Once again attach the vertical barrel clamp master link to the pendant hook and lift the barrel from the basket to the deck alongside. Remove the vertical barrel clamp from the barrel and return it to the rigging loft. Use a wheeled barrel trolley to move the barrel from the landing area to the required final destination.

24.7.1 Methods which are not recommended for hoisting barrels and drums at anytime

Operations using the following hoisting accessories are not recommended for hoisting barrels and drums: Cargo Nets; Wire rope slings; Synthetic slings. The use of dedicated barrel hoisting devices having open sides and or not affording any protection to the barrel if contact is made with installation structures or obstacles along the route is strongly discouraged!


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25 Use of synthetic slings

25.1 Introduction The use of synthetic slings is already a well established practice in hoisting operations for many years. The slings are routinely used where the item to be hoisted is vulnerable to damage (e.g. coated pipe work, machined shafts) or where the item is an irregular shape and stability is an issue (e.g. valves and machinery). Manufacturers of synthetic slings as well as end-users have discovered the features of high performance fibres for routine and non-routine hoisting operations. This guideline specifically addresses the use of synthetic slings used for hoisting large structures e.g. in an offshore environment – modules and jackets, where the slings are connected directly to structural members or being used in a subsea environment with a need to pass the splash zone. Traditionally large structures utilize steel cable laid slings or grommets with the connection to the structure by bespoke welded hoisting points, either padeyes or trunnions. By connecting the slings directly to the structure the hoisting points can be avoided. This has particular advantage in very heavy hoisting and platform decommissioning where offshore welding can be very expensive in time and resources. Although wire rope or chain could equally be used directly onto the structure, synthetic slings have major advantages: When compared to traditional slings they are approximately 10% of the weight in air and some

products will actually float in water. The light weight makes the slings quicker and safer to install, particularly important for subsea

operations involving ROVs or divers. Synthetic slings are more tolerant of tighter bend radiuses although there are restrictions and

they are prone to damage by sharp edges. One of the most important user needs is the safe use of any lifting sling. Safe use requires awareness and knowledge of the points of attention for the selection, use and maintenance of slings. Incorrect use is seen as the predominant cause for (premature) sling failure. This document is meant to give guidance only and refers to current criteria, legislations, regulations, standards and other reference material that may be updated by the relative (governmental) bodies from time to time. Both sling manufacturers as well as end-users should verify the accuracy of the information and perform their own assessment regarding the manufacturing, selection, use and maintenance of synthetic slings.

25.2 Material used for sling construction Synthetic slings are manufactured from a range of synthetic materials. They have the following properties in common: Strength Convenience Load protection, and Economy.

25.2.1 High tenacity multi-filament fibres

The most commonly used synthetic slings for general purpose hoisting operation, i.e. “day to day” general rigging activities and hoisting loads up to around 10 tons are made of a high tenacity multi-filament. They shall be woven wholly from industrial yarns and certified by the manufacturer as being fast to light and heat-stabilized with a tenacity of not less than 60 cN/tex, from one of the following materials: Polyamide (PA)


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Polyester (PES) Polypropylene (PP) Each synthetic material has its own unique properties. Certain synthetic materials perform better than others in specific applications and environments. High temperature, UV light, acids, alkalis and other chemicals, all of which are not uncommon in the Oil & Gas and offshore environment, can adversely affect the strength of synthetic slings. The material from which the slings are made shall be identified by the colour of the label itself on which the information is marked. The following label colour shall be used: Polyamide (PA) green Polyester (PES) blue Polypropylene (PP) brown It is essential that the sling manufacturer be consulted for a specific application or before using in and around chemical environments and for advice on care and storage of the slings.

25.2.2 High performance fibres

High performance fibres are being used increasingly for specific applications. For heavy hoisting operations (25 ton up to a 16.000 tons jacket), offshore construction and decommissioning, subsea and deep-sea, slings made from high performance fibres make a significant difference. They are strong and lightweight. Most important, they do not absorb water. Whether wet or dry, they have the same low weight and remain easy to handle – unlike polyester slings, which will take up water and become heavier. This makes it easier subsea, for example for divers to safely position the sling around the load. Slings from a high performance fibre are less likely to break in harsh conditions, since they are highly resistant to salt water, chemicals and UV radiation – further enhancing safety of the operation.

25.3 Fibre properties The choice for the right fibre is depending on the characteristics of the application. The need for strength or break load, stretch, dimensions or fatigue life will be of influence on the right fibre choice. Also other issues like weight, costs and lifespan can influence the choice. In order to bring light to the different types of fibres, the most common types and their properties are summarized here under.

25.3.1 Polyamide

Polyamide is a generic designation for a family of synthetic polymers, mainly know as Nylon. The Federal Trade Commission's definition for Nylon fibre: A manufactured fibre in which the fibre forming substance is a long-chain synthetic polyamide in which less than 85% of the amide-linkages are attached directly (-CO-NH-) to two aliphatic groups. Nylon comes in two forms, Nylon 6 and 6.6, of which the latter has a higher melt point temperature. Main characteristics: Mainly known as Nylon. Good strength-to-weight ratio. High elongation (30% - 40%). Good UV resistance. Moderate creep behaviour. Nylon loses approx. 10-20 % of its strength when wet.

25.3.2 Polyester

Polyester is a category of polymers which contain the ester functional group in their main chain. Although there are many polyesters, the term "polyester" as a specific material most commonly refers to polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The Federal Trade Commission's definition for Polyester fibre: a manufactured fibre in which the fibre-forming substance is any long chain synthetic polymer composed of at least 85% by weight of an ester of dihydric alcohol and terephthalic acid.


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Main characteristics: Good strength-to-weight ratio. Moderate elongation (15% - 20%). Highest UV resistance of any fibre. Good abrasion resistance. Keeps strength when wet.

25.3.3 Polypropylene

Polypropylene is a manufactured, olefin fibre made from polymers or copolymers of propylene. The large numbers of end user applications for polypropylene are often possible because of the ability to tailor grades with specific molecular properties and additives during its manufacture. For example, antistatic additives can be added to help PP surfaces resist dust and dirt. Main characteristics: Light weight (floating). Good UV resistance. Good abrasion resistance. Moderate creep. Low strength. Low cost.

25.3.4 Aramid

Aramid fibres are a class of heat resistant and strong synthetic fibres. The name is a shortened form of "aromatic polyamid". They are fibres in which the chain molecules are highly oriented along the fibre axis, so the strength of the chemical can be exploited. The Federal Trade Commission's definition for aramid fibre: a manufactured high-modulus fibre in which the fibre-forming substance is a long-chain synthetic aromatic polyamide in which at least 85% of the amide linkages are attached directly to aromatic rings. Aramid is also known by its trade names Kevlar® or Twaron®. Main characteristics: Mainly known as Kevlar® or Twaron®. Excellent strength-to-weight ratio. Highest resistance to heat of any fibre. Very low creep. Very low elongation (2,4%). Poor abrasion resistance. Susceptible to axial compression fatigue. Non conductive. Poor UV resistance.

25.3.5 HMPE

HMPE fibers are high-modulus polyethylene fibers produced by gel-spinning ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE). HMPE is a subset of the thermoplastic polyethylene. It has extremely long chains, with molecular weight numbering in the millions, usually between 2 and 6 million. The longer chain serves to transfer load more effectively to the polymer backbone by strengthening intermolecular interactions. This result in a very tough material, with the highest impact strength of any thermoplastic presently made. Main characteristics: Mainly known as Dyneema®, Spectra® or Plasma®. Highest strength-to-weight ratio of any fibre. Highest abrasion resistance of any fibre. Excellent dynamic toughness. Very low elongation (3% - 5%). Excellent flex fatigue resistance. Low resistance to heat. Very high creep.


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25.3.6 LCAP

LCAP (Liquid Crystal Aromatic Polyester) are a unique class of wholly aromatic polyester polymers that provide previously unavailable high performance properties. LCAP fibres are produced by melt-spinning from thermotropic liquid crystalline aromatic polyester. Main characteristics: Mainly known as Vectran®. High strength-to-weight ratio. Low creep. Excellent dynamic toughness. Excellent flex fatigue resistance. Good abrasion resistance. High resistance to heat (melting point of 625°F).

25.3.7 PBO

PBO or polyphenylene benzobisoxazole is a member of the polybenzoxazole class of polymers, one of the various types of highly heat resistant polyheteroarylene (PHA). PBO fibre has properties which make it unique among the known organic fibers. It has higher tensile strength and modulus than Kevlar and it is flame resistant Main characteristics: Mainly known as Zylon®. Highest strength of any fibre. Highest modulus of any fibre. Zero creep. Very low elongation (2,4%). Poor abrasion resistance. Poor UV resistance. Flame resistant.

25.4 Types of slings There are several types of synthetic sling: Roundsling Flat woven webbing sling Rope sling

25.4.1 Roundsling

Roundsling is the term used to describe an endless sling fabricated as an endless load bearing core containing multiple turns of a fibre. The ends of the yarn are tied together and the sling placed in a fully enclosed protective sheath.

25.4.2 Flat woven webbing sling

Flat webbing slings are manufactured by weaving the yarn into a flat compact strap with no further protection, other than coating for some applications.

25.4.3 Rope sling

A rope sling comprises one or more parts of an identical laid or braided load bearing fibre rope, terminating in spliced eyes with or without thimbles and fittings. In the case of an endless sling, joined to itself with a splice.

25.5 Working load limits and colour codes

25.5.1 Colour coding

The rated capacity of webbing slings and round slings is coded by a colour defined in the European Standard EN 1492. All rated capacities from 10 ton are orange, all intermediate sizes must be identified by a unique different colour

http://www.eversgmbh.com/Homepage/Hoisting/Hoisting-equipment/SpanSet-lifting-straps/SpanSet-lifting-straps.aspx

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25.5.2 Working Load Limit

The Working Load Limit, WLL, of all synthetic slings or sling assemblies manufactured from a high tenacity multi-filament fibre (Polyamide, Polyester and Polypropylene), for a given mode of use, shall be derived from the WLL in straight hoist multiplied by the appropriate mode factor, M, in accordance with the table here after.

25.6 Regulations, Standards and industry practice

25.6.1 Machinery Directive

Within the countries being member of the EU and the EFTA, all synthetic slings shall comply with the European Machinery Directive 2006/42/EC, as this is a legal requirement. The European Machinery Directive are intended to remove barriers to trade between the member states of the European Union and EFTA countries by the recognition of common safety requirements within all of those member states. These regulations are the prime legislation for new lifting and hoisting equipment being taken into service.

25.6.2 Standards

A harmonised Standard is elaborated on the basis of a request from the European Commission to a recognised European Standards Organisation to develop a European Standard that provides solutions


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for compliance with a legal provision. Such a request provides guidelines which Standards must respect to meet the essential requirements or other provisions of harmonisation legislation. Compliance with harmonised Standards provides a presumption of conformity with the corresponding requirements of harmonisation legislation. Manufacturers, other economic operators or conformity assessment bodies can use harmonised standards to demonstrate that products, services or processes comply with relevant EU legislation. The references of harmonised standards must be published in the Official Journal of the European Union. The use of these Standards remains voluntary. Manufacturers, other economic operators or conformity assessment bodies are free to choose any other technical solution that provides compliance with the mandatory legal requirements.

25.6.3 EN 1492

EN 1492 specifies manufacturing methods and provides guidance on selection, use and maintenance of webbing slings (Part 1) and roundslings (Part 2). The safe capacity of the slings is defined as Working Load Limit (WLL). The standard also defines limits on applicability – webbing slings between 25mm and 450mm (up to approx 50 T WLL) and roundslings up to 40 T WLL. The use of the slings with capacities required for heavy hoisting operations is clearly outside the scope of EN 1492. Nevertheless, the Standard forms a good basis for specifying requirements for slings of greater capacity and should be followed where possible and deviations should be clearly identified. The standard gives valuable guidance on minimum bend radii for the slings. One notable requirement of EN 1492 is that the factor of safety is 7 (adopted in 1997 to reflect EU Legislation).

25.6.4 ASME B30.9

The ASME B30.9-2010 safety Standard addresses slings fabricated from alloy steel chain, wire rope, metal mesh, synthetic fibre rope, synthetic webbing, and synthetic firop yarns in a protective cover(s) The ASME B30.9 defines design factor as “a ratio between nominal or minimum breaking strength and the rated capacity of the sling.” Rated capacities are based on a 5:1 design factor for synthetics.

25.7 Industry practices Numerous organizations including the UK HSE, USA Public Works OSHA, the WSTA and Sling Manufacturers themselves list Good Practice for the use of synthetic slings. To avoid duplication, and potential to overlook specific issues, these guidance notes are not repeated here. If in doubt, the sling manufacturer should be consulted for guidance.

25.8 Factor of Safety (FoS) versus Design Factor (DF) Many years ago, in the USA lawyers stopped manufacturers of lifting and hoisting equipment from using the term “Factor of Safety”. In the USA, manufacturers refer to the ratio between the ultimate load and the working load as the Design Factor: DF.

25.8.1 Factor of Safety

Factor of safety (FoS) is a term describing the structural capacity of a system beyond the applied loads or actual loads. There are two distinct uses of the Factor of Safety: One as a calculated ratio of strength (structural capacity) to actual applied load. This is a measure of the reliability of a particular design. The other use of FoS is a constant value imposed by law, standard, specification, contract or custom. The cause of the confusion is that reference books and standards agencies use the term, Factor of Safety, differently. Design Codes and Structural and Mechanical engineering textbooks often use the term as the fraction of structural capability over that required. Many undergraduate Strength of

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Materials books use Factor of Safety as a constant value. This could also be called the Minimum Required Factor of Safety or Design Factor of Safety. Careful engineers refer to the first sense (a calculated value) as a factor of safety, or, to be explicit, a realized factor of safety, and the second sense (a required value) as a design factor or Design Factor of Safety or Required Factor of Safety, but usage is inconsistent and confusing, so engineers need to be aware of both usages.

25.8.2 Design factor and safety factor

The difference between the safety factor and design factor (design safety factor) is as follows: The design factor is what the part is required to be able to withstand. The safety factor is how much the designed part actually will be able to withstand. The design factor is for an application, the safety factor is for actual part that was designed. These sounds the same, but consider the following: Say a beam in a structure is required to have a design factor of 3. The engineer chose a beam that will be able to withstand 10 times the load. The design factor is still 3, because it is the requirement that must be met, the beam just happens to exceed the requirement and its safety factor is 10. The safety factor should always meet or exceed the required design factor or the design is not adequate. Meeting the required design factor exactly implies that the design meets but does not exceed the minimum allowable requirements. A high safety factor well over the required design factor sometimes implies "over engineering" which results in excessive weight and/or cost. In colloquial use the term, "required safety factor" is functionally equivalent to the design factor. Appropriate factors of safety are based on several considerations. Prime considerations are the accuracy of load, strength, wear estimates and the environment to which the product will be exposed in service; the consequences of engineering failure, and the cost of over-engineering the component to achieve that factor of safety. For example, components whose failure could result in substantial financial loss, serious injury or death usually can use a safety factor of four or higher (often ten). Non-critical components generally might have a design factor of two. Risk analysis, failure mode and effects analysis, and other tools are commonly used. In North America, for any wire rope or synthetic sling, the Design Factor is 5:1 In Japan, the Design Factor is 6:1 In Australia and most of Asia due to the heavy European influence, the Design Factor is 7:1 The wording of the Machinery Directive is such, that it contains provisions to permit a deviation from the 7:1 Design Factor for “engineered lifts”.

25.9 General application advices for synthetic slings Hooks or other lifting devices in loaded condition must not be attached in the area of sewn overlaps or at the seam of the round sling sleeve. Make sure that the seams are positioned in the straight part of the lifting device. Hooks should be provided with sufficient radius. The contact area of the web sling must be straight, so that the entire cross section of the sling is loaded equally. If the carrying width of flat webbing sling is below 75 mm, the radius curve of the lifting device must be at least ¾ of the width of the webbing sling. Make sure that round slings do not overlap in the crane hook. They must have sufficient space in the hook mouth as well as at the load, so they can assume their natural, flattened profile and provide even loading over the full width of the round sling. Flat webbing slings should be applied in such a way that they can carry the load over the full sling width. Greater angles from the vertical will strain the edges of the slings and possibly lead to breakage! Protection of the slings at potential sharp points on the structure, hook, fixed rigging and shackle pins is essential and there are a number of products available for this purpose.

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Synthetic slings must be protected against sharp edges, friction and abrasion at both load and lifting device. A radius edge is classed as sharp, if it is less than the thickness of the flat webbing or round sling (in flat, loaded condition). Never place the load onto the sling! Never pull the sling over rough surfaces or edges and do not drag from underneath a load. In “choke hitch” the synthetic sling should be positioned so that it can form a natural angle of 60° and that heat due to friction is avoided. Never re-adjust the choke hitch and prevent heat development by friction (slipping of load). In order to lift loads with plain or slippery surface we recommend double choke hitch.

Round slings and flat webbing slings will stretch under load by approx. 3 - 5 %. This has to be strictly considered as it may cause abrasion resp. damages at sensible surfaces. As prevention the use of protective sleeves and edge protectors is recommended. In case of (intended) load movements during lifting operations and resulting friction, e.g. during assembling or turning of goods, the surface or edges of the load must be secured by protective sleeves or corner protectors, which will safeguard the lashing device and leave sufficient space for movement and alignment without greater friction If more than one sling is used to hoist a load, these should be of same type with preferably same length in order to avoid different elongation behaviour and allow carrying ability over the full width (employ smallest angle from the vertical or use spreader beam instead).


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25.10 Technical considerations When designing and using slings for an engineered lift several factors are accounted for, to provide the perfect blend of safety, efficiency, and performance.

25.10.1 Sling type: single leg or grommet

Single-leg slings or grommets are the two configurations typically fabricated with high performance synthetics. Single-leg slings are more efficient at smaller D/d ratios, and grommets perform at higher working loads. Whenever possible, single-leg slings should be considered when specifying slings. They are more efficient at smaller D/d ratios. The eye splice at each end results in a limit to the shortest length possible due to the length of each splice and the required spacing between splices. Grommets perform at higher working loads than the nominal minimum break strength of the rope itself, due to load sharing between the two legs of the sling. This increase in strength is expressed as a multiplier—the grommet efficiency factor. Testing has shown that the efficiency factor is dependent on the static bend or D/d ratio. Positioning of the splice also effects the grommet’s efficiency factor.

25.10.2 Chafe protection

While high performance fiber synthetic ropes are inherently resistant to cutting, abrasion, and chemical attack, either single-leg or grommet slings are available with chafe material for added protection at weight bearing points and high-contact areas. Chafe material can be added during fabrication and allows for removal/replacement to facilitate on-site inspection.

25.10.3 Specific gravity and flexibility

For subsea installations where subsurface load transfers from the initial handling crane to the lowering winch are required (also known as the "wet handshake"), specific gravity and flexibility become issues. High performance slings made with Dyneema® fiber are extremely flexible and neutrally buoyant in seawater making handling by ROVs for the load transfer much faster and easier than extremely heavy and stiff wire rope. With synthetic lines, there is no need for the ROV to overcome the extreme weight or account for the leverage of stiff, inflexible wire slings.

25.10.4 Bending efficiency factor or D/d ratio

The size of the pins, trunnions, and rigging hooks are important in designing the slings Where any wire rope sling or grommet is bent round a shackle, trunnion, padear or crane hook, the breaking load shall be assumed to be the calculated breaking load multiplied by a bending efficiency factor, the D/d ratio. d = the sling or cable laid rope diameter D = the minimum diameter over which the sling body, sling eye, or grommet is bent. For fibre rope slings, the bending efficiency may normally be taken as 1.00, provided the bending

diameter is not less than the minimum specified by the manufacturer

25.10.5 Eye size/length

The length of the eye and the diameter of the pin or weight-bearing surface affects the angle of the leg in relationship to the body of the rope, and thus can have an effect on the strength of the sling itself.

25.10.6 Interface with structure

For new builds the use of bespoke padeyes and trunnions are recommended as the primary interface between structure and slings. For de-commissioning purposes, there are clear advantages in connecting the slings directly to the structure and this is considered acceptable provided the local stresses and load-path to the structure are fully analysed. It is recommended that a finite element analysis is performed to address local


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buckling of tubular and sections. Webbing slings should not be forced into confined corners where the webbing is twisted and stressed locally e.g, the crotch of a diagonal brace. Where synthetic slings are to be attached directly to the structure, great care should be taken to remove any sharp edges and subsea structures cleaned of marine growth.

25.10.7 Interface with crane hook and other hoisting equipment

For larger slings it is essential that the interface between the sling and the crane hook, or other rigging components, is considered to avoid local overstressing of the sling. A typical example of inadequate hook dimensions is shown in EN1492.

25.10.8 Effect of environment

Temperature Synthetic hoisting slings made from polyester are admitted for applications at temperatures between -40° and +100°C. This temperature area may change in chemical environments. The woven structure of the drenched synthetics at temperatures below 0°C is susceptible to damage due to the formation of ice. Ice will reduce the flexibility of the lifting sling! At temperatures below 0°C, dry lifting equipment should be used only! In dry condition, polyester features a high electrical resistance and provides an insulating effect between load and crane hook (e.g. during welding jobs – observe temperatures!).

Shock loading Synthetic hoisting equipment should not be subjected to sharp jerks and jolts in order to avoid heavy forces which may be considerably higher than the actual load weight!

Chemicals Particular caution is required when using synthetic hoisting equipment in areas where chemicals are present. Polyester has good resistance against mineral acids but will be destroyed by alkaline Acid may cause material brittleness to steel fittings of synthetic lifting slings! Harmless acid solutions may concentrate by evaporation to an extent that they provoke damages. Affected synthetic hoisting equipment must be thoroughly rinsed in cold water, dried in open air and inspected by a competent person.

25.11 Storage of synthetic slings Synthetic lifting equipment must be stored in a clean, dry and well ventilated area. Avoid exposure to direct sunlight and other sources of UV. Keep them away from other heat sources, chemicals, fumes and corroded surfaces as they will have a negative effect on the life expectancy of the sling. Slings should not be dried near open fires or other hot places.

25.12 Pre-use inspection: criteria for disposal of synthetic hoisting equipment All lifting and hoisting equipment shall be subjected to a pre-use inspection. The inspection must be visual and extended to the following deficiencies: Missing or illegible original manufacturers label; Missing unique identification number; Missing valid inspection date; Holes, tears, cuts, snags or embedded articles; Broken or worn stitching in load bearing splices; Local abrasion distinctive from general wear; Heat and friction damage; Punctures or snaps; Any sign or knowledge of chemical contact (acid or caustic burns); Knots in any part of the sling; Melting, charring or weld spatters are present on any part of the sling; Broken or worn stitching in the cover which exposes core fibres; Broken or damaged core yarn;


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Discoloration, brittle or stiff areas on any part of the sling, which may indicate chemical, heat, or ultraviolet/sunlight damage;

Any other visible damage that causes doubt as to the strength of the sling. Where any such damage or deficiencies is present, remove the sling from service immediately and make sure it cannot be used any longer by cutting the sling in two pieces.

25.13 Summary and recommendations This document has been prepared to provide guidance on the use of synthetic slings in specific applications such as heavy lifts, offshore use and dynamic operations when passing the splash zone. Industry Practice, existing Codes and Guidance have been reviewed and manufacturer’s documentation and capability researched.

25.13.1 Heavy lifts, dynamic operations, subsea and deep-sea hoisting activities

It is concluded that it is acceptable to use synthetic slings for heavy lifts, dynamic operations, subsea and deep-sea hoisting activities and other hoisting activities not being “general hoisting activities”, provided: the activities, the rigging and the slings are fully engineered; slings shall be manufactured and delivered in full compliance with the European Machinery

Directive 2006/42/EC, as this is a legal requirement; use of the slings is in strict compliance with all aspects of users instructions provided by the

manufacturer; slings with a Design Factor less than 1:7 have an accredited society’s approval (DNV, Lloyds,

ABS, etc.) for the operation for which they are intended to be used; local stresses — in both the sling and structure, are fully evaluated and documented.

25.13.2 “General hoisting activities”, not being engineered

It has been recognised that there are a range of hoisting activities where the load requires some form of surface protection and it is preferable to sling these loads with synthetic slings: Deployment / retrieval of light loads through the splash zone; Light 1te – 2te pipe spools that need to be lowered to the sea bed. These operations would typically use endless round slings to attach to the load to prevent any damage to the pipe spool coating / paintwork. With reference to paragraph 4.2.1 of the “Shell UIO specification of Group Standard for lifting and hoisting operations in Europe”, the use of synthetic slings for any dynamic hoisting operation is not allowed. For non engineered hoisting activities through the splash zone as well as any other situation where the slings may be subject to snatch or shock load, only slings manufactured of a high performance fibre (High Modulus Polyethylene HMPE) may be used. These slings are mainly known as Dyneema®, Spectra® or Plasma® and shall be in compliance with the European Machinery Directive 2006/42/EC.


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Summarized provisions for manufacturing and use of synthetic slings

European Union United States of America

Slings used for “general purpose hoisting activities”, not being dynamic operations

Rules, regulations and Standards

European Machinery Directive 2006/42/EC

Occupational Safety and Health Standards or OSHA approved State plans

Design Factor Minimum of 7 Minimum of 5

Risk Assessment

The Person In Charge should decide whether the hoisting operation is correctly labelled as “general purpose hoisting activity” and functions as focal point of authority for the risk assessment and lift plan.

Note CE- marking is a legal obligation. No specific industry standard yet for High Performance Fibres. Use Machinery Directive as guideline.

For various industries different standards have been provided as different Codes of Federal Regulations; besides OSHA standards have been provided by e.g. the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), Cordage Institute (CI); No specific industry standard yet for High Performance Fibres. Use the above as guideline.

Slings made from high performance fibres used for “engineered hoisting activities”, such as heavy lifts, dynamic operations, subsea and deep-sea hoisting activities

Rules, regulations and Standards

Local rules regulations and standards

Design Factor Design Factors lower than those applicable for “general purpose” slings are possible after technical and safety review by a competent person

Risk Assessment

The Person In Charge should decide whether the hoisting operation is correctly labelled as “engineered hoisting activity” and functions as focal point of authority for the risk assessment and lift plan.

Note Notified Bodies, such as Lloyd’s Register and Det Norske Veritas provide additional rules/guidelines for engineered hoisting activities. Warranty surveyors shall approve the operations.


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25.14 References and further information European Machinery Directive 2006/42/EC EN 1492 Textile Slings – Safety. Part 1: Flat woven webbing slings, made of man-made fibres,

for general purpose use. EN 1492 Textile Slings – Safety Part 2: Roundslings, made of man-made fibres, for general

purpose use. ASME B30.9-2010 Safety Standard for cableways, cranes, derricks, hoists, hooks, jacks and

slings Web Sling and Tie-down Association www.wstda.com OSHA Guidance on safe sling use www.osha.gov/dsg/guidance/slings/synth-web.html Code for lifting appliances in a Marine Environment, Lloyd’s Register, January 2003 Rules for Planning and Execution of Marine Operations, DNV, January 1996 Guidelins for Marine lifting operations, Noble Denton Dyneema www.offshore.dyneema.com/success_stories.htm Unitex www.unitex.org/news/pdf/DYNEEMA-OXL.pdf Technotex www.technotex.nl/index.php?id=dyneema Fibremax www.fibremax.nl Samsons www.samsonrope.com/offshore.cfm Cortland www.cortlandcompany.com/products/lifting-slings-tethers Your TA or SME for lifting and hoisting

http://www.wstda.com/

http://www.osha.gov/dsg/guidance/slings/synth-web.html

http://www.offshore.dyneema.com/success_stories.htm

http://www.unitex.org/news/pdf/DYNEEMA-OXL.pdf

http://www.technotex.nl/index.php?id=dyneema

http://www.fibremax.nl/

http://www.samsonrope.com/offshore.cfm

http://www.cortlandcompany.com/products/lifting-slings-tethers


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26 Terms and definitions

English definition Synonym Dutch Synoniem

Accreditation Accreditation is the process of granting official approval to curricula and training programs. The process is administrated by accreditation bodies who ensure that de training program delivers the required competency standards with programs of educational quality (ISO 15513).

Accreditatie

Accreditation body Organization which oversees the assessment of candidates to prescribed competency/training standards (ISO 15513/OMHEC).

Certificatie instelling

Anemometer Instrument for measuring wind speeds. Wind speed indicator Windsnelheidsmeter Anemometer

Assessment Assessment is the process of judging competency against prescribed standards of performance (ISO 15513).

Examen Assessment

Assessor A person who makes judgments of skills and knowledge of a crane driver (operator), slinger and signaller (ISO 15513).

Examinator

Auxiliary Hoist A second hoisting system. Usually used in cranes to hoist light loads. Hulplier Tweede lier

Banksman Person responsible for relaying a crane movement signal to the crane operator (step change).

Deckman, Signaller, Flagman

Hijsbegeleider Lastbegeleider

Blind lifts Lifting operation whereby the lifting appliance operator does not have a direct view of the load or landing area (Norsok).

Uit het zicht hijsen

Boom A steel lattice, or steel box section structure that forms a lifting mast (OMHEC).

Giek Mast, Arm, Boom

Bow shackle

A shackle the crown of which forms more than a semicircle of internal radius more than half the width (EN 13889:2003).

H- sluiting, Harpsluiting

Can Verbal form used for statements of possibility and capability, whether material, physical or incidental (Norsok).

Kan

Certificate Form based on ILO’s recommendation, issued by the enterprise of competence/competent person, confirming that the lifting or hoisting equipment meets statutory requirements and is designed, embedded, installed, set up, tested, documented and maintained in such a way that use of the lifting and hoisting equipment is fully justified. The certificate shall state the statutory requirements on which it is based.

Certificaat Verklaring van overeenstemming, Fabrikanten-verklaring

Certification (personnel)

Certification is the provision of formal recognition that competency has been achieved or demonstrated. It will normally involve the provision of a

Certificatie


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certificate, an award or some other formal credit arrangement by a training authority, a vocational education institution or an assessment body (ISO 15513).

Chain block A device giving a mechanical advantage, to lift a load suspended from one chain (the load chain) by means of human effort applied to another chain (operating chain) (Pr EN 13157).

Chain hoist, Hand-operated chain block

Hand kettingtakel Kettingtakel

Chain lever hoist A portable tool reefed with a load chain, and operated by a lever so as to give a mechanical advantage (BS 4898).

Lever block, Come along, Ratchet lever hoist, Lever operated chain hoist, Pull lift

Rateltakel Kettingtakel Sneltakel Pullift

Check A visual and functional assessment (not a specific test and without dismantling) of the condition of the crane, lifting equipment, etc., to confirm that the ‘equipment’ is safe to operate/use (OMHEC).

Pre use check. Post use check

Controle Visuele (uitwendige) controle

Colour Code A method of marking equipment to give a visual indication of its certification status (Step Change).

Kleurcodering

Competency The ability to perform the activities within an occupation or function to the standard expected in employment (ISO 15513).

Competentie Deskundigheid

Competent person A person who has sufficient theoretical knowledge, practical experience and the required qualities for the task in hand. Is able to perform the activities within an occupation or function to the standard expected in the task (ISO 15513/OMHEC).

Competent persoon Deskundige

Crane Machine for cyclic lifting or cyclic lifting and handling of loads suspended on hooks or other load handling devices, whether manufactured to an individual design, in series or from prefabricated components (EN 13000).

Kraan

Crane operator The person who is operating the crane for purpose of positioning loads or operating for erection of the crane. Note: for mobile cranes, the term “operator” is often used instead, and the term “driver” is then used to refer to that person who operates only those controls which moves the crane from place to place (ISO/DIS 12480-1).

Operator, Crane driver Machinist Kraanmachinist

Dangerous goods Goods classified, and labelled, according to the International Maritime Dangerous Goods – code as hazardous to personnel/equipment (OMHEC).

Gevaarlijke goederen

Deck crane Slewing crane mounted on a ship’s deck and intended for loading and unloading the ship (ISO 4306/1).

Dekkraan


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D- shackle A shackle the crown of which forms a semicircle of internal radius half the width (EN 13889:2003).

D-sluiting

Documented training Training whereby it can be documented that the person who will use the lifting equipment has received practical and theoretical training that provides knowledge about its structure, operation, applications, limitations and scope of use, as well as maintenance and inspection in accordance with the requirements set for safe use and operation stipulated in regulations and instructions for use (Norsok).

Training

Earth-moving machine Wheeled machine as defined in ISO 6165 which operates on work sites or travel on public roads (ISO 3450).

Grondverzetmachine Graafmachine

Employing organization The person or organization requiring the lifting operation to take place. The employing organization is not necessary the user (ISO/DIS 12480-1).

Employer Opdrachtgever

Enterprise of competence entity in the operator companies’ organisation, or in other companies or institutions, that together have sufficient theoretical knowledge and practical experience to understand calculations for lifting equipment, its design and function, and to carry out necessary examinations and tests in order to issue certificates (Norsok).

Ter zake kundige onderneming

Engineering

Floating crane Crane mounted on a vessel or barge designed for its support and transport, primarily intended for construction/deconstruction operations in a marine environment (EN 13852-2).

Floating sheerlegs Drijvende bok Bok

Grommet (wire rope) Endless wire rope sling made from one continuous length of strand, formed to make a body composed of six strands around a strand core (EN 13414-3).

Endless wire sling Grommer (staalkabel) Eindloze staalstrop

Heavy lift Any load above 25 ton. Heavy lift, Zware last

Hoisting An activity during which the load is suspended and hangs freely, e.g. by means of a crane, chain hoist, beam clamp, etc..

Hijsen

Identification Number A unique number given to an item of lifting or hoisting equipment for registration purposes and to facilitate traceability .

Identificatienummer Kenmerk

Inspection Examination of a product design, product, service, process or plant, and determination of their conformity with specific requirements or, on the basis of professional judgment, general requirements (ISO/IEC 17020).

Examination, Thorough examination, Periodic examination, Periodic inspection

Inspectie Keuring Onderzoek en beproeving

Inspection body Body, that performs inspections (ISO/IEC 17020). Keuringsinstantie


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Installation Facility, plant and other equipment for petroleum activities (however, not ships that transport petroleum in bulk) (Norsok).

Installatie

Instructions Manual with technical procedure for use and maintenance. Users instruction, Manual, Handbook

Gebruiksaanwijzing Handleiding instructie

Jaw winch Device with gripping jaw that makes it possible, by means of a suitable mechanical advantage, to apply a specific force to a rope by means of human effort applied to a lever(s) (Pr EN 13157).

Tirfor, Cable puller, Wire rope puller, Puller

Staalkabeltrekker Tirfor, handlier, staaldraadtrekker

Lift Plan Full set of documents which will include details of how the lifting and hoisting operation should be undertaken, the lifting and hoisting equipment to be used, how the equipment should be rigged up and the control measures in place to manage the risks identified in the Task Risk Assessment.

Material handling plan Planning van de hef- en hijswerkzaamheden

Hijsprocedure werkplan

Lifted and hoisted equipment

Any device that is used to support the load, including containers, tanks, skips, skids, drum rackets, pipe racks, frames, gas cylinder racks, pallets, flexible industrial bulk containers (big bags), tree cages, cargo nets and cargo baskets.

Cargo handling equipment, Load carrier

Transporthouders

Lifting An activity during which the load is lifted in a controlled and guided manner, normally spoken from the bottom of the load, e.g. by means of a forklift truck, screw jack, hydraulic jack etc..

Heffen Liften, tillen


Any device which is used or designed to be used, directly or indirectly, to connect a load to a lifting appliances and does not form part of the load.

Lifting and hoisting components, Lifting and hoisting gear, Load handling device

Hef- en hijs gereedschappen


Any mechanical device capable of raising or lowering a load. Hef- en hijs werktuigen

Lifting and hoisting equipment

Work equipment used for raising or lowering loads, consisting of appliances, accessories, and lifted and hoisted equipment, including the attachments used for anchoring, fixing or supporting.

Hef- en hijs middelen

Lifting and stacking truck Forklift truck and similar mobile motorised work equipment for combined lifting, moving and stacking (Norsok)

Forklift truck Heftruck Verreiker

Load chart A chart provided by the manufacturer indicating the allowable gross capacity for various configurations of a lifting or hoisting appliance.

Rated capacity chart, Capacity chart, Rating chart, Lift chart

Lasttabel, Hijstabel Hijstabel

Loader crane Powered crane comprising of a column, which slews about a base, and a Lorry loader crane, Autolaadkraan


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boom system which is attached on to the top of the column. The crane is usually fitted on a commercial vehicle (including trailer) and is designed for loading and unloading the vehicle (EN 129999).

Knuckle boom crane

Mobile crane A self powered jib crane capable of travelling, loaded or unloaded without the need for fixed runways and relying on gravity for stability (EN 13000).

Mobiele kraan, Tele kraan

Mobile Elevating Work Platform (MEWP)

Mobile machine Intended to move persons to working positions where they are carrying out work from the work platform with the intention that persons are getting on and off the work platform only at access positions at ground level or on the chassis (scope EN 280).

Mobile aerial platform Hoogwerker Schaarlift, armlift, hefplateau

Offshore container Portable unit for repeated use in the transport of goods or equipment, handled in open seas, to, from, and between fixed and/or floating installations and ships (EN 12079).

Offshore container

Offshore crane Slewing crane for general use mounted on an installation and which is used to handle loads to and from supply boats, barges or semi-submersible installations.

Offshore kraan

Offshore installation An installation on or above the continental shelf for the purpose of exploring for, or producing, minerals. The installation can be either fixed or mobile (incl. FPSOs and FSUs) (OMHEC).

Offshore installatie

Offshore Installation Manager (OIM)

Overall manager on the installation. NOTE On a vessel this will be the captain. (Norsok).

Hoofd Mijnbouw Installatie (HMI)

Offshore service container

Offshore container built and equipped for a special service task, usually as a temporary installation, e.g. laboratories, workshops, stores, power plants, control stations (EN 12079).

Offshore service container

Overhead travelling crane

Crane with its bridge girders directly supported on rail tracks by travelling carriages (ISO 4306/1).

OHT crane Bovenloopkraan Loopkraan Loopkatkraan

Pad eye A fitting having one or more eyes or rings to which a hook, shackle, steel or synthetic sling can be secured.

Hoisting lug Hijsoog Hijsplaat

Person In Charge (PIC) A competent person who has overall control of the crane operation and acts on behalf of the management of the organization requiring the load to be moved (the employing organization). ( ISO 12480 – 1).

Appointed person

Verantwoordelijk persoon

Radius, L Horizontal distance between the axis of slewing of the turntable of the crane and the vertical axis of an unladen load-handling device.

Outreach Vlucht Sprei

http://www.m-i-link.com/dictionary/default.asp?term=eye


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Rated capacity Load that the crane is designed to hoist for a given operating condition (e.g. configuration, position of the load).

Werklast

Reach truck Self propelled seated rider operated variable reach truck intended to handle loads of all kinds using attachments (EN 1459).

Variable reach truck, tele handler

Verreiker Reach truck

Rigger Competent person who is able to plan and execute a rigging job by moving a load horizontally, vertically and possibly through different floor levels, by use of different lifting and hoisting equipment.

Technisch specialist, hijs en hef specialist

Rigger

Rigging loft An offshore container, or similar, modified specially to suit the storage of lifting and hoisting equipment (often equipped with lighting and heating) .

Opslagplaats hijsen hefgereedschappen

Runway beam An overhead structural beam certified to a specific WLL and used for the attachment of hoisting equipment, such as trolleys, beam clamps etc..

Hijsbalk (vast aangebracht)

Safe Working Load (SWL)

The maximum load (as certified by an independent competent person) which an item of lifting and hoisting equipment may raise, lower or suspend under particular service conditions, e.g. the SWL can be lower than, but can never exceed, the WLL. Normally SWL = WWL unless the equipment has been de-rated.

Working Load, WL, Working Load Limit, WLL

Werklast Bedrijfslast, veilige werklast

Shackle

A hoisting accessory comprising a body and pin which are readily separable and can be used to connect a load to a lifting or hoisting appliance directly or in conjunction with other accessories.

Sluiting

Shall Verbal form used to indicate requirements strictly to be followed in order to conform to the standard and from which no deviation is permitted, unless accepted by all involved parties NOTE This verbal form is used in connection with UIO CMS standard. If other solutions are necessary, this shall be treated as a non-conformance and dealt with as a deviation according to company requirements. The alternative solution, together with any compensating measures, shall provide an equivalent level of safety.

Moet

Should Verbal form used to indicate that among several possibilities one is recommended as particularly suitable without mentioning or excluding others, or that a certain course of action is preferred but not necessarily required NOTE The term ’should’ means that other solutions can be chosen than the one recommended in the standard. It shall be documented that the alternative solution provides an equivalent level of safety (Norsok).

Zou


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Significant wave height Average height of the highest third of prevailing waves, typically measured over a period of three hours. NOTE As a rule of thumb, significant wave height is about half the maximum wave height (Norsok).

Golfhoogte

Slewing Angular motion of the revolving part in the horizontal plane of a bridge, portal or cantilever crane (ISO 4306/1).

Zwenken

Sling Wire ropes, chains, synthetic web and metal mesh made into forms, with or without fittings, for handling loads (step change).

Strop

Slinger A slinger is a person responsible for attaching and detaching the load to and from the crane load-attachment and for the use of the correct lifting gear and equipment in accordance with the planning of the operation for proper positioning of loads. The slinger is responsible for initiating the planned movement of the crane and load (ISO 15513).

Hookman, Load handler, Roustabout

Hijsbegeleider

Snatch block Lifting equipment consisting of at least one sheave in a frame with an attachment point for rope, wire sling or chain that can be attached to a fixed point or to a movable point on the load (Norsok).

Klapschijf Blok

Suspended basket Arrangement designed for the lifting of persons by a crane (EN 14502-1). Werkbak Manbak, personenhijsbak

Tag line Rope, usually synthetic, attached to the load and to be used to control the horizontal movement, swinging or twisting of the load during a lift.

Stuurlijn

Task Risk Assessment (TRA)

Is a process in which people involved in a task, assess each step of a job, identify the existing and potential HSE risks and hazards involved and agree the controls and safe working practices.

Job Hazard Analysis (JHA), Job Safe Analysis (JSA), Safe Job Analysis (SJA)

TRA

Test A technical operation which consists of determining or checking one or more characteristics of a product under test in accordance with established procedures. (ISO DIS 11927).

Test beproeving

Toolbox Talk A (short) discussion held between all members involved in a lifting or hoisting operation prior to commencement of work in order to agree on all aspects of the work and the sequential steps to be taken to complete the work. The toolbox talk shall cover the work plan, hazards, the controls, roles and responsibilities and any recovery measures to be taken if the controls are not completely effective.

Tailgate meeting, Toolbox meeting, Toolbox

Werkoverleg Toolbox, start werk overleg


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Training A programme drawn up to teach a person the necessary skills and knowledge to fulfil a function/job (OMHEC / Step Change).

Opleiding

Winch Mechanism which transmits pull by means of a flexible element (rope, chain) from a power-driven drum:

drum hoist;

friction hoist;

capstan (ISO 4306/1).

Lier

Work Load Limit (WLL) The maximum load, which an item of lifting and hoisting equipment is designed to raise, lower or suspend.

WL, WLL, Working Load limit

Werklast WL