shunning kritik

8/18/2019 Shunning Kritik

1/32

30th Anniversary

Shunning 1NC

A. Link -

B. Willful, flagrant, persistent violations of human rights necessitate shunningEric H. Beversluis, Aquinas College, Public Affairs Quarterly, Volume 3, No. 2, April 199, page !"#

Certain types of be$a%ior constitute a &irect attac' on t$e moral or&er. ($en t$e %iolation of $uman rig$ts is flagrant, )illful,

an& persistent, t$e offen&er is, as it )ere, t$umbing $er nose at t$e moral or&er , publicly re*ecting it as bin&ing $er be$a%ior.

Clearly suc$ be$a%ior, if tolerate& by society, )ill )ea'en an& per$aps e%entually un&ermine altoget$er t$e moral or&er. +et us

loo' briefly at t$ose t$ree con&itions )$ic$ turn immoral be$a%ior into an attac' on t$e moral or&er. An immoral action isflagrant if it is e-tremely or &eliberately conspicuous notorious, s$oc'ing. Etymologically t$e )or& means burning- or

bla/ing. 0$e &efinition of s$unning implies t$erefore t$at t$ose offenses require s$unning )$ic$ are s$ameless or in&iscreet,

)$ic$ t$e person ma'es no effort to $i&e an& no goo&"fait$ effort to e-cuse. 1uc$ actions bla/e fort$ as an attac' on t$e

moral or&er. ut to merit s$unning t$e action must also be )illful an& persistent. (e &o not consi&er t$e actions of t$ebac'sli&er, t$e )ea'")ille&, t$e one"time offen&er to be c$allenges to t$e moral or&er. t is repeat offen&er, t$e unrepentant

sinner, t$e col&"bloo&e& %iolator of morality )$ose be$a%ior &eman&s t$at ot$ers publicly reaffirm t$e moral or&er. ($en

someone flagrantly, )illfully, an& repeate&ly %iolates t$e moral or&er, t$ose )$o belie%e in t$e moral or&er , t$e members of t$e

moral community, must respon& in a )ay t$at reaffirms t$e legitimacy of t$at moral or&er. Ho) &oes s$unning &o t$is4 5irst, by refusing publicly to $a%e to &o )it$ suc$ a person one announces support for t$e moral or&er an& bac's up t$e

announcement )it$ action. 0$is action reinforces t$e commitment to t$e moral or&er bot$ of t$e s$unner an& of t$e ot$ermembers of t$e community. 61ecretary of 1tate 1$ult/ in effect ma&e t$is argument in $is call for international sanctions on

+ibya in t$e early &ays of #!7.8 5urt$er, s$unning may $a%e a moral effect on t$e s$unne& person, e%en if t$e &irect impact isnot a&equate to c$ange t$e immoral be$a%ior. f t$e s$unne& person t$in's of $erself as part of t$e moral community, s$unning

may )ell ma'e clear to $er t$at s$e is, in fact, remo%ing $erself from t$at community by t$e be$a%ior in question. 0$us

s$unning may ac$ie%e by moral suasion )$at cannot be ac$ie%e& by force. 5inally, s$unning may be a form of punis$ment,

of moral sanction, )$ose appropriateness &epen&s not on )$et$er it )ill c$ange t$e person9s be$a%ior, but on )$et$er $e&eser%es t$e punis$ment for %iolating t$e moral or&er. Punis$ment t$an can be %ie)e& as a )ay of maintaining t$e moral or&er,

of purifying t$e community after it $as been ma&e unclean, as ancient communitie s mig$t $a%e put it.

+ast printe& #:;:


2/32

30th Anniversary

Shunning Criticism Shell

!. "on#t $e complicit %ith &vil-We must fight it or %e $ecome a part of it

Haim 'or(on, en"@urion ni%ersity 1enior +ecturer in E&ucation an( Bi%ca 'or(on, 5oun&ation for emocratic E&ucation in

srael, 1AB0BE AN EV+, #9), .

n t$e first section of t$is boo' )e &eal )it$ t$e problem of intuiti%ely respon&ing to E%il. Dur e-perience $as taug$t us t$attoo many people $a%e learne& to pass by or to ignore t$e E%il t$at confronts t$em $ere an& no). 0$ey purposely refrain from

percei%ing a specific an& concrete instance of E%il. Hence t$ey ne%er nee& to fig$t it. Df course, t$ey t$us support t$e e%il&oer

an& e%il regime, but t$at only partially concerne& us in t$is section. ifferent questions seeme& more crucial> ($at

c$aracteri/es t$e consciousness an& t$e free&om of a person )$o &oes respon& intuiti%ely to E%il, an& )$o tries to fig$t it4($at attitu&es interfere )it$ suc$ an intuiti%e response4 (e soug$t significant ans)ers to t$ese questions in 1artes literature

an& &rama. ( e foun& suc$ ans)ers. 1artes literature an& &rama in&ee& pro%i&e enlig$tening an& important insig$ts t$at

$a%e $elpe& us to un&erstan& t$e many e%asions of intuiti%ely respon&ing to E%il t$at )e $a%e encountere&. n t$e first c$apter

)e &escribe an& &iscuss $o) luci&ity an& courage are essential to intuiti%ely respon&ing to E%il. 1uc$ a &iscussion raises, ofcourse, some of t$e problems of ba& fait$. n t$e ne-t c$apter )e &escribe t$e ruse of noble E%il, )$ic$ )e foun& to be a %ery

prominent manner of performing E%il an& of supporting it, as )ell as of fleeing from percei%ing it. As )e in&icate in our

&iscussion, noble E%il is e-tremely &ifficult to percei%e intuiti%ely. 0o &o so one must learn to forcefully unmas' t$e noble

e%il&oer. 5or t$is tas' 1artre is a great teac$er. n&ee&, )e can say quite clearly t$at in 1atire9s literature an& &rama one fin&smany insig$ts an& suggestions on $o) to unmas' t$e noble e%il&oer. 1ome of t$e insig$ts an& suggestions t$at )e foun& most

significant are presente& in our &iscussion. ut ma'e no mista'es. 0$e e%il&oer is frequently %ery cle%er. Again an& again in$is literature an& &rama, 1atire s$o)s t$e e%il&oer be)itc$ing ot$er people an& enticing t$em to *oin in &oing E%il. ntuiti%ely

grasping $is be)itc$ing is $ar&ly a simple tas'. t requires courage, luci&ity, an& )is&om. 1ince 1artre &escribe& t$is be)itc$ing in great &etail, one can glean no little )is&om from $is )ritings. (e $a%e &escribe& elements of t$is )is&om in t$e

t$ir& c$apter. 0$e final c$apter in t$is first section &eals )it$ t$e flig$t from t$e $orror of E%il. t is e%i&ent t$at often t$e

e%il&oer is $orrifie& by $is or $er &ee& an& see's )ays to flee t$is $orror. Dne manner of suc$ flig$t is to be)itc$ oneself an&

t$ose )$om one encounters. n contrast, people )$o are not committe& e%il&oers are a)are of t$e possibility of $orror if t$ey&are to compre$en& E%il for )$at it is muc$ too often t$ey flee suc$ a situation into ba& fait$ an& self"&eceit. Hence, &espite

t$e $orror t$at E%il rouses, fe) people are )illing to e-perience t$is $orror straig$tfor)ar&ly an& fig$t E%il. ?any learn to

&esensiti/e t$emsel%es to t$e $orrors t$at encompass t$em )$en t$ey succee&, t$ey are often easy prey to t$e enticements of

e%il&oers, )$o $a%e be)itc$e& t$emsel%es an& attempt to be)itc$e& &esensiti/e& people so as to accept t$e $orror as natural.As )e s$o) 1artre9s literature an& &rama &escribe suc$ possibilities in &ept$ an& )it$ illuminating &etails, an& t$is can greatly

benefit t$e person fig$ting E%il.

+ast printe& #:;:


3/32

30th Anniversary

2NC Overview

+oting affirmative makes you complicit %ith an evil regime. "on#t sign the $allot to engage evil.

1. hey (estroy all morality Beversluis says that shunning is an imperative to uphol( the moral or(er.

&ngaging evil $y listening to the it (estroys all meaning, leaving you %ith no moral compass left toa(u(icate the affirmative claims.

*. /ree(om an( authenticity are sacrifice( if you turn a $lin( eye. 'or(on an( 'or(on say that if you

(on#t shun evil, not only (o you allo% it to $ecome $anal an( commonplace, $ut you con(emn yourself to

a serial eistence.

3. We (on#t a(vocate the status uo, sanctions, or 2 action. We a(vocate that you shun for courage an(

luci(ity.

4. 5t turns the case. heir attempts to save the 'lo$al outh from the colonialism increases evil, thus

increasing suffering in the long term.

). hunning &vil is goo( in itself. olvency is irrelevant.


srael, 1arte F E%il, #9), p.2


4/32

30th Anniversary

2NC AT: Perm

JJJJ 0$e perm pro%es t$e lin'. 0$e affirmati%e alone &oes not ta'e a stance against e%il.

JJJJ No net benefit. 0$e perm still lin's because t$ey cant se%er t$eir AC. 0$e perm still engages a corrupt regime.

JJJJ Critique permutations are illegitimate.A " 0$e critique isnt a&%ocacy li'e a counterplan, it is a reason to &iscursi%ely re*ect t$e affirmati%e.

K 0$ere is no te-t to permute. 0$ere is not$ing a&%ocate& by t$e negati%e t$at t$e affirmati%e can a&& to t$eir plan to

ta'e out t$e lin'.

C K 0$e perm &oesnt ta'e out t$e lin'. 0$ey cant coopt t$e NC a&%ocacy an& r$etoric. t )oul& *ustify t$e aff 'ic'ing

out of all of t$e assumptions of t$e AC. 0$ats a %oting issue because it &estroys all neg critique an& &isa& groun&, an& it

promotes argument irresponsibility.

K Any perm )it$ a net benefit )oul& se%er part of t$e AC. 0$ats a %oting issue because its a mo%ing target, an& 'ills

neg groun&.

+ast printe& #:;:


5/32

30th Anniversary

2NC AT: Performative Contradiction

6666 7o contra(iction. 8ur counterplan is consistent %ith the a(vocates of the criticism.

6666 here#s nothing you can conce(e to %in. ou coul( conce(e our cp:(isa( to take out the critiue,

$ut then you#( lose. 8r you coul( conce(e our critiue to take out the (isa(s, $ut then you#( $e in %orsetrou$le.

6666 5t#s only an aff $ur(en. 8ur only o$ is to negate, %e have no $ur(en of sta$le a(vocacy. We test

them on multiple levels. he Aff must ustify their case. 5f they can#t they lose.

6666 5t#s no (ifferent than any other argument. 5f %e ran a (isa( that links to our counterplan, that#s not

a contra(iction, it#s ust attacking the argument at (ifferent levels.

6666 5t#s not a voter

A ; Aff a(vantage. hey have first an( last speech, the statistical a(vantage, an( sanctions $a( groun(.

B ; here#s no %arrant for voting aff, they still have to prove the plan is a goo( i(ea.! ;


6/32

30th Anniversary

2NC AT: Shunning doesn’t solve

hunning solves Beversluis says hunning has a moral effect on the shunne( person, even if it (oesn#t

change the immoral $ehavior. hunning is the only %ay to confirm the vali(ity of human rights.

/ighting evil solves 'or(on says that unmasking evil is essential to the eperience of horror, the first stepin reection of genoci(e.

!ross-apply the 'or(on an( 'or(on evi(ence from the overvie%. olving the &vil is irrelevant>

in(ivi(uals must shun for courage, luci(ity an( authenticity.

+ast printe& #:;:


7/32

30th Anniversary

Shunning solves

7orms of respect for human rights translate into greater protection

Bein @ullerson, Professor an& C$air of nternational +a) at Lings College 6+on&on8, Human Big$ts iplomacy, #9, p.3;"3MDf course, since t$e emergence of t$e %ery 5irst international $uman rig$ts instruments on t$e protection of certain minorities,

$uman rig$ts issues, as )e sa), $a%e been use& as an instrument of state policy )it$ quite a large portion of $ypocrisy. 0$us, int$e Col& (ar era. $uman rig$ts )ere often abuse& as part of t$e i&eological an& political struggle bet)een t$e East an& t$e

(est. Ho)e%er, in t$e &e%elopment of international la), t$ere is a p$enomenon )$ic$ coul& be calle& t$e $ypocrisy trap9. 5or

e-ample, in t$e &omain of $uman rig$ts " )$ere morality plays an important role an& go%ernments sel&om )ant to be seen as

outrig$tly immoral " some go%ernments, )$ic$ pay only lip" ser%ice to $uman rig$ts or )$ic$ try to use t$e issue as aninstrument against t$eir political a&%ersaries, may fin& at t$e en& of t$e &ay t$at t$eir be$a%iour $as nonet$eless le& to t$e

emergence of certain norms9 an& e%en practices )$ic$ may really start to affect go%ernments9 policy. nternational $uman rig$ts

stan&ar&s, li'e many ot$er principles an& norms of international la), are not *ust pieces of paper. 0$ey $a%e t$e capacity to

create e-pectations on t$e part of in&i%i&uals an& peoples as )ell as on t$e part of ot$er go%ernments " e-pectations )$ic$states may fin& &ifficult to resist. +ouis Hen'in is rig$t )$en $e says t$at t$e &e%elopment of $uman rig$ts la) may in&ee&

ser%e as a lesson in t$e benign consequences of certain 'in&s of $ypocrisy, of t$e $omage t$at %ice pays to %irtue. t is

important t$at $uman rig$ts is t$e %irtue to )$ic$ %ice is impelle& to pay $omage. 0$en all states are impelle& to accept $uman

rig$ts in principle, ma'ing promises to t$eir o)n people as )ell as to t$e )orl&. Bepressi%e states are compelle& to &eny an&conceal, but concealment can be unco%ere& an& lies e-pose&. 0$e international $uman rig$ts mo%ement, )$ate%er its causes

an& reasons, $as acquire& its o)n momentum, an& states coul& stay a)ay from it only by losing furt$er some of t$eircre&ibility an& po)er to ot$er actors.

"espite short term $acklash, shunning is successful in the long run

Bein @ullerson, Professor an& C$air of nternational +a) at Lings College 6+on&on8, Human Big$ts iplomacy, #9, p.;3As instances of contemptuous reaction, $e cites t$e Argentine an& ra/ilian reactions to t$e Carter a&ministration9s &ecision tocut military ai& to t$ese countries because of t$eir $uman rig$ts recor&s. 0$ese go%ernments not only consi&ere& t$at t$e 1

policy constitute& interference in t$eir internal affairs, but also respon&e& by re*ecting t$e ai& )$ic$ $a& alrea&y been

appropriate&. Ho)e%er, )oul& not qualify t$ese apparently negati%e responses as a complete failure of 1 $uman rig$ts

&iplomacy E%ery suc$ act of pressure ob%iously $urts t$e pri&e of national lea&ers an& t$erefore t$e imme&iate reaction is oftennegati%e. ?oreo%er. 1 $uman rig$ts policy lac'e& consistency, an& its &ouble stan&ar& )as often ob%ious. )$ic$ also

negati%ely affecte& its efficiency. ut more important t$an t$e imme&iate reaction are long term &e%elopments. n Argentina

an& ra/il t$e latest &e%elopments $a%e been rat$er positi%e, an& t$ere is no &oubt t$at t$e attention pai& to t$e $uman rig$ts

situation in t$ese countries an& t$e pressure e-erte& on t$em by in&i%i&ual states an& by, t$e )orl& community as a )$ole )asinstrumental in bringing about positi%e transformations.

hunning sen(s a clear signal of protest

Eric H. Beversluis, Aquinas College, P+C A55AB1 QAB0EB+G, April #9, p. M.0$e economic literature on sanctions seems to support t$e general lac' of effecti%eness of sanctions 6Hufbauer an& 1c$ott,

#!M8. Get in t$e face of t$is 'no)le&ge t$ere continue to be t$e calls to impose suc$ sanctions. 0$e reasons gi%en for sanctions

un&er t$ese circumstances are 6a8 to ma'e a )itness against particularly immoral be$a%ior an& 6b8 to a%oi& complicity in t$at

be$a%ior. Oo$n @altung notes> ($en military action is impossible for one reason or anot$er, an& )$en &oing not$ing is seen astantamount to complicity, t$en somet$ing $as to be &one to e-press morality, somet$ing t$at at least ser%es as a clear signal to

e%eryone t$at )$at t$e recei%ing nation $as &one is &isappro%e& of. f t$e sanctions &o not ser%e instrumental purposes t$ey

can at least $a%e e-pressi%e functions. 0$us as a $ig$ly &ramatic 6an& costly8 )ay of reinforcing international morality,

economic sanctions may be useful 6@altung, #!3, pgs. ;!";#8.

+ast printe& #:;:


8/32

30th Anniversary

Solving the Evil is irrelevant

We must shun human rights violators regar(less of its failure to change the $a( $ehavior

Eric H. Beversluis, Aquinas College, Public Affairs Quarterly, Volume 3, No.2, April #9, p. 2;(e began )it$ t$e question )$et$er it is e%er a nation9s &uty to impose boycotts or ot$er economic sanctions on anot$er nation

)$en it appears unli'ely t$at t$e sanctions can raise t$e cost of t$e offen&ing be$a%ior $ig$ enoug$ to force t$e ot$er nation toc$ange it. (e sa) t$at in t$e case of )illful, persistent, an& flagrant %iolations of $uman rig$ts suc$ a policy )as calle& for as

part of t$e &uty to protect t$e moral or&er an& t$e moral community. (e t$en e-amine& a number of problems for t$e t$eory,

noting t$at morality &oes apply to nations as )ell as to in&i%i&uals t$at s$unning is a last resort t$at &oes not rule out

continue& efforts to )or' )it$ t$e offen&ing nation, not a first resort t$at t$ere can be ot$er &uties )$ic$ o%erri&e t$e &uty tos$un, t$us creating t$e appearance of $ypocrisy or &ouble"stan&ar&ism an& t$at steps must be ta'en to ensure t$at t$e bur&en

of s$unning is &istribute& fairly, alt$oug$ imposing costs on t$e oppresse& people t$emsel%es &oes not per se rule out s$unning.

hunning is a %itness against inustice %hen attempts to change the $ehavior have faile(

Eric H. Beversluis, Aquinas College, Public Affairs Quarterly, Volume 3, No.2, April #9, p. 2


9/32

30th Anniversary

2NC AT: e hel! the !eo!le

hey (eny the eperience of horror 'or(on an( 'or(on say that engaging evil for no$le goals

(esensities us to the eperience of evil until %e accept horror as natural. We must unmask the no$le

evil(oer.

he counterplan solves $etter $ecause it (oesn#t allo% a corrupt regime to siphon off money that shoul(

go to help people.

hat#s the most common ecuse to ignore evil. hey are still complicit ena$lelers of evil.


srael, 1arte F E%il, #9), p.32"33n $is c$affing attac' against $imself an& against most members of $is generation, 1artre points out t$at after (orl& (ar t$ey

)ere so puffe& up )it$ t$eir acclaime& %irtues t$at t$ey ne%er sense& t$eir basic mista'e> instea& of fig$ting t$e e%il&oers

&irectly, protecting t$e innocent, t$at )as our business. n&ee&, one of t$e most potent an& successful lies pre%ailing in

contemporary politics is t$at one can ma'e it one9s business to protect t$e innocent )it$out at all in&icating t$at someone must be &oing t$e E%il t$at causes t$ese innocent persons to require protection. n me&ie%al legen&s people )ere $onest. 0$e 'nig$t

protecte& t$e innocent &amsel from t$e )rat$ of t$e fire"breat$ing &ragon. ragons $a%e since &isappeare&. E%il is no) &onesolely by $uman beings. Get in contemporary political life, )$ic$ inclu&es organi/ations )$ose role is to struggle for $uman

rig$ts, almost no one mentions t$is brute, unpleasant fact especially not t$ose respectable people )it$ beautiful souls )$ooften sit on t$e boar&s of &irectors for many of t$ese $uman rig$ts organi/ations. 0$ese respectable boar& members an& t$eir

supporters quietly embrace men&acity. At most, t$ey )ill cry out t$at t$e suffering an& t$e innocent nee& assistance an&

protection, )$ic$ is, of course, t$e trut$. ut t$ey )ill ne%er in&icate clearly )$o is responsible for t$e terrible E%il &one to t$e

innocent. Nor )ill t$ey try to fig$t t$ese e%il&oers. Ni/an, 1artre in&icates, 'ne) t$e trut$> people )$o ma'e it t$eir business to protect t$e innocent are almost al)ays snea'ing a)ay from fig$ting E%il. 1artre &oes not at all mean t$at t$ere s$oul& not be

asylums for battere& )omen, s$elters for t$e $omeless, or social ser%ices an& foster $omes t$at care for abuse& c$il&ren. ut

rat$er, toget$er )it$ t$ese muc$"nee&e& social ser%ices, t$ere s$oul& be a recognition t$at t$ere are e%il&oers )$o $a%e broug$t

about t$is E%il, an& t$ese e%il&oers nee& to be foug$t$ere an& no). Dt$er)ise, 1artre in&icates, a person is stealing a)ayfrom one9s responsibilities9

+ast printe& #:;:


10/32

30th Anniversary

2NC AT: case outweighs

hunning evil is a priori Beversluis says that %hen they turn a $lin( eye to offenses that are flagrant,

%illful, an( persistent, they (estroy all morality, ren(ering their case impacts meaningless.

urn /ree(om is essential to en( %ar, violence, an( genoci(eBO Cummel, 1 nstitute Df Peace, City Times nter%ie)s )it$ +aisse/ 5aire 0$in'ers E?DCE> Bu&y Bummel nter%ie)e& by

Alberto ?ingar&i, August"1eptember, 199. $ttp>::)))2.$a)aii.e&u:rummel:N0EBVE(.0A+G.H0?0$e e%i&ence on t$is question is persuasi%e> t$e best )ay of eliminating )ar bet)een nations, of minimi/ing &omestic political%iolence, an& of %irtually ma'ing genoci&e an& mass mur&er a $orror of t$e past, is by fostering political free&om. Politically

free nations &o not ma'e )ar on eac$ ot$er, $a%e minimum &omestic political %iolence, an& %irtually no genoci&e an& mass

mur&er. call t$is t$e miracle t$at is free&om. t is as t$oug$ )e $a%e a cure for cancer. nfortunately, alt$oug$ t$at liberal

&emocracies &on9t ma'e )ar on eac$ ot$er is no) accepte& as an a-iom in international relations by t$ose )$o &o researc$ onit, an& some top politicians are a)are of t$is, fe) in t$e public an& me&ia 'no) t$at )e $a%e a solution to )ar an& %iolence.

+ast printe& #:;:


11/32

30th Anniversary

2NC AT: "ove #our enemies

2nmask &vil 'or(on an( 'or(on say that if you (o not fight it, you support it.

+iolence may $e a useful an( necessary tool to fight &vil

Haim'or(on

, en"@urion ni%ersity 1enior +ecturer in E&ucationan(

Bi%ca'or(on

, 5oun&ation for emocratic E&ucation in

srael, 1arte F E%il, #9), p.Mefore s'ipping o%er t$e fuse& group, )e &o )ant to point out, $o)e%er, t$at in fig$ting E%il one s$oul& ne%er rule out t$e

possibility of using %iolence. (it$out t$e use of %iolence, it is &oubtful t$at t$e blac' peasants of to&ay9s Rimbab)e )oul& be

free from t$e )$ite man9s %iolent an& e-ploiting rule in former B$o&esia. (it$out %iolence, Hitler )oul& not $a%e been%anquis$e&. 0$e same is true for Pol Pot an& for t$e nite& 1tates an& 5renc$ forces in Vietnam. 0$us, )$en struggling against

t$e &estruction of free&om by %iolent political means, )e s$oul& ne%er re*ect outrig$t t$e possibility t$at in a certain moment

%iolence may be t$e only pat$ open to fig$ting t$e %iolent &estruction of one9s free&om by t$e e%il&oer. 1artre calls suc$ %iolent

actions positi%e %iolence or contra%iolence.

rying to empathie %ith &vil stops the fight against it


srael, 1arte F E%il, #9), p.--

0$e first c$apter in t$is section &eals )it$ fig$ting racism, )$ose uglyface $as once again emerge& t$roug$out t$e )orl&, inclu&ing srael. Get t$e general response to racism, by t$ose )$o say t$at

t$ey firmly re*ect it, &oes not seem to reflect muc$ of 1artre9s e-istential &escription of t$e anti"1emite in $is essay Anti"1emitean& Oe). 0$is is unfortunate, since, as )e in&icate in t$is c$apter, 1artre9s &o)n"to"eart$ &escription of t$e &istorte& an& banal

mo&e of e-istence of t$e anti"1emite is in&ee& %ery $elpful in countering racism. 1artre clarifies con%incingly t$at t$e )ay of

life of t$is enemy of free&om is me&iocre an& inaut$entic, Hence, one conclusion t$at arises imme&iately is t$at to fig$t t$e

racist, one s$oul& ne%er try to un&erstan& $is or $er &istorte& %ie)s. Bat$er, one s$oul& imme&iately an& straig$tfor)ar&lyre*ect t$em as immoral, illegitimate, an& un)ort$y of &iscussion.

hunning is the least violent option for a((ressing human rights a$uses

OA?E 2!DL5!E5, PBD5E11DB, H10DBG AN N0EBNA0DNA+ BE+A0DN1 NVEB10G D5 ?A?, foun&ing

E-ecuti%e irector of t$e Nort$"1out$ Center, 5CH, 1eptember a8 suspension of &iplomatic relations b8 suspension of economic relations c8 co%ert operations &8 assassinations an&e8 military actions. 0$ese policy options are sometimes best carrie& out )it$ ot$er countries or t$roug$ international

organi/ations. Dt$er times t$e . 1. must act alone. ($ile in t$e nineteent$ century )it$$ol&ing of &iplomatic recognition )as

an important instrument to pressure foreign go%ernments, t$at is no longer t$e case. As )e 'no), assassinations are currently

pro$ibite& by la) an& co%ert operations are, at best, &ifficult an& not al)ays successful. 1imilarly military actions are comple-,sometimes antagoni/e our allies an& test American toleration, especially if t$ey are carrie& out often. 0$is, t$erefore, lea%es

t$e policy ma'er )it$ limite& options. Economic sanctions are a legitimate e-pression of our &iscontent )it$ specific lea&ers

or regime an& a means to apply pressure to ac$ie%e our ob*ecti%es an& en$ance . 1. national interest. 1anctions complement

.1. foreign policy an& are an integral part of broa&er policies aime& at ac$ie%ing national ob*ecti%es. 0$is policy of economicsanctions may $urt t$e citi/ens of ot$er countries or may penali/e American businesses abroa&. Get it is important to emp$asi/e

t$at in t$e case of Cuba, t$e main cause of economic $ar&s$ips in t$at islan& are t$e policies of t$e Castro regime an& it9s

insistence on clinging to a faile& ?ar-ist e-periment. t is important to emp$asi/e also t$at )$ile some .1. corporations may

be suffering by not being able to sell to or in%est in Cuba, t$e )ell being of corporate America &oes not rest on )$et$er t$ey

can sell .1. goo&s to a poor, small an& ban'rupt country li'e Cuba.

+ast printe& #:;:


12/32

30th Anniversary

2NC AT: The $S violates human rights

hat#s a reason to vote negative "on#t align yourself %ith the evil of the 2 government either. "on#t

vote affirmative to put yourself in the place of the 2 government, that makes you complicit %ith its

violations. !on(emn evil %herever it appears.

Haim 'or(on, en"@urton ni%ersity 1enior +ecturer n E&ucation. Quic'san&> srael, t$e ntifa&a an& t$e Bise of Politics E%ilin emocracies, #9)

ntellectual &iscourse t$at refuses to &iscuss e%il, to see e%il, to $ear about e%il, is )illfully con&emning itself to et$ical

impotence an& to a &istortion of reality. t )ill" fully ignores important trut$s about life, about society, about politics. 1uc$ a)illful ignoring of trut$s ero&es t$e entire intellectual en&ea%or. Not only t$at, but promoting an& participating in suc$ a sterile

&iscourse is an act of co)ar&ice because it accepts t$e manifestations of e%il as a fact of life t$at nee& not be bra%ely

confronte&, firmly re*ecte&, an& resolutely eliminate&. Consi&er Bic$ar& Ni-on9s carpet bombing of Cambo&ia in t$e early

#=


13/32

30th Anniversary

2NC AT: The $S violates human rights

We must confront racism even as %e recognie evil in our o%n culture


srael, 1arte F E%il, #9), p.2;"2Mn Anti"1emite an& Oe), 1arte emp$asi/e& t$at t$e responsibility of e%ery 5rency person is to acti%ely struggle against anti"

1emitism in 5rance. An& against me&iocrity. 1ome years later, $o)e%er, 1artre in&icate& t$at suc$ struggles &eman&,

especially among intellectuals, t$e courage an& t$e )illingness to li%e a contra&iction. Dn t$e one $an&, t$e intellectual must

embrace t$e rationalist approac$ t$at is at t$e core of (estern science an& culture an& its quest for trut$, 'no)le&ge, an&e-cellence. ut on t$e ot$er $an&, t$e intellectual must 'no) t$at $e or s$e is part of t$e bourgeois, )$ic$ $as establis$e& a

totally irrational economic system )$ose institutions forcefully perpetuate in*ustice, inequality, e-ploitation, oppression, an&

me&iocrity. Dnly by agreeing to li%e t$is contra&iction aut$entically, )it$ its e%ery&ay $ar&s$ips, only by personally reflecting

t$is contra&iction in one9s actions an& )or&s )$ile fig$ting E%il, can t$e intellectual $elp to illuminate t$e struggle against E%il,inclu&ing t$e fig$t against racism. y &eman&ing a courageous an& aut$entic )ay of life from t$e intellectual, 1artre is

pointing out t$at t$e mere fact of utili/ing one9s intellectual talents &oes not suffice . 0o be an $onest intellectual, t$e

contra&iction t$at is at t$e basis of ones life must be e%i&ent. 0$us, an $onest intellectual )ill straig$tfor)ar&ly attac' racism,

oppression, or e-ploitation because of its irrational basis, e%en )$ile agreeing t$at, unfortunately, one9s o)n bourgeois life $as probably benefite&, albeit in a roun&about manner, from t$is E%il . An $onest intellectual )ill ne%er refrain from pointing to an&

naming t$e e%il people )$o are &irectly responsible for t$e E%il t$at $e or s$e is attac'ing . 0$e $onest intellectual )ill not be

afrai& to point out, for instance, t$at Presi&ent Carter, Presi&ent Beagan, an& t$e .1. 1enate s$are t$e responsibility )it$ t$e

mur&erers in t$e &eat$ squa&s for t$e 'illings of innocent people )$o struggle& for $uman rig$ts in El 1al%a&or, among t$emArc$bis$op Bomero. Dr, as 1artre says clearly, t$e $onest intellectual )ill again an& again, struggle to efine t$e principles of

*ustice an& accuse t$ose responsible for in*ustice in t$e blea' situation t$at confronts $im or $er . n a )or&, genuine

intellectuals )ill ne%er e%a&e relating $onestly to t$e political situation in )$ic$ t$ey fin& t$emsel%es.

"espite inustices at home, shunning is an a priori (uty

Eric H. Beversluis, Aquinas College, Public Affairs Quarterly, Volume 3, No.2, April #9, p. 22+et $im )$o is )it$out guilt t$ro) t$e first stone. 0$is biblical in*unction )ill ma'e anyone pause before *u&ging publicly

$er neig$bor9s morality. Get must )e not &o t$is on occasion4 ?ust )e not, $a%ing a&mitte& our o)n failings an&s$ortcomings, $a%ing &one our best to put our o)n $ouse in or&er, an& $a%ing t$ereby affirme& our o)n commitment to t$e

moral or&er on occasion publicly &isassociate oursel%es from t$ose )$ose be$a%ior in&icates t$e refusal to &o *ust t$at4 (e

may be )rong ot$ers may see us as a $ypocrites. ut in t$e en& )e must follo) our consciences in t$is as in ot$er matters.

+ast printe& #:;:


14/32

30th Anniversary

AT: Pragmatism%&oart#

Pragmatism is co)ar&ice complicity )it$ e%il

Haim 'or(on, en"@urton ni%ersity 1enior +ecturer n E&ucation. Quic'san&> srael, t$e ntifa&a an& t$e Bise of Politics E%il in

emocracies, #9)

?a'e no ?10ALE, HD(EVEB, CD(ABCE is not a result of reflection an& &eliberation. A person &oes not &eci&e to be aco)ar&. f suc$ &oes occur it is rare, %ery rare. +i'e any %irtue or %ice, co)ar&ice is a )ay of life t$at &iscloses itself t$roug$ a

person9s great an& small &ecisions an& &eliberate an& spontaneous actions in relation to a matter at $an&. 0$us, )$at unites t$e

people )$om $a%e critici/e& in Part is t$at t$eir e%ery&ay &ecisions an& actions &isclose t$eir co)ar&ice. Ges, co)ar&ice is

&isclose& in t$eir un)illingness to see an& to *u&ge e%il t$roug$ an act of t$eir unifie& being. Co)ar&ice is t$eir flig$t fromconfronting an& e-periencing t$e $orror of t$e e%il )$ic$ t$ey encounter. Co)ar&ice is also t$eir un)illingness an& so " calle&

inability to forcefully e-press moral in&ignation it is also t$eir pru&ence in relation to past political crimes of e%il lea&ers.

An& finally, co)ar&ice is t$eir fear of acti%ely pursuing t$e goo&, suc$ as *ustice an& trut$. Dnly because t$ey act as co)ar&s,

only because t$ey succumb to t$eir fears in great an& small &ecisions an& actions, can t$ey be calle& co)ar&s. 5e) people)oul& be prou& to act as co)ar&s. ($y, t$en, &o so many people act in a co)ar&ly manner4 0o pro%i&e a&&itional ans)ers

must &irectly a&&ress some of t$e )ays in )$ic$ certain principles of &emocracy are per%erte& in a regime engage& in political

e%il. Put &ifferently, political e%il in a &emocracy can also be %ie)e& from a more abstract perspecti%e, t$at of t$e per%erte&

principles of t$e society. Dne can, t$erefore, go beyon& s$o)ing $o) t$e quic'san& of political e%il is sustaine& an& sprea& byco)ar&ly, personal approac$es suc$ as pru&ence, or t$e acceptance of secrecy, or t$e )is$ for un&erstan&ing an& ob*ecti%ity, or

t$e flig$t into psyc$ological an& sociological e-planations, or t$e support of so " calle& &eman&s of pragmatism.

Pragmatism is only a co%er for e%il

Haim 'or(on, en"@urion ni%ersity 1enior +ecturer in E&ucation an( Bi%ca 'or(on, 5oun&ation for emocratic

E&ucation in srael, 1AB0BE AN EV+, #9), p#0 (D+ E ?CH 0DD simple to put all t$e blame for t$e support of secrecy concerning political e%il on 0$omasHobbes an& $is po)erful present"&ay a&$erents. 1uc$ an approac$ )oul& lea%e t$e self"acclaime& spiritual offsprings of

(illiam Oames an& Oo$n e)ey quite comfortable. 0$ey s$oul& not be. n&ee&, one of t$e most )i&esprea& arguments for

co%ering up political e%il, for secrecy concerning political crimes comes from politicians, p$ilosop$ers, an& political scientists

)$o call t$emsel%es liberal pragmatists. +i'e many liberals )$o are quite )illing to o%erloo' t$e problem of *ustice, t$eseso"calle& liberal pragmatists are often moti%ate& by pru&ence.

+ast printe& #:;:


15/32

30th Anniversary

2NC AT: Shunning onl# a!!lies to individuals

he (uty to shun applies to nations. tates are o$ligate( to uphol( the moral or(er

Eric H. Beversluis, Aquinas College, Public Affairs Quarterly, Volume 3, No.2, April #9, p. 2n t$is section a&&ress a number of ob*ections, beginning )it$ t$e claim t$at t$e argument only applies to in&i%i&uals an& not

to states. . ?any maintain t$at t$ere are no moral rig$ts or &uties among nations. Dt$ers $ol& t$at nations $a%e a rig$t to self"&etermination )$ic$ obligates ot$er nations not to interfere in t$eir internal affairs. Dn )$at groun&s can )e say t$at nations as

)ell as in&i%i&uals can be obligate& to s$un an& be liable to be s$unne&4 As see it, nations are agents in. t$e sense t$at t$ey &o

t$ings t$at affect people9s interests"&o t$ings in t$e sense in )$ic$ people &o t$ings an& not in t$e sense in )$ic$ t$e )in&

&oes t$ingsfor t$ey $a%e bot$ t$e po)er to affect people9s interests an& t$e ability to &eci&e )$et$er or not to &o so. ut being an agent in t$is sense is a sufficient con&ition for $a%ing moral responsibility. An& t$e argument for t$e &uty to s$un is

perfectly general, applying to all morally responsible agents. nstitutions suc$ as t$e state can act in )ays )$ic$ &irectly attac'

an& un&ermine t$e moral or&er, an& in&i%i&uals an& institutions can sanction suc$ offen&ers as a )itness to t$e moral or&er. As

moral agents states are also obligate& to support t$e moral or&er an& $ence to s$un )$en t$e situation &eman&s. 65or more&etaile& analysis of t$e arguments t$at morality applies to nations see Co$en 6#!M8 an& eit/ 6#=#8

We must cut ties %ith &vil institutions


srael, 1arte F E%il, #9), p.-%iDne conclusion is imme&iate. ($en struggling against E%il, )$en attempting to grasp E%il intuiti%ely, one must be)are of t$ecle%er ruses of t$e pernicious representati%es of respectable society. 6+ater in t$is boo', " accepting 1artre9s locution in 1aint@enet, )e s$all call t$ese respectable e%il&oers t$e society of t$e rig$t"t$in'ing man.8 (e coul& gi%e many a&&itional

e-amples t$at s$o) $o) t$e srael 1ecurity 1er%ice, as t$e suppose& legitimate representati%e of respectable sraeli society, is

%ery similar to t$e 5uries in 0$e 5lies, it constantly uses cle%er ruses to arouse remorse an& to suppress t$e free&om of anyone

)$o &ares to c$allenge t$e E%il t$at it supports an& t$at it often personally performs. 5urt$ermore, from t$e e-ample of t$e professor )e learn t$at one of t$e 1ecurity 1er%ice9s imme&iate goals is to bloc' t$e intuiti%e grasping of E%il, an& t$at in t$e

case of t$e la) professor it succee&e&. 0$us, fig$ting E%il quite often means struggling against pernicious institutions an&

)ic'e& people )$o stri%e to bloc' any intuiti%e response to E%il. 6A fe) a&&itional e-amples lin'e& to t$e srael 1ecurity

1er%ice )ill be presente& later in t$is boo'.8 At t$is point a muc$ more &ifficult conclusion follo)s. Dne not only nee&scourage in or&er to be luci& an& to grasp E%il intuiti%ely. Dne must also be )illing to relentlessly unmas' t$e representati%es of

)$at is consi&ere& legitimate an& respectable society. 5urt$ermore, one must be )illing to unmas' not only people, but also

institutions li'e t$e srael 1ecurity 1er%ice. ut suc$ an unmas'ing often lea&s a person to cut one9s lin's )it$ muc$ of society,

t$at is, to go into a self"impose& e-ile. 1uc$ a cutting of lin's is not too muc$ of a problem for Boquentin an& Drestes. 0$eyare solitary outsi&ers t$ey $a%e no personal attac$ment to t$e society t$at t$ey are attac'ing t$ey bot$ lea%e t$at society,

)it$out qualms, at t$e en& of t$eir encounter )it$ it. Nor )ere @arcin, ne/, an& Estelle meaning" fully attac$e& to respectable

society &uring t$eir life on eart$. All t$is lea&s to an a&&itional problem. Bespectable society an& its institutions scorn suc$

e-ile& people t$ey flic' t$e criticisms of t$eir unmas'ers as if t$ese )ere bir& &roppings on t$eir slee%es. Personally )e $a%eoften encountere& t$is attempt by representati%es of respectable society to ostraci/e its unmas'ers. (e $a%e been t$e ob*ects of

suc$ scorn an& suc$ ostraci/ing. t &oes not $elp muc$ t$at )e 'no) t$e reasons. 0$ese representati%es of respectability, t$ese

institutions, )ant to bloc' any intuiti%e response to t$e E%il t$at t$ey are &oing un&er t$e mantle of respectability an&

legitimacy, an& un&er t$e faca&e of 'eeping or&er Can )e fin& suggestions in 1artre9s )ritings on $o) to cope )it$ t$ese problems4 0$e ne-t c$apter )ill pro%i&e some ans)ers.

+ast printe& #:;:


16/32

30th Anniversary

'ust shun Evil regimes

We are responsi$le for shunning %henever free(om is (enie(

Haim 'or(on, en"@urion ni%ersity 1enior +ecturer in E&ucation an( Bi%ca 'or(on, 5oun&ation for emocratic E&ucation insrael, 1arte F E%il, #9), p.-i%

Ho) &o )e &efine E%il4 f as'e&, 1artre )oul& probably say t$at E%ilis any attempt to purposely &estroy t$e free&om of a person> attaining t$is @oal often requires oppressing, e-ploiting,

ensla%ing, or 'illing $im or $er. mplie& in t$is &efinition is t$at t$e e%il&oer intentionally ma'es persons into ob*ects )$ose

free&om is &isregar&e& or not respecte&. Note t$at bot$ statements inclu&e t$e possibility of &oing E%il to oneself. (e accept

bot$ statements as )or'ing &efinitions t$at )e s$all use t$roug$out t$is boo'. n&ee&, t$is boo' may be %ie)e& as a limite&&iscussion of 1artre9s &efinition of E%il by persons )$o )is$ to learn $o) to percei%e an& to fig$t E%il. n&erlying t$is

&efinition of E%il is our acceptance of 1artre9s tenet t$at $uman beings are con&emne& to be free, $ence $uman e-istence

means t$e assuming of responsibility for e%ery situation in )$ic$ one fin&s oneself.

+ast printe& #:;:


17/32

30th Anniversary

2NC AT: Shunning onl# a!!lies to individual !eo!le

t$is &run'en fat$er )$o is brutally

beating $is &aug$ter, t$at *u&ge )$o fa%ors t$e ric$ an& t$e po)erful, t$is en%ious )oman )$o sprea&s lies about $er ri%als.

?any concrete manifestations of E%il, $o)e%er, cannot be attribute& to one single person. 0$ey are results of our political

systems, of our manners of go%erning t$e )orl&, an& of our )ays of relating to ot$er $uman beings> t$e rampant &estruction oft$e rain forests, t$e gree&y e-ploitation of millions of peasants an& laborers, t$e pre%ailing oppression of )omen, t$e 'illings in

Cambo&ia, in Afg$anistan, in El 1al%a&or, in @uatemala, an& yes, in t$e Palestinian territories occupie& by srael. 0$ese many

instances of E%il profoun&ly &isturb us. (e stri%e &aily to struggle against t$em, at least in our o)n bac'yar&. 0$e $umility

an& feelings of impotency t$at often accompany t$ese struggles $a%e le& us to agree )it$ 1artre t$at St$e finest boo' in t$e)orl& )ill not re&eem t$e suffering of a c$il&.T Dne &oes not re&eem e%il. Dne fig$ts it. 0$en )$y )rite a boo' on struggling

against E%il4 Dur initial reason )as personal. (e )ante& to fin& some gui&ance for our o)n struggle> against E%il by learning$o) 1artre un&erstan&s E%il an& $o) $e suggestI t$at one 5ig$t it. 6(e )ill follo) 1artre9s practice in many of $is )riting an&

)rite E%il )it$ a capital letter, )$en referring to t$e noun.8 (e also )ante& to s$are our &ifficulties, t$oug$ts, an& fin&ingsconcerning t$e question of $o) to fig$t E%il to&ayelements foun& in 1artre9s )ritings )it$ ot$er persons )$o struggle

against E%il. ?uc$ too often in our struggle for free&om an& for $uman rig$ts )e $a%e e-perience& t$e terrible loneliness to

)$ic$ one is con&emne& )$en confronting an& fig$ting E%il especially if it is an E%il t$at is ignore& an& t$e e%il&oer is

supporte& by one9s imme&iate milieu. (e often foun& solace an& gui&ance in rea&ing about t$e t$oug$ts an& t$e struggles ofot$ers )$o $a%e confronte& an& foug$t E%il, inclu&ing t$eir failures, frustrations, an& aloneness. (e )oul& li'e to belie%e t$at

some suc$ solace an& gui&ance )ill be an outcome of rea&ing t$is boo'. Ho)e%er, )e are )riting not only for sc$olarly

reasons nor to solace t$ose rea&ers )$o &o 5ig$t E%il. (e )is$ for more. 1pecifically, )e s$all also en&ea%or to present t$e

rea&er )it$ some specific gui&elines for struggling against E%il. (e foun& in 1artre9s )ritings, )$ic$ )e $a%e a&mire& foryears, many insig$ts, i&eas, an& &escriptions of situations t$at $a%e $elpe& us to formulate an& to present suc$ gui&elines. (e

s$all soon also point out in some &etail t$at, accor&ing to our broa& researc$, an& &espite t$e many boo's &e&icate& to 1artre9s

t$oug$t, no sc$olar $as yet attempte& to fin& suc$ gui&elines in 1artre9s )ritings. Nor $a%e )e foun&, &espite our see'ing,sc$olars )$o soug$t specific gui&elines for struggling against E%il in t$e )ritings of any ot$er e-istentialist. ($at is E%il4 (e

s$all soon pro%i&e a )or'ing &efinition. Get before pro%i&ing t$is &efinition, )e )ant to categorically stress t$at E%il can be

percei%e& intuiti%ely. E%il is ob%ious in brute, repulsing facts suc$ as a &run'en fat$er beating an& abusing $is young innocent

&aug$ter. An& yet, in t$e t)entiet$ century E%il is muc$ more comple-. t can no longer be solely epitomi/e& in %ile acts li'eClytemnestra9s brutal mur&er of Agamemnon. 0$is century $as )itnesse& t$e $orror of systematically planne& mur&ers of

millions of $uman beings it is a century of cruel oppression an& rut$less e-ploitation initiate&, performe&, an& supporte& by

po)erful political an& economic organi/ations an& sanctione& by many millions of fello) tra%elers. n&ee&, it seems t$at )e

$a%e )itnesse& a ne), $orrifying &imension of E%il. Oust a fe) prominent e-amples of t$is E%il are t$e gas c$ambers ofAusc$)it/ an& 1obibor t$e @ulag Arc$ipelago t$e go%ernment"sponsore& an& .1."supporte& &eat$ squa&s in +atin America

t$e &estruction an& ensla%ement of t$e people of East 0imor by n&onesia, also supporte& by t$e nite& 1tates an& ot$er

(estern countries> t$e 'illing of millions of unarme& peasants of all ages an& t$e e%astation of t$e lan& in Vietnam, +aos, an&

Cambo&ia by .1. saturation bombing &uring t$e n&oc$ina (ar, t$e rut$less e-ploitation an& oppression of millions of 0$ir&

(orl& in$abitants by multinational corporations an& by (estern an& Oapanese ban's an& t$e 'illing fiel&s surroun&ing P$nomPen$.

+ast printe& #:;:


18/32

30th Anniversary

'ust fight genocide

@enoci&e is an e%il an& )e are responsible for pre%enting it

Haim 'or(on, en"@urton ni%ersity 1enior +ecturer n E&ucation. Quic'san&> srael, t$e ntifa&a an& t$e Bise of Politics E%il in

emocracies, #9)

(it$ t$at in min& it is e%i&ent t$at from a perspecti%e of political p$ilosop$y an& of $uman *ustice, @o&9s &eman& in t$e first boo' of 1amuel to e-terminate all of Amale', inclu&ing all )omen an& c$il&ren, an& e%en t$e li%estoc', is an instance of

genoci&e an& terribly )rong. n&ee&, $uman *ustice recoils )$en confronte& )it$ suc$ a cruel &eman& from t$e @o& )$o is

&escribe& in t$e ible as t$e @o& of mercy an& *ustice. A barbaric tribalism an& not$ing but a barbaric tribalism seems to be at

t$e source of suc$ a brutal an& )ic'e& &eman&. ($at is interesting is t$at, lately, not only political t$in'ers or ot$er personssensiti%e to genoci&e con&emn suc$ a &i%ine &eman&. 1ome contemporary t$eologians, among t$em ?artin uber, $a%e also

suggeste& t$at t$e genoci&al or&er to e-terminate all of Amale' &i& not truly come from @o&.M 1imilarly, from t$e perspecti%e

of political p$ilosop$y, t$e racist9s belief t$at $e or s$e is assuming responsibility for t$e )orl& by persecuting Oe)s, or Arabs,

or niggers "t$at belief is )rong. 0$e racist may be trying to c$ange t$e )orl&, but $e or s$e is &oing so as a barbaric tribe.1uc$ persecution is an instance of political e%il. t is a purposeful &estruction of $uman free&om an& as suc$ repugnant an&

)ic'e&, 5urt$ermore, all ma*or political p$ilosop$ers )$o %ie)e& politics as a responsibility for t$e fate of t$e )orl&"from

Plato an& Aristotle t$roug$ 0$omas Hobbes to Oo$n 1te)art ?ill an& Hanna$ Aren&t"all $ol& t$at assuming political

responsibility for t$e fate of t$e )orl& $as t)o important prerequisites. 5irst, t$e un&erstan&ing t$at )e s$are t$is )orl& )it$ot$er $uman beings )it$ )$om )e must establis$ t$e political )illingness to con&uct rational &iscussion on t$e principles of

*ustice. 1econ&, at times )e must be )illing to struggle courageously so t$at certain rational principles of *ustice, or at least ofli%ing toget$er appropriately may be reali/e&. t is t$ese prerequisites t$at ne%er arise )$en t$e prop$et 1amuel, citing @o&,

comman&s Ling 1aul to e-terminate all of Amale'. 5urt$ermore, it is t$ese prerequisites t$at t$e racist cannot accept. 5PD+0CA+ PH+D1DPHG AN political life are glorious $uman in%entions, )$y are racists so successful4 $a%e alrea&y

mentione& one ma*or ans)er> co)ar&ice, especially among aca&emics, or *ournalists, or )riters an& artists, or politicians )$ose

%ocation allo)s t$em to spea' straig$tfor)ar&ly. A &aily struggle against t$e tribal attitu&e of racism requires a persistent

courage, often against minor enemies. 1uc$ courage is conspicuously lac'ing in many &emocratic regimes, inclu&ing srael. Asecon& reason, )$ic$ is lin'e& to my &iscussion of psyc$ologists suc$ as Vi'tor 5ran'l, is t$at racists appeal to fears,

sentiments, an& feelings. 0$ey often 'no) %ery )ell $o) to se&uce people to &o e%il )it$ suc$ an appeal. Dnly by &aily

confrontations, at times in seemingly e%ery&ay instances, can one fig$t suc$ a pernicious se&uction. n&ee&, it seems t$at all t$e

co)ar&ly persons attac'e& in Part of t$is stu&y $a%e ne%er appre$en&e& a simple insig$t t$at t$e 5renc$ communist )riter an&no%elist, Paul Ni/an, formulate&> false courage a)aits great occasions true courage consists of o%ercoming small enemies

e%ery &ay.7 0$us, can categorically state t$at racism against Arabs $as been sprea&ing among Oe)s in srael because t$ere

are so fe) sraelis )$o are )ining to fig$t t$e seemingly minor enemies )$o continually engage in bigotry an& Arab"$atre&.ut srael is $ar&ly an isolate& case. 0rue courage in combating racism is also %ery muc$ lac'ing in t$e nite& 1tates, in

5rance, in @ermany, an& in many ot$er countries. 0$us, &oubt t$at great para&es t$at support $uman rig$ts )ill %anquis$ t$e

neo"Na/is in @ermany t$ey )ill be &efeate&, $o)e%er, if enoug$ @erman non"racists are )illing to fig$t t$e seemingly minor

racist statements an& actions t$at ta'e place e%ery &ay.

We must respon( uickly to any policy that inten(s genoci(e

Darff-'ur, Humanitarian nter%ention as a Beme&y for @enoci&e, #1, p. =2"=3Ho)e%er, one aspect is crucial for my purposes> t$e intent of a go%ernment to commit genoci&e. 0$is is especially importantsince my goal is to establis$ )arnings against t$e intent of genoci&e in t$e form of S)arnings of sanctions.T Ho) &oes one

&etermine t$at a go%ernment inten&s to commit genoci&e4 ?y basic argument &escribe& a minimum Sgoo&T life for a gi%en

societys people, namely t$at t$eir people be guarantee& sur%i%al. 1ome policies, once institute&, prima facie en&anger

sur%i%al, e.g. &eliberate star%ation 6as practice& by t$e Nigerian go%ernment in iafra8, an& t$erefore s$oul& )arrant

international attention an& possible sanctions. 0$oug$ genoci&al intentions are &ifficult to pro%e )it$ certainty before t$ey areactuali/e&, anticipatory actions may nonet$eless be )arrante&. A failure to respon& to clear )arning signals before absolute

proof is a%ailable may lea& to t$e &eat$ of many.

+ast printe& #:;:


19/32

30th Anniversary

'ust fight genocide

Ceecting all forms of genoci(e is the highest priority

srael !harny, irector of t$e nstitute on Holocaust an& @enoci&e, Oerusalem @enoci&e Conceptual an& Historical imensions,

#94, p. =M

($at is nee&e&, )oul& argue, is a generic &efinition of genoci&e t$at &oes not e-clu&e or commit to in&ifference any case ofmass mur&er of any $uman beings, of )$ate%er racial, national, et$nic, biological, cultural, religious, an& political &efinitions,

or of totally mi-e& groupings of any an& all of t$e abo%e. propose t$at )$ene%er large numbers of unarme& $uman beings are

put to &eat$ at t$e $an&s of t$eir fello) $uman beings, )e are tal'ing about genoci&e, s$ortly after t$e a&option of t$e N

Con%ention on @enoci&e, utc$ *urist Pieter rost )rote> A con%ention on genoci&e cannot effecti%ely contribute to t$e protection of certain &escribe& minorities )$en it is limite& to particular &efine& groups. . . . t ser%es no purpose to restrict

international legal protection to some groups firstly, because t$e protecte& members al)ays belong at t$e same time to ot$er

unprotecte& groups. n #!M t$e aut$oritati%e ($ita'er Commission of t$e N, referre& to earlier, calle& for &ecisi%e

amen&ment of t$e Con%ention to inclu&e all political mass mur&ers. 1ome years ago, propose& a $umanistic &efinition ofgenoci&e, namely, t$e )anton mur&er of a group of $uman beings on t$e basis of any i&entity )$atsoe%er t$at t$ey s$are

national, et$nic, religious, political, geograp$ical, i&eological. 1imilarly, Oo$n 0$ompson $as )ritten, 0$ere seems to be no

a&equate conceptual criteria for &istinguis$ing bet)een groups )$ose &estruction constitutes genoci&e an& groups )$ose

&estruction &oes not.27 (it$ t$e regrettable but necessary e-ception of actual military combat, call on fello) sc$olars to befait$ful to t$e commonsense meanings of loss of $uman li%es so t$at )e &o not e-clu&e in arbitrary, cynical, or intellectual

elitist )ays t$e &eat$s of any group of our fello) $uman beings from our &efinitions of genoci&e. belie%e t$ere is no tas' ofgreater importance t$an of commiting oursel%es to t$e protection of all $uman li%es.

@ust take a stance against genoci(e no%, or it %ill sno%$all in the net century

Neil Eressel, ?ass Hate, #9), p. "20$e t)entiet$ century $as been a century of $ostility, an epoc$ in )$ic$ t$e brutality of $uman'in& $as erupte& an& flo)e&more e-pansi%ely t$an e%er before. uring t$e past eig$t &eca&es, mass $atre& $as reac$e& genoci&al proportions in 0ur'ey,

@ermany, n&onesia, Nigeria, angla&es$, urun&i, Cambo&ia, osnia, B)an&a, an& else)$ere. loo& $as gus$e& so freely,

an& )it$ suc$ frequency, t$at one mig$t consi&er t$e urge to 'ill one9s neig$bor an inborn c$aracteristic of our species.

?oreo%er, &uring t$e latter part of t$e century, t$e po)er to )rea' bloo&y $a%oc on innocent ci%ilians across t$e globe $asfallen into t$e $an&s of terrorists )$ose $ate 'no)s no boun&s. y t$e early years of t$e ne-t century, t$ese terrorists may

possess nuclear &e%ices t$at )ill ma'e t$eir pre%ious met$o&s seem quaint. People often as' )$et$er mass $atre& coul& e%er

again flouris$ as it &i& in Na/i @ermany. Dnly Americansoptimistic by nature, unsc$oole& in )orl& affairs, an& protecte& by

a po)erful constitutioncan &eny t$e ob%ious, an& unner%ing, ans)er. Dur century $as ta'en butc$ery to a ne) le%el. t $as&ra)n great min&s to e%il causes, an& intro&uce& nig$tmaris$ tec$nologies of &estruction. (orst of all, it $as spa)ne&

legitimi/ing i&eologies t$at $a%e pro%i&e& misgui&e& inspiration to tens of millions. nless $umanity learns to tame its

mur&erousness, t$e t)enty"first century promises more of t$e same. 0$e only $ope lies in un&erstan&ing t$e $uman impulse to

$ate an&, more important, t$e forces t$at transform t$at impulse into action.

+ast printe& #:;:


20/32


21/32

30th Anniversary

Com!licit#

&ven if %e (on#t cause change, %e must never compromise our con(emnation of evil


srael, 1AB0BE AN EV+, #9), p. -%ii.

+i'e 1artre )e &o not nee& to be i&entifie& )it$ a party or an organi/ation or a large group )$en )e attac' an e%il&oer,alt$oug$ )e are, at times, $appy )$en suc$ occurs. 5or instance, )$en $uman rig$ts are blatantly abuse& in t$e @a/a 1trip, or

)$en %iolence against )omen is ignore& by t$e sraeli police, )e are un)illing to compromise suc$ as &estruction of $uman

free&om )it$ t$e goals of a party or an organi/ation so t$at t$e organi/ation or party can attain its political en&s from t$is E%il.

+earning from 1artre, )e con&emn t$e E%il an& t$e oppression an& e-ploitation as lou&ly an& clearly as possible. An& li'e1artre, our con&emnations often fall on &eaf ears. Again an& again )e $a%e faile&, as t$is boo' )ill often in&icate. 0$e sraeli

military a&ministration in @a/a, t$e sraeli press, sraeli politicians, ot$er intellectuals an& aca&emics, an& e%en ot$er $uman

rig$ts organi/ations $a%e often ma&e us feel frustrate&, impotent, stuc', irrele%ant. ut )e continue.

(e must fig$t e%ery instance of E%il )e see, or )e are complicit


srael, 1AB0BE AN EV+, #9), .Almost e%ery person, inclu&ing t$e struggler against E%il, seems to encounter areas )$ere $e refuses to confront E%il or to

percei%e it. f suc$ a person9s t$in'ing an& intellectual acti%ity are as broa& an& as profoun& as t$e t$in'ing an& t$e acti%ities ofOean"Paul 1artre, t$ese areas may also be broa& an& profoun&. ($en t$is $appens, t$e t$oug$ts an& actions of an ot$er)ise

moral an& responsible person may su&&enly become not only problematic, but at times &isgusting or e%en base. 0$ese t$oug$tsan& actions support E%il e%en if by refusing to confront it straig$tfor)ar&ly. 5or 1artre one suc$ area of $is purposeful refusal

to confront a )i&esprea& an& terrifying E%il can be &efine& in one )or&> 1talin.

/ailure to shun is tacit complicity in %illful, persistent, an( flagrant immortality

Eric H. Beversluis, Aquinas College, P+C A55AB1 QAB0EB+G, April #9(e can also no) see )$y failure to s$un can un&er certain circumstances suggest complicity. ut it is not t$at )e $a%e &uty to

s$un because failure to &o so suggests complicity. Bat$er, because )e $a%e an obligation to s$un in certain circumstances,

)$en )e fail to &o so ot$ers may interpret our failure as tacit complicity in t$e )illful, persistent, an& flagrant immorality.

Complicity s Quic'san&. t lea&s to aily Acceptance of E%il.

Haim 'or(on, en"@urton ni%ersity 1enior +ecturer n E&ucation. Quic'san&> srael, t$e ntifa&a an& t$e Bise of Politics E%il inemocracies, #9)

As mentione& earlier, out of my &espair an& &etermination arose a nee& to act an& to un&erstan&. 5irst, &eci&e& to accept Oean"

Paul 1artre9s &efinition of e%il as t$e purposeful act of &estroying $uman free&om. Dn t$e basis of t$is &efinition, )ante& to

un&erstan& )$at political approac$es can arise in &emocratic regimes t$at support an& legitimi/e e%il &ee&s, an& $o) &o t$eseapproac$es encourage t$e rapi& proliferation an& t$e &aily acceptance of e%il &ee&s. n a&&ition, )ante& to un&erstan& )$at

e-istential &ecisions are ma&e by a person )$o &eci&es to acti%ely participate in performing e%il &ee&s supporte& by t$e

political regime. An& finally, )ante& to learn $o) to fig$t against t$e rise of political e%il, not to re&eem it.

+ast printe& #:;:


22/32

30th Anniversary

Action is (e#

Policy"le%el con&emnation of E%il is necessary. ntellectual musings are co)ar&ice.

Haim 'or(on, en"@urton ni%ersity 1enior +ecturer n E&ucation. Quic'san&> srael, t$e ntifa&a an& t$e Bise of Politics E%il

in emocracies, #9)

As e-istentialists suc$ as Niet/sc$e an& Lier'egaar& $a%e s$o)n, by e-pressing one9s passion, rage, &isgust, scorn, an& *oy in print, one often inspires one9s rea&ers an& $elps t$em to compre$en& )it$ greater clarity t$e p$enomenon t$at one is

&iscussing. Dr, put &ifferently, sense& t$at facing political e%il merely as a problem to be analy/e& in a &etac$e& manner, as

some eminent sc$olars &o, )as a co)ar&ly )ay of fleeing responsibility. y suc$ a learning an& going beyon& $ope& to

partially clarify t$e reasons political e%il is so )i&esprea& an& accepte& in many &emocracies, an& per$aps, ma'e some %ali&suggestions. also $ope& to &escribe some of t$e political per%ersions, t$e personal attitu&es, an& t$e social approac$es in a

&emocracy )$ic$ &aily support, sustain, an& encourage )i&esprea& &estruction of $uman free&om, )$ic$ call political e%il.

?uc$ of t$is boo' is &e&icate& to t$is problem. )oul& $ope t$at )it$ t$e $elp of t$ese &iscussions, my rea&ers )oul& t$en

better 'no) in )$ic$ &irections persons )$o struggle against political e%il s$oul& c$annel t$eir efforts an& energies.

5naction makes us complicit %ith evil


srael, 1AB0BE AN EV+, #9), p. 3


23/32

30th Anniversary

'ust attac( ever# instance of Evil

&very compromise %ith evil is a sellout


srael, 1arte F E%il, #9), p.3<

Son9t belie%e in 1anta Claus, Ni/an repeate&ly tol& 1artre, an& loo'e& &o)n at $is fingernails )it$ graceful insolence. ut as1artre s$o)s t$roug$ ri&iculing some of $is o)n past political mista'es, t$at is e-actly )$at persons sensiti%e to E%il often &o.

0$ese persons insist upon belie%ing in 1anta Claus, in someone )$o )ill bring t$em t$e presents to )$ic$ t$ey aspire

inclu&ing t$e presents of *ustice an& free&om. 1uc$ a belief is stupi& it inclu&es not$ing of innocence of c$il&ren $anging up

t$eir stoc'ings abo%e t$e fireplace on C$ristmas E%e. 1artre forcefully &eman&s t$at )e e%a&e suc$ stupi&ity in strugglingagainst E%il, especially since suc$ a belief often lea&s many people to see' reconciliation )it$ t$eir e%il enemies. ut as t$e

enemies are continuing to &estroy free&om, to oppress, an& to e-ploit, in s$ort, to &o E%il, suc$ a reconciliation is a sellout. As

is e%ery compromise )it$ a pre%alent E%il. t is also a fleeing from t$e *ustifie& $atre& of E%il t$at Ni/an )as )illing to

fer%ently e-press in $is life an& boo's.

+ast printe& #:;:


24/32

30th Anniversary

'ust attac( ever# instance of Evil

gnoring specific instances of E%il for t$e sa'e of principle is an act of support for E%il occurring in t$e status

quo


E&ucation in srael, 1AB0BE AN EV+, #9), p. MM"M=0o compre$en& t$e fa'e )is&om t$at social scientists $a%e embrace&, an& its broa& appeal, consi&er a )ell"publici/e&conference calle& 5acing E%il, )$ic$ )as con%ene& in Dctober #!= in 1ala&o, 0e-as. 0$e roster of participants of t$is

t$ree"&ay"$appening rea&s li'e a page from Who's Who in America an& in t$e World. 0$ese illustrious participants ne%er

stoppe& congratulating t$emsel%es for )$at t$ey calle& t$eir courage on &eci&ing to con%ene so as to face e%il. Get, as onerea&s t$e procee&ings of t$is conference, one &oes not encounter courage. Nor &oes one rea& of any confrontation of e%il $ere

an& no). Bat$er, one is struc' by )$at may be calle& t$e Vi'tor 5ran' syn&rome )$ic$ )as a&opte& by all t$e participants"

yes, e%ery single one of t$em. nstea& of facing t$e e%il t$at e-ists in our )orl& $ere an& no), instea& of pointing to an&

accusing an& &amning t$e many instigators an& performers of e%il, t$ese social scientists, *ournalists, poets, $istorians, t$eologians,an& politicians"no political p$ilosop$er )as in%ite&"""seem to $a%e un&ergone a group &ynamic psyc$ological e-perience )$ic$ left t$em all

feeling elate&. Dne is tempte& to say t$at at t$e en& of t$is $ig$ly sentimental conference, su&&enly, t$e participants9 o)n li%es )ere

floo&e& )it$ infinite meaning. 0$us, neit$er Bollo ?ay, nor ?aya Angelou, nor Baul Hilberg, nor any of t$e ot$er illustrious participants in t$is conference accuse& any li%e person in t$e )orl& of committing e%il &ee&s"not one. Nor &i& t$ey accuse any functioning,

po)erful multinational corporation or ban' or ot$er institution of e%il policies. Nor &i& t$ey accuse any go%ernment" e%en t$e go%ernment of

1out$ Africa, )$ic$ still $el& Nelson ?an&ela imprisone&, )as not openly an& forcefully con&emne& for apart$ei&. Closer to $ome, t$emany cruel an& brutal criminal acts of t$e contras in Nicaragua, supporte& financially by t$e .1. go%ernment )ere also ne%er con&emne&.

Nee& a&& t$at less"publici/e& cases of e%il, li'e n&onesia9s 1u$arto organi/ing t$e rut$less 'illing of $un&re&s of t$ousan&s of people in

East 0imor &uring t$e past t)o &eca&es 6)it$ t$e quiet consent of t$e nite& 1tates8, )ere ne%er mentione&.2 n&ee&, it seems as if t$eorgani/ers of t$e conference inten&e& to &iscuss e%il only at t$e le%el of memories or t$e imaginary. 0$e participants )illingly concurre&. 0$e

papers presente& )ere eit$er pseu&o"sc$olarly stu&ies on some remote aspect of e%il or a presentation of one9s sentiments an& memories in

relation to e%il. A false optimism pre%aile&. 0$e psyc$ological an& categorical imperati%e t$at seems to $a%e been accepte& by

eac$ participant )as> let us *oin eac$ ot$er on our ego"trips centere& on t$e topic of e%il. can alrea&y state one ma*or element

of t$e fa'e )is&om, )$ic$ is promote& by t$e social sciences, an& )$ic$ emerge& at t$is conference. @enuine )is&om ne%er

flees from concrete e%i&ence t$at is staring one in t$e face. Dr, in t$e conte-t of t$is boo', genuine )is&om )ill ne%er turn itseyes a)ay from political e%il t$at e-ists $ere an& no) nor &oes it belie%e t$at e%il can e-ist )it$out an e%il&oer. ut t$at is e-actly)$at $appene& at t$e conference an& in t$e subsequent boo', Facing Evil. 5or t$e illustrious aca&emics )$o participate& in t$e conference,

e%il is an ep$emeral essence, or per$aps a Platonic i&ea it $as not$ing to &o )it$ t$e millions of people being oppresse& an& e-ploite& in t$e

)orl&, no), at t$is moment furt$er" more, it can e-ist )it$out persons )$o &o e%il. ($en suc$ occurs, e%il $as not$ing to &o )it$, say, t$e

contras )$o brutally 'ille&, maime&, an& rape& Nicaraguan peasants")it$ t$e full support of Bonal& Beagan an& $is a&ministration. n&ee&,t$e conference )as a farce. 0$e reasons for t$is farce are )ort$ repeating. ?ost important, t$e conference $a& not$ing to &o )it$ facing e%il$ere an& no), an& )it$ con&emning e%il&oers. 0$e rea&er of t$e publis$e& procee&ings )ill soon come to t$e conclusion t$at for t$e

participants t$e act of facing e%il is merely a group encounter, c$aracteri/e& by congenial un&erstan&ing an& gus$ing sentimentality, t$at $as

not$ing to &o )it$ fig$ting t$e e%il&oer. 0$is )on&erful un&erstan&ing an& sentimentality $elpe& t$em to e%a&e facing t$e e%il t$at pre%aile&in t$e )orl&. 1entimentality after all, is an e-citing &elig$t in one9s feelings, or memories, or inclinations. An& un&erstan&ing, as alrea&y

pointe& out in C$apter , is a )ay of accepting. Consequently, t$e e%il mentione& by t$e participants )as an empty concept. t $a&not$ing to &o )it$ Nelson ?an&ela being *aile& in 1out$ Africa for a quarter of a century, or )it$ Bonal& Beagan $elping t$e ric$ in t$enite& 1tates get ric$er an& ma'ing t$e poor poorer, or )it$ t$e t$ousan&s of innocent people rut$lessly mur&ere& by Pinoc$et9s go%ernment

forces in C$ile, or, yes, )it$ srael9s brutal oppression an& e-ploitation of t$e Palestinians in t$e Dccupie& 0erritories. n a )or& , t$e

&iscussions of e%il in 1ala&o, 0e-as $a& no moral imperati%e. As suc$, t$ey $elpe& to support t$e political e%il t$at e-ists $erean& no). n&ee&, t$e conference coul& probably $a%e inclu&e& in t$e roster of participants ma*or e%il&oers, suc$ as Henry Lissinger, )$o&eci&e& t$at t$e nite& 1tates s$oul& let 1u$arto con&uct $is )i&esprea& brutal 'illings of $un&re&s of t$ousan&s of people in East 0imor

)it$out any interference or Prime ?inister ob Ha)'e of Australia )$o openly supporte& Pinoc$et9s fascist, oppressi%e regime in C$ile,

)$ile initiating policies at $ome t$at impo%eris$e& many )or'ers an& continue& to oppress t$e aborigines. All t$at an eminent participant int$is conference nee&e& to &o )as to be &eeply ent$ralle& by t$e group encounter. ($en suc$ occurs t$en it is easy to implicitly &eman& t$at

no one c$ange t$e moo& of support for eac$ ot$er9s &elig$tful ego"trip.

+ast printe& #:;:


25/32

30th Anniversary

'ust u!hold the moral order

We must shun to uphol( the moral or(er an( change the offen(er

Eric H. Beversluis, Aquinas College, P+C A55AB1 QAB0EB+G, April #!#, p. =.0$e SsecularT s$unning &iffers from C$ristian s$unning in t$at it in%ol%es all members of a moral community. +i'e)ise, t$e

groun&s for secular s$unning are not a falling a)ay from t$e C$ristian )al' but a flagrant, persistent an& )illful %iolation oft$e moral or&er. 0$e problem, t$en, is to establis$ by appeal to general moral principles a &uty of in&i%i&uals, corporations, or

nations to s$un ot$er in&i%i&uals, corporations, or nations. 0)o parallels )it$ t$e C$ristian s$unning )ill emerge. 5irst, *ust as

t$e purpose of C$ristian s$unning is to protect t$e specialness of t$e C$ristian fello)s$ip, so t$e purpose of secular or moral

s$unning is to protect t$e specialness of t$e moral community. 1econ&, to t$e e-tent t$at secular s$unning in%ol%es punis$ingan offen&er, its purpose is not to be Scon&ucti%e to $is ruinT but rat$er Sser%iceable to $is amen&ment.T

+ast printe& #:;:


26/32

30th Anniversary

'ust ta(e individual accounta)ilit# *)ureaucrats )ad+

he greatest threat genoci(e is not monstrous men> it#s $ureaucratic functionaries

8ur failure to fin( courage an( luci(ity makes possi$le enormous evil.

1tep$en @iller, CBBEN0, ?arc$"April, #99, p. 2;.

f Hanna$ Aren&t 6#


27/32

30th Anniversary

'ust s!ea( out

Dnly by spea'ing out against E%il can )e begin to fig$t it

Haim 'or(on, en"@urton ni%ersity 1enior +ecturer n E&ucation. Quic'san&> srael, t$e ntifa&a an& t$e Bise of Politics E%il

in emocracies, #9)

1ocrates probably learne& of t$e nee& to bran& e%il for )$at it is in t$e process of $is searc$ for trut$, an& in $is attempts toe&ucate $is fello) At$enians an& ot$er @ree's to accompany $im on t$is &ifficult searc$. 5or instance, as pointe& out in

Gorgias an& 0$e Repulic! one of $is e&ucational goals )as to con%ince $is fello) At$enians t$at &oing in*ustice is )orse t$an

suffering in*ustice. n &iscussing t$is topic $e ne%er $esitate& to present li%e, &etaile& e-amples of persons )$o committe& e%il

&ee&s. E%il nee&s to be &iscusse& as a concrete p$enomenon, 1ocrates 'ne), ot$er)ise its e-istence can be questione&, an&one9s quest for trut$ is en&angere&. t is ironic an& interesting t$at Hitler an& 1talin intuiti%ely un&erstoo& 1ocrates9 approac$.

Hanna$ Aren&t points out t$at in Hitler9s @ermany an& in 1talin9s Bussia it )as more &angerous to tal' about concentration

an& e-termination camps, )$ose e-istence )as no secret, t$an to $ol& an& to utter 9$eretical9 %ie)s on anti"1emitism, racism,

an& communism. Hitler an& 1talin 'ne) t$at spea'ing out about concentration camps an& e-termination camps )oul& create asituation )$ere t$is political e%il )oul& be seen by all. Hence, t$e regime stro%e to silence or to eliminate anyone )$o

mentione& t$e e-istence of t$ese camps. t nee&e& muc$ courage to &ocument in &etail t$e $orrors of &aily life in t$e @ulag

Arc$ipelago in t$e 1o%iet nion, as Ale'san&r 1ol/$enit/yn &i&, an& t$en to publis$ t$is t$ree %olume &ocument so t$at all

coul& learn about t$e &aily manifestations of 1o%iet political e%il. 5or t$e Hebre) prop$ets, seeing e%il require& bran&ing it ase%il an& struggling openly, forcefully, imme&iately, against its &aily manifestations. 1uc$ a struggle meant spea'ing out it

meant belie%ing in t$e po)er of t$e aut$entically spo'en )or& it also meant &eman&ing c$anges $ere an& no). Dne source oft$e po)er emanating from t$e locutions of t$e Hebre) prop$ets is t$e fact t$at t$ey ma&e no compromises )it$ e%il. 1uc$

compromises, t$ey 'ne), )oul& limit t$eir ability to see e%il an& to fig$t it> it )oul& also limit t$e force, t$e clarity, an& t$eeloquence of t$eir statements. 0$e Hebre) prop$ets al)ays blen&e& seeing )it$ spea'ing out, subsequently, )$en t$ey spo'e

t$eir )or&s resoun&e&. 0$ey promise& @o&" inflicte& punis$ments for srael, as a nation, because its lea&ers an& people

allo)e& t$e robbing of )i&o)s an& orp$ans. 6Allo)ing suc$ a robbery to occur meant participating in e%il t$roug$ purposely

not struggling against it.8 0$ey c$astise& 'ings )$o mur&ere& or committe& a&ultery or stole. 0$in' of t$e encounter bet)een Nat$an an& Ling a%i&, or bet)een E$*a$ an& Ling A$ab. n contrast to 1ocrates, )$o reflecte& upon in*ustice an& s$o)e& its

s$ortcomings t$roug$ rational argument, t$e Hebre) prop$ets ne%er argue&. 0$ey sa) an& a&monis$e& e%il as one in&i%isible

act. Conra&9s ?arlo) in "eart of #ar$ness also sees an& a&monis$es e%il as one in&i%isible act, but $e senses t$at $e nee&s to

e-plain $imself for respon&ing forcefully. 0$e Hebre) prop$ets ne%er felt t$e nee& to e-plain t$emsel%es. Hence, t$ese li%e,courageous a&monis$ments of t$e e%il&oer still stir us to act. Vi'tor 5ran' spea's to Aaron ?itc$ell, t$e criminal )$o $as

been sentence& to &eat$ for $is crimes, an& sees no e%il. He tells t$e story of %an lyic$, )$ic$ &escribes t$e banality an& t$e

e%il pre%alent in nineteent$" century Bussian society, an& sees no e%il. He li%e& in a Na/i concentration camp, in t$e s$a&o)of a gas c$amber, an& )$en $e mentions t$is terrible e-perience $e &oes not recall t$e e%il regime t$at sent $im t$ere. (e

'no) t$e reason. 5ran' sees no e%il, because $e 'no)s t$at seeing e%il requires ta'ing a stan&. An& ta'ing a stan& is e-actly

)$at 5ran'i is un)illing to &o. Nee& a&& t$at refusing to ta'e a stan& t$at )oul& lea& one to see e%il is an act of co)ar&ice4

An& )$en suc$ co)ar&ice becomes t$e basis of a t$eory an& a met$o&, suc$ as +ogot$erapy")$ic$ some people belie%e ise%en a p$ilosop$y of life"one can only conclu&e t$at t$e aut$or of t$e t$eory is suggesting t$at )e all *oin $im in $is co)ar&ly

actions. 0$at is t$e topic of t$e ne-t c$apter.

+ast printe& #:;:


28/32

30th Anniversary

Thoughtlessness im!acts

Lack 8f !ritical hinking Licenses 'enoci(eFformulaic morality can $e uickly replace( $y

totalitarianism

Hanna$ Aren(t, Professor of P$ilosop$y, Ne) 1c$ool for 1ocial Besearc$, @uggen$eim 5ello), 1DCA+ BE1EABCH, Volume 3!,

ssue ;7, #1, p. ;3M";37.Ho)e%er, non"t$in'ing, )$ic$ seems so recommen&able a state for political an& moral affairs, also $as its &angers. ys$iel&ing people against t$e &angers of e-amination, it teac$es t$em to $ol& fast to )$ate%er t$e prescribe& rules of con&uct

may be at a gi%en time in a gi%en society. ($at people t$en get use& to is not so muc$ t$e content of t$e rules, a close

e-amination of )$ic$ )oul& al)ays lea& t$em into perple-ity, as t$e possession of rules un&er )$ic$ to subsume particulars.n ot$er )or&s, t$ey get use& to ne%er ma'ing up t$eir min&s. f somebo&y t$en s$oul& s$o) up )$o, for )$ate%er reasons

an& purposes, )is$es to abolis$ t$e ol& S%aluesT or %irtues, $e )ill fin& it easy enoug$ pro%i&e& $e offers a ne) co&e, an& $e

)ill nee& no force an& no persuasionno proof t$at t$e ne) %alues are better t$an t$e ol& onesto enforce it. 0$e faster men

$el& to t$e ol& co&e, t$e more eager )ill t$ey be to assimilate t$emsel%es to t$e ne) one t$e ease )it$ )$ic$ suc$ re%ersalsta'e place un&er certain circumstances suggests in&ee& t$at e%erybo&y is asleep )$en t$ey occur. 0$is century $as offere& us

some e-perience in suc$ matters> Ho) easy )as it for t$e totalitarian rulers to re%erse t$e basic comman&ments of (estern

moralityS0$ou s$alt not 'illT in t$e case of Hitlers @ermany, S0$ou s$alt not bear false testimony against t$y neig$borT int$e case of 1talins Bussia.

5na$ility o hink @akes it )as not stupi&ity but a curious, quiteaut$entic inability to t$in'. He functione& in t$e role of prominent )ar criminal as )ell as $e $a& un&er t$e Na/i regime $e $a& not t$e slig$test&ifficulty in accepting an entirely &ifferent set of rules. He 'ne) t$at )$at $e $a& once consi&ere& $is &uty )as no) calle& a crime, an& $e accepte& t$is ne)

co&e of *u&gment as t$oug$ it )ere not$ing but anot$er language rule. 0o $is rat$er limite& supply of stoc' p$rases $e $a& a&&e& a fe) ne) ones, an& $e )as

utterly $elpless only )$en $e )as confronte& )it$ a situation to )$ic$ none of t$em )oul& apply, as in t$e most grotesque instance )$en $e $a& to ma'e a

speec$ un&er t$e gallo)s an& )as force& to rely on clic$Us use& in funeral oratory )$ic$ )ere inapplicable in $is case because $e )as not t$e sur%i%or.

Consi&ering )$at $is last )or&s s$oul& be in case of a &eat$ sentence, )$ic$ $e $a& e-pecte& all along, t$is simple fact $a& not occurre& to $im, *ust asinconsistencies an& flagrant contra&ictions in e-amination an& cross"e-aminations &uring t$e trial $a& not bot$ere& $im. Clic$Us, stoc' p$rases,

a&$erence to con%entional, stan&ar&i/e& co&es of e-pression an& con&uct $a%e t$e socially recogni/e& function of protecting us

against reality, t$at is, t$e claim on our t$in'ing attention )$ic$ all e%ents an& facts arouse by %irtue of t$eir e-istence. f )e)ere responsi%e to t$is claim all t$e time, )e )oul& soon be e-$auste& t$e &ifference in Eic$mann )as only t$at $e clearly

'ne) of no suc$ claim at all.

+ast printe& #:;:


29/32

30th Anniversary

,umanit# im!act

5ailure to 1$un 1urren&ers Dur D)n Humanity


E&ucation in srael, 1AB0BE AN EV+, #9), p


30/32

30th Anniversary

Secrec# im!acts

ecrecy sanctions &vil


E&ucation in srael, 1AB0BE AN EV+, #9), p.<

n t$e last c$apter pointe& out t$at )$at c$aracteri/es &emocratic regimes t$at engage in political e%il is t$at t$ey begin torelate to matters t$at are part of an e%ery&ay reality as if t$ey )ere top secret. $a%e mentione& t)ice alrea&y t$at suc$ is t$e

pre%ailing attitu&e of totalitarian regimes, an& specifically t$e attitu&e of Hitler9s regime to t$e Na/i &eat$ camps an& 1talin9s

regime to t$e @ulag Arc$ipelago. ?y &iscussion of state" sanctione& sa&ism re%eale&, $o)e%er, t$at suc$ also occurs in many

so"calle& &emocracies. 0$e cruel torture of political prisoners in El 1al%a&or, Columbia, srael, an& a $ost of ot$er so"calle&&emocracies are a reality t$at fe) members of t$ese societies &are to &iscuss t$ey $a%e been relegate& to t$e status of state

secrets. Dne conclusion, t$erefore, is imme&iately e%i&ent. 5or )i&esprea& political e%il to occur in a &emocracy, t$ere is a

nee& for muc$ secrecy t$is secrecy $as to be supporte& by many members of t$e regime an& by many citi/ens. 1ince, $o)e%er,

&emocracy is t$eoretically base& on an open &iscussion of all problems pertaining to t$e running of t$e state, t$e lea&ers inmany &emocracies $a%e a problem.

1ecrecy Allo)s t$e Emergence of E%ilHaim 'or(on, en"@urion ni%ersity 1enior +ecturer in E&ucation an( Bi%ca 'or(on, 5oun&ation for emocratic

E&ucation in srael, 1AB0BE AN EV+, #9), p.7"=DNE D5 0HE A1C reasons for suc$ )i&esprea& me&iocrity an& co)ar&ice concerning political e%il among non"banal

people, suc$ as uni%ersity professors, $as to &o )it$ t$eir )illingness to eliminate t$e public realm. 0$e public realm ofantiquity, especially t$e @ree' polis 6but also t$e Boman 1enate &uring certain perio&s of Boman $istory8 $a& a t)ofol&

purpose> matters of principle )ere broug$t up an& &iscusse& any &ay"to"&ay matter pertaining to public policy coul& be

e-pose& an& &iscusse&. Concerning public policy, t$ere )ere suppose&ly no secrets, or, at )orst, %ery fe). 6n The Repulic!

Plato &i& support some state secrets, or sacre& lies, but Plato )as $ar&ly a strong supporter of t$e &emocratic polis. n 0$e %a&s! $e &oes not mention state secrets.8 0$e basic reason be$in& suc$ an embracing of openness, Hanna$ Aren&t $ol&s, is t$at

t$e @ree's an& t$e Bomans un&erstoo& t$at free&om can only come into being, an& e-cellence can only t$ri%e in t$e openness

of a public realm, )$ere ot$er people can see an& *u&ge one9s &ee&s an& )or&s. Among t$e goals of e-cellence peculiar to t$e

public realm )as, of course, t$e reali/ing of *ustice. 1ustaining t$e public realm as a realm )$ere *ustice an& e-cellence coul&emerge require& courage or as Aren&t put it> t requires courage e%en to lea%e t$e protecti%e security of our four )alls an&

enter t$e public realm, not because of particular &angers )$ic$ may $e in )ait for us, but because )e $a%e arri%e& in a realm

)$ere concern for life $as lost its %ali&ity. Courage liberates men from t$eir )orry about life for t$e ?a'e no mista'e, Aren&t9s political p$ilosop$y is not t$e basis for most contemporary political life. E%en in t$e ancient )orl&, suc$ courage )as n %eryfrequent. 1till, it &oes emerge, an& among its most glorious moments are )$en courageous persons attac' instances of political

e%il an& e-pose t %ile secrets of e%il&oers in t$e political realm. Consi&er Cicero9s four famous> speec$es attac'ing +ucius

1ergius Catilina9s secret plot to sei/e po)er a t$us &estroy t$e Boman republic one imme&iately senses Cicero9s courage an&

concern for free&om, )$ic$ transcen& $is rat$er lengt$y, self"ser%ing an& yet eloquent, r$etoric. A some)$at similar courage,couple& )it$ concern for *ustice outsi&

shunning kritik

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