ship ops i lesson i
TRANSCRIPT
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Ship Operation1-
SeamanshipWhat is it?
It is the art of making things work in a safe
and efficient manner?
What manner?
Navigation, maneuvering, conduct of ship in
terms of maintenance, saving the ship,behavior of the crew in respect of each other.
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SEAMANSHIP (LESSON I)Manning of a medium sized cargo vessel
Mast
er
DeckDept.
EngineDept.
Purser /ChiefSteward.CooksSteward
Pantry Boy
Catering Dept.
RadioOfficer
RadioDept.
ChiefEngineer2nd Eng.3rd Eng.4th Eng.
Electrician, Eng.Cadet orApprentice.Oiler
FitterStorekeep
Chief officer (1stMate)
2nd officer (2ndMate)
3rd officer (3rd
Mate)Cadets/apprenticeBosunCassabCarpenter
QuartermasterAB Able Body
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TIME KEEPING SYSTEM AT SEA
Middlewatch0000 0400
2nd Officer3rd
Engineer000000300100
0130020002300300033003450400
MorningWatch
0400 0800Chief Officer
2nd Engineer
0400043005000530
060006300700073007450800
Forenoonwatch
0800 12003rd Officer
4th Engineer080008300900093010001030
1100113011451200
Dog WatchSecond
1800 2000
Chief Officer2nd .Engineer
18301900193019452000
AfternoonWatch
1200 - 16002nd Officer
3rd Engineer120012301300133014001430
1500153015451600
Dog WatchFirst
1600
1800ChiefOfficer
2nd Engineer
160016301700
17301800
FirstWatch
2000 2400
3rd Officer4th Engineer
2000203021002130220022302300
233023452400
BELLS8 Bells IIIIIIII1 Bells I2 Bells II3 Bells III4 Bells IIII5 Bells IIIII6 Bells IIIIII7 Bells IIIIIII
1 Bells I8 Bells IIIIIIII
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Duties and responsibilities of the various departmentsDeck
Responsible to the captain in the safe navigation and watch
keeping at sea and in port the safe and efficient cargo
operation.
Engine
Responsible to the master in the safe and efficient maintenance
and operation of the main engine, machinery, fittings and
equipment.
Catering
Responsible for the domestic aspects of the operation of the
ship
Communication
Responsible for the efficient and safe communication
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ROPES
Ropes are classified into two basic types.
a. Fibre b. Steel wires
a. Fibre rope:- i. Natural ii. Synthetic
Natural fibre ropes manufactured from manila, hemp, sisal, coir, cotton or
flax fibres process of making ropes consist of twisting the fibres into
strains and turning the strains in opposite direction to form
yarns.
ropes can be left or right hand laid. a right hand laid rope, strain is laid up right handed
(clockwise), yarn is laid up left handed and fibred right
handed
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Properities of natural fibers
i. Kamp
Rots easily so sometimes, tarred expensive so used in smallsizes.
Does not swell when wet. Smooth, pale straw colour.
ii. Manila
Made from Abaca fibres does not rot easily but swells whenwet. Very popular at sea.Hairy golden brown.
Breaking Strength(BS) = 2d / 300
Work out the BS of a manila rope of 20mm?
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iii. Cotton
Almost never used very popular in yachts before synthetics. Rots easily. white, soft, &
smooth.
iv. Sisal
Made mainly in Tanganyika (Tanzania). Substitute for manila. White, rough, not stronger
than manila
v. Boar fibre from coconuts. Weak, when immense stretch
floats.
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Varieties of Synthetic ropes.
a) Polyamides (Nylon)
Attacked by acids, immune to alkalis, strongest, most elastic(30-40% extension) B.S. (Breaking strength) 5d2/300 tonnes whered = Diameter in mm.
Calculate the breaking strength of a polyamides rope of 25mm?
= 3125/300 = 10.4 Tonnes
b) Polyester (Terry Len & Dacron, Tetron)
Damaged by alkalis, not acids less elastic.
B.S. = 4d / 300
c) Polypropylene (Olstron, Nelson)
Damaged by ultra violet light but not acids or alkalis
B.S. = 3d / 300
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ROPES-Dangers!There are many deaths and injuries related to the mishandling of ropes
at sea. Special references should be made with regard to the usage ofropes in the code of Safe working practices for merchant seaman.
Ropes stretches before they part and there will be a backlash hazard.
Ultraviolet rays are the worst enemies of synthetic ropes
Never stand in the bight of ropes. Protect the ropes from sharp edges
from loads
Proper care and handling of ropes is vital as your life might
depend on it!
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Construction of a right hand lay rope
Fibres
Yarns
Strains
Jaws
Right hand lay of the rope
'clockwise'
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CONSTRUCTION OF 3 STRANDED Hawser-laid Fibre rope
Fibres Twisted R.H. Into a yarn.
Yarns Laid up L.H. into a stand
Strands Laid up R.H. into a rope.
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advantages more elasticity, lessprone to rot
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Long lay- Strong, more flexible, doesnot rot easily
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II. Shroud laid - 4 strand with heart.
III. Cable laid 3 R.H. hawser laid ropes laid up L.H. or 3 L.H.
Hawser Laid up R.H.
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Ship Operation I
3 strand twisted
4 strand twisted
8 strand plaited
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Manila should be used for pilot ladder construction, gantlines, lizards etc.
Advantages:-do not meltgive audible warning if breaking point is approachingdo not recoil as much as synthetic when brokennot susceptible to moderate heat and sunlight damage
can be surged and rendered on drum endscan be opened for internal inspection without damaging the ropeeasily spliced
Disadvantages:-susceptible to rot and mildew
not as strong as synthetic
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Ship Operation I
Measurement: - circumference, diameter (inches or mm)
Care of natural fibre ropes:do not put a heavy strain on a line in service under moderate strainEnsure the line is wound around the same way it is coiledtake off enough turns off the bitts so it can surge smoothlynever stow when wet or damp
remove all kinks before putting strainavoid short nips and buds through fairleads etc.diameter of sheave of block at least 2 times the circumference
Inspection:-
not to use after 5 yearsbroken fibresinternal wear and tearmildew and dry rot (dark mouldy looking spots)softness and brittleness
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Ship Operation I
Synthetic fibre rope:-
Use extensively on board ships.technical information available from manufacturer
Nylon rope:-strongest of all synthetic rope, strench up to 30%impervous to water, melting point of 250oC
pliable and suitable for most form of riggingsdo not float, stiffen up in cold climate and difficult to handlegive no audible sound when about to part
Polyester rope:-
resistant to acids, oils and organic solvents compare to nylonstrength remain the same whether dry or wet conditionuse for mooring tails or ropes
similar to nylon ropes
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Ship Operation I
Disdvantages of synthetic ropes:-due to the ability to stretch, a considerable whiplash effect if the rope
breaksno audible warning prior breakinglow melting point, tends to melt or fuse on drum endssusceptible to heat and sunlightcan be weaken by chemicals etc. with little evidence
plaited ropes require special splicing instructions
Care and handling of synthectic ropes:-stowed in well ventilated dry compartments away from chemicals, acids,
alkalis etc.do not stow on deck even for short passages between portsin port cover coiled mooring ropes as exposure to strong light is
detrimental to ropesstow on gratings to avoid unavoidable contaiminationdo not stow near heat source e.g. engine room bulkheadsinspect regularly for internal and external for wear and tear, look for
powdering between strands
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Ship Operation ICare and handling of synthectic ropes:-eyes splices should have not less than four tucks, tapered by halving
and quatering the strands for two tucks respectively, the tapered partsecurely wrapped with adhesive tapeshould provide grip similar to natural ropesavoid overloading the rope around sharp anglesnever put strain on a kink
wash with fresh water if splash by corrosiveswhere wire rope is joined to a rope, ensure that a timble is used and
the wire and rope are laid the same waykeep ropes and wire in different leadssections of the ropes which are vulnerable to abrasion e.g. the eyes
should be protected with sheathsdo not cut ropes on drumsdo not surge or render on drums, not to use more than three turnsalways stopper off with the same type of rope using 'west country'
stoppertry to prevent mooring ropes from snagging on quays or cargo ashore
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Ship Operation ICare and handling of synthectic ropes:-new coils should be unwrapped in an anti-clockwise direction from the
coil centre, or suspended by a swivel and the rope taken from outsidewarn ship personnel that there is no audible warning when a synthetic
rope is approaching breaking point
Formulae for breaking stresses
Type Size Factor
Grade 1 manila 7mm - 144mm 2D2/300
Polypropylene 7mm - 80mm 3D2/300
Polythene 4mm - 72mm 4D2/300
Polyesther (terylene) 4mm - 96mm 4D2/300
Polyamide (nylon) 4mm - 96mm 5D2/300
SWL is taken as 1/5 of the breaking stress
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Wire ropes.-Properties
Tendency to spring when opening a coil and unlay itself when cut.
Resist bending and does not absorb turns so easily as compared to
fibre ropes resulting in kinks and snarls.
When this happens, a kink which is about to develop should neverbe pulled out, otherwise the rope is long jawed and permanently
damaged.
Never subject wires to sharp nips such as altering its direction of
lead by passing it through shackles, eyebolts, or over plate edges.
Wires ropes should be opened from the outer coil ideally from a
drum and stowed on reels or coil down when not in use.
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Wires ropes should be whipped before cutting.
Splicing of wire rope.
Efficient splice three full tucks with two half tucks, all against
the lay. The second tuck is a locking tuck.
Formulae for breaking stresses
Type Size Factor
6 strands 12 wires per strand 15D2/500
6 strands 24 wires per strand 20D2/500
6 strands 37 wires per strand 21D2/500
Chains 30D2/600
SWL is taken as 1/5 of the breaking stress but CHECKand
VERIFYthe rope before use and refer to any technical
specifications to ascertain the SWL!
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Ship Operation I
Manila Nylon Polypropylene
Nylon Mooringropes
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Painting
Why do you need to paint a ship?
Protect the ship from the danger of corrosion (rust).
Provide an beautiful outlook to her.
Gives confidence and pride to the crew who sailson her?
Makes her presentable?
Provides an identification for her ?
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Painting -dangers
Paints are made up of chemical pigmentresins
Before applying any paints, ensure that thearea is efficiently ventilated.
Surface preparation