Should the Doha Round Continue or end After Nairobi?

• Developing countries: DDA must continue until they harvested what is important for developing countries

• Some developed countries: No more DDA but issues left out can be put into a work programme outside the DDA framework.

New issues should also be included in this new era of negotiations.

Possible new issues- investment; - competition rules; - government procurement; - energy; - global value chains

US proposed package

- Export competition- Transparency elements (fish subsidies;

domestic regulation of services, anti-dumping)- LDC package

Import surges/substitution of local production

soy in Indonesia; maize and milk in Malawi; dairy and maize in Tanzania; tomato paste in Senegal; soy and cotton in Mexico; poultry in Gambia; rice in Haiti

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The case of rice in Haïti

• Early 80s: Haïti was self-sufficient in rice production

• 1980s: Introduction of two structural adjustment programmes by World Bank and International Monetary Fund

• Rice tariff reduced from 50% to 3%

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Haïti• Subsidised rice imports increased from 15,000

tonnes to 350,000 tonnes between 1980 and 2004

• Local production: decreased from 124,000 tonnes to 73,000 tonnes between 1981 and 2002

• Government spends some 80% of export earnings for food imports

• High rural exodus

BILL CLINTON - Statement to the Senate Foreign Relations Committee on March 10, 2010:

Since 1981, the United States has followed a policy, until the last year or so when we started rethinking it, that we rich countries that produce a lot of food should sell it to poor countries and relieve them of the burden of producing their own food, so, thank goodness, they can leap directly into the industrial era…So we genuinely thought we were helping Haiti when we restored President Aristide, made a commitment to help rebuild the infrastructure through the Army Corps of Engineers there, and do a lot of other things. And we made this devil’s bargain on rice. And it wasn’t the right thing to do. We should have continued to work to help them be self-sufficient in agriculture. And we — that’s a lot of what we’re doing now.

S&D treatment

- TRIMS flexibilities- GATT Article 18 (infant industry; balance of

payments)- Safeguards- TRIPS exemption for LDCs- Subsidies - SPS- TBT