sierra leone

7/17/2019 Sierra Leone

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Republic of Sierra Leone

Flag Coat of arms

Motto: "Unity, Freedom, Justice"

Anthem: High We Exalt Thee, Realm of the Free

Location of Sierra Leone (dark blue)

– in Africa (light blue dark grey)

– in the African Union (light blue) – !Legend

Capital

and largest city

Freeto#n

$%&'*+- ./%.0*+1

Official languages 2nglish

Spoken languages 3emne · 4ende · 5rio

Ethnic groups

(&$)

/67 3emne

/.7 4ende

$7 Limba

67 5ono

&7 5rio (Creole)

&7 4andingo

&7 Loko.67 others

Demonym 8ierra Leonean

o!ernment Unitary 9residential

constitutional re9ublic

: ;resident 2rnest <ai 5oroma (A;C)

: =ice:;resident =ictor <ockarie Foh (A;C)

Sierra Leonerom 1iki9edia, the free encyclo9edia

ierra Leone ( i>s?@BrB l?@oni, :l?@on>),!6 officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, is a country in

1est Africa Dt is bordered by Euinea in the north:east, Liberia in the south:east, and the Atlantic cean

n the south:#est 8ierra Leone has a tro9ical climate, #ith a diGerse enGironment ranging from

aGannah to rainforests 8ierra Leone has a total area of +.,+0 km& (&+,*'' sH mi)!* and an estimated

o9ulation of * million (&.. United -ations estimate)!+!$ Freeto#n is the ca9ital, largest city, and its

conomic and 9olitical centre <o is the second largest city 3he other maIor cities in the country #ith a

o9ulation aboGe ., are 5enema, 4akeni and 5oidu 3o#n 8ierra Leone is diGided into four

eogra9hical regions the -orthern ;roGince, 2astern ;roGince, 8outhern ;roGince and the 1esternrea, #hich are further diGided into fourteen districts

bout siKteen ethnic grou9s inhabit 8ierra Leone, each #ith their o#n language and customs 3he t#o

rgest and most influential are the 3emne and the 4ende 9eo9le 3he 3emne are 9redominantly found

n the north of the country, #hile the 4ende are 9redominant in the south:east Although 2nglish is the

fficial language s9oken at schools and goGernment administration, the 5rio language is the most

idely s9oken language in the country and unites all the different ethnic grou9s in the country,

s9ecially in their trade and social interaction #ith each other

ierra Leone is a nominally 4uslim country,!'!.!.. though #ith an influential Christian minority

echnically, religious affiliation is *7 4uslim, /7 indigenous beliefs, and .7 Christian!.&

o#eGer there is a high degree of synchronicity of the indigenous beliefs into the organiMed religions

ierra Leone is regarded as one of the most religiously tolerant nations in the #orld 4uslims and

hristians collaborate and interact #ith each other 9eacefully Neligious Giolence is Gery rare in the

ountry

ierra Leone has relied on mining, es9ecially diamonds, for its economic base Dt is also among the

rgest 9roducers of titanium and bauKite, a maIor 9roducer of gold, and has one of the #orldOs largest

e9osits of rutile 8ierra Leone is home to the third:largest natural harbour in the #orld Pes9ite

K9loitation of this natural #ealth, +7 of its 9eo9le liGe in 9oGerty!./

ierra Leone became inde9endent in .'*. EoGernment corru9tion and mismanagement of the countryOs

atural resources contributed to the 8ierra Leone CiGil 1ar (.''. to &&), #hich oGer more than a

ecade deGastated the country 3his 9roKy #ar left more than 6, 9eo9le dead, much of the countryOs

nfrastructure destroyed, and oGer t#o million 9eo9le dis9laced as refugees in neighbouring countries

4ore recently, the &.0 2bola outbreak oGerburdened the #eak healthcare infrastructure, leading to

more deaths from medical neglect than 2bola itself Dt created a humanitarian crisis situation and a

egatiGe s9iral of #eaker economic gro#th 3he country has an eKtremely lo# life eK9ectancy at 6+$

ears!.&

ierra Leone is a member of many international organisations, including the United -ations, the African

nion, the 2conomic Community of 1est African 8tates (2C1A8), the 4ano NiGer Union, the

ommon#ealth of -ations, the African PeGelo9ment <ank, and the rganisation of Dslamic

oo9eration

Contents

◾. istory◾ .. 2arly history

◾ .& 2uro9ean trading

◾ ./ 2arly colonies

◾ .0 Colonial era (.$–.'*)

◾ .6 .'* Dnde9endence Conference

◾ .* Dnde9endence (.'*.)

◾ .+ Final years of democracy (.'*0–.'*+)

◾ .$ 3hree military cou9s (.'*+–.'*$)

◾ .' ne:9arty state (.'*$–.''.)

◾ .. 8ierra Leone CiGil 1ar (.''.–&&)

◾ ... 5abbahOs goGernment and the end of ciGil #ar (&&–&.0)

◾ ..& 8truggle #ith e9idemic (&.0–9resent)

◾

& Eeogra9hy and climate◾ &. 2nGironment

◾ / EoGernment and 9olitics

◾ /. ;arliament

◾ /& Judiciary

◾ // Foreign relations

◾ /0 AdministratiGe diGisions

◾ /6 4ilitary



- Speaker of

Parliament

S.B.B. Dumbuya (APC)

- Chief Justice Valesius homas (actin!)"#$

(http%&&'''.carl-

sl.or!&home&press-

releases&-carl)

Legislature Parliament

Independence

- from the *nite+

,in!+om

April /

- 0epublic

+eclare+

April

Area

- otal 123 km (th)

1/ s4 mi

- 5ater (6) .

Population

- 3# estimate /13173"$

- Density .2&km (2tha)

38./&s4 mi

GDP (PPP) 3 estimate

- otal 97./ billion"$

- Per capita 91#22"$

GDP (nominal) 3 estimate

- otal 9#. billion"$

- Per capita 9/#"$

Gini (3) #8.2"#$

me+ium

HDI (3#) 3.#2"2$

lo' · 7#r+

Currency :eone (S::)

Time zone ;< (*C=3)

Drives on theri!ht

b

Calling code =#

IS !"## code S:

Internet TLD .sl

0ank base+ on 33 fi!ures.

Since <arch .

>ra!ments of prehistoric pottery from

,amabai 0ock Shelter

An 7#8 illustration of liberate+ Africans

arri?in! in Sierra :eone.

◾ #./ :a' enforcement

◾ 2 @conomy

◾ 2. A!riculture

◾ 2. <inin!

◾ 2.# ransport infrastructure

◾ 8 Society

◾ 8. Demo!raphics

◾ 8. 0eli!ion

◾ 8.# @thnic !roups

◾ / @+ucation

◾ ealth

◾ . @n+emic an+ infectious +iseases

◾ . 32 @bola outbreak

◾ .# <ental health

◾ .2 <aternal an+ chil+ health

◾ .8 Drinkin! 'ater supply

◾ 7 Culture

◾ 7. Poly!amy

◾ 7. >oo+ an+ customs

◾ 7.# <e+ia

◾ 7.2 Arts

◾ 7.8 Sports

◾ See also

◾ 3 0eferences

◾ Biblio!raphy

◾ . >urther rea+in!

◾ >iction an+ memoir

◾ . Secon+ary sources

◾ # @ternal links

History

Main article: History of Sierra Leone

$arly history

rchaeolo!ical fin+s sho' that Sierra :eone has been inhabite+ continuously for at least 1833 years1"2$

opulate+ by successi?e cultures of peoples 'ho mi!rate+ from other parts of Africa."8$ he people

+opte+ the use of iron by the th century1 an+ by 333 A.D. a!riculture 'as bein! practice+ by coastal

ibes."/$ he climate chan!e+ consi+erably +urin! that time1 an+ boun+aries amon! +ifferent ecolo!ical

ones chan!e+ as 'ell1 affectin! mi!ration an+ con4uest."$

ierra :eones +ense tropical rainforest an+ s'ampy en?ironment 'as consi+ere+ impenetrableE it 'as

so host to the tsetse fly1 'hich carrie+ +isease fatal to horses an+ ebu cattle use+ by the <an+e

eople. his en?ironmental factor protecte+ its peoples from con4uest by the <an+e an+ other African

mpires."$"7$ his also re+uce+ the Fslamic influence of the <ali @mpire. But the Fslamic faith1 intro+uce+

y Susu tra+ers1 merchants an+ mi!rants from the north an+ east1 became 'i+ely a+opte+ in the 7th century.$

$uropean trading

uropean contacts 'ithin Sierra :eone 'ere amon! the first in 5est Africa. Fn 2/1 Portu!uese eplorer

e+ro +e Sintra mappe+ the hills surroun+in! 'hat is no' >reeto'n arbour1 namin! the shape+ formation

erra da Leoa or GSerra :eoaG (Portu!uese for :ioness <ountains)."3$ he Spanish ren+erin! of this

eo!raphic formation is Sierra Leona1 'hich later 'as a+apte+ an+1 misspelle+1 became the countrys current

ame.

oon after Sintras epe+ition1 Portu!uese tra+ers arri?e+ at the harbour. By 28 they ha+ built a fortifie+

a+in! post."$ he Dutch an+ >rench also set up tra+e here1 an+ each nation use+ Sierra :eone as a tra+in!

oint for sla?es brou!ht by African tra+ers from interior areas."$ Fn 8/1 the @n!lish initiate+ the rian!le

ra+e 'hen Sir John a'kins transporte+ #33 ensla?e+ Africans H ac4uire+ Gby the s'or+ an+ partly by

ther meansG H to the Spanish colony of Santo Domin!o in the Caribbean1 'here he sol+ them."#$

$arly colonies

ollo'in! the American 0e?olutionary 5ar1 the British ha+ e?acuate+ thousan+s of free+ African-American

a?es an+ resettle+ them in Cana+ian an+ Caribbean colonies an+ :on+on. <any stru!!le+ in their ne'

?es. Fn 7 the British Cro'n foun+e+ a settlement in Sierra :eone in 'hat 'as calle+ the GPro?ince of

ree+omG. Ft inten+e+ to resettle some of the GBlack Poor of :on+on1G mostly African Americans free+ by

a.

b.



he colony of >reeto'n in 78/

Bai Bureh1 emne lea+er of the ut a

5ar of 77 a!ainst British rule.

he British +urin! the 'ar. About 233 blacks an+ /3 'hites reache+ Sierra :eone on 8 <ay 7. he !roup

so inclu+e+ some 5est Fn+ian1 African people from :on+on. After they establishe+ ;ran?ille o'n1 most

f the first !roup of colonists +ie+1 +ue to +isease an+ 'arfare 'ith the in+i!enous African peoples (emne

n+ <en+e)1 'ho resiste+ their encroachment. he /2 remainin! colonists establishe+ a secon+ ;ran?ille

o'n."2$

ollo'in! the 0e?olution1 more than #1333 Black :oyalists ha+ also been settle+ in Io?a Scotia1 'here they

ere finally !rante+ lan+. hey foun+e+ Birchto'n1 Io?a Scotia1 but face+ harsh 'inters an+ racial

iscrimination from nearby Shelburne1 Io?a Scotia. homas Peters presse+ British authorities for relief an+

more ai+E to!ether 'ith British abolitionist John Clarkson1 the Sierra :eone Company 'as establishe+ to

elocate Black :oyalists 'ho 'ante+ to take their chances in 5est Africa. Fn nearly 33 persons from

o?a Scotia crosse+ the Atlantic to buil+ the secon+ (an+ only permanent) Colony of Sierra :eone an+ the

ettlement of >reeto'n on <arch . Fn Sierra :eone they 'ere calle+ the Io?a Scotian Settlers1 the Nova Scotians1 or the Settlers.

he Settlers built >reeto'n in the styles they kne' from their li?es in the American SouthE they also continue+ American fashion an+ American manners.

n a++ition1 many continue+ to practice <etho+ism in >reeto'n. he initial process of society-buil+in! in >reeto'n1 ho'e?er1 'as a harsh stru!!le. he

ro'n +i+ not supply enou!h basic supplies an+ pro?isions1 an+ the Settlers 'ere continually threatene+ by ille!al sla?e tra+in! an+ the risk of re-

nsla?ement."8$ Fn the 3s1 the Settlers1 inclu+in! a+ult 'omen1 ?ote+ for the first time in elections."/$ he Sierra :eone Company1 controlle+ by :on+on

n?estors1 refuse+ to allo' the settlers to take freehol+ of the lan+. Fn some of the Settlers re?olte+. he Cro'n sub+ue+ the re?olt by brin!in! in

orces of more than 833 Jamaican <aroon people1 'hom they transporte+ from rela'ny o'n ?ia Io?a Scotia in 733.

n January 7371 homas :u+lam1 the ;o?ernor of the Sierra :eone Company an+ a lea+in! abolitionist1 surren+ere+ the Companys charter. his en+e+

s / years of runnin! the Colony. he British Cro'n reor!anie+ the Sierra :eone Company as the African FnstitutionE it 'as +irecte+ to impro?e the local

conomy. Fts members represente+ both British 'ho hope+ to inspire local entrepreneurs an+ those 'ith interest in the <acauley K Babin!ton Company1

hich hel+ the (British) monopoly on Sierra :eone tra+e."$

e!innin! in 737 (follo'in! the abolition of the sla?e tra+e in 73)1 British cre's +eli?ere+ thousan+s of formerly ensla?e+ Africans to >reeto'n1 after

beratin! them from ille!al sla?e ships. <ost of these :iberate+ Africans or 0ecapti?es chose to remain in Sierra :eone. Cut off from their ?arious

omelan+s an+ tra+itions1 the :iberate+ Africans assimilate+ the 5estern styles of Settlers an+ <aroons. hey built a flourishin! tra+e in flo'ers an+ bea+s

n the 5est African coast.

hese returne+ Africans 'ere from many areas of Africa1 but principally the 'est coast. Durin! the th century1 free+ black Americans1 some Americo

iberian refu!ees1 an+ particularly 5est Fn+ians1 also immi!rate+ an+ settle+ in >reeto'n. o!ether these peoples create+ a ne' creole ethnicity calle+ the

,rio people (initially calle+ Creoles) an+ a tra+in! lan!ua!e1 ,rio1 'hich became commonly use+ amon! many of the ethnicities in the country.

Colonial era (1800–1960)

n the early th century1 >reeto'n ser?e+ as the resi+ence of the British colonial !o?ernor of the re!ion1 'ho

so a+ministere+ the ;ol+ Coast (no' ;hana) an+ the ;ambia settlements. Sierra :eone +e?elope+ as the

+ucational centre of British 5est Africa. he British establishe+ >ourah Bay Colle!e here in 71 'hichapi+ly became a ma!net for @n!lish-speakin! Africans on the 5est Coast. >or more than a century1 it 'as the

nly @uropean-style uni?ersity in 'estern Sub-Saharan Africa.

he British interacte+ mostly 'ith the ,rios in >reeto'n. hey +i+ most of the tra+in! 'ith the in+i!enous

eoples of the interior. Fn a++ition1 e+ucate+ ,rios hel+ numerous positions in the colonial !o?ernment1 !i?in!

hem status an+ !oo+-payin! positions.

ollo'in! the Berlin Conference of 772-7781 the *, +eci+e+ that it nee+e+ to establish more +ominion o?er

he inlan+ areas1 in or+er to satisfy 'hat 'as +escribe+ by the @uropean po'ers as Geffecti?e occupationG of

rritories. Fn 7/ it annee+ these areas1 +eclarin! them the Sierra :eone Protectorate."7$ 5ith this chan!e1 the

ritish be!an to epan+ their a+ministration in the re!ion1 recruitin! British citiens to posts1 an+ pushin! ,rios

ut of positions in !o?ernment an+ e?en the +esirable resi+ential areas in >reeto'n."7$

n a++ition1 the British anneation of the Protectorate interfere+ 'ith the so?erei!nty of in+i!enous chiefs. heyesi!nate+ chiefs as units of local !o?ernment1 rather than +ealin! 'ith them in+i?i+ually as ha+ been pre?ious

ractice. hey +i+ not maintain relationships e?en 'ith lon!time allies1 such as Bai Bureh1 chief of ,asseh1 a

ommunity on the Small Scarcies 0i?er. e 'as later unfairly portraye+ as a prime insti!ator of the ut a 'ar

n 77."$

olonel >re+eric Car+e'1 military !o?ernor of the Protectorate1 in 77 establishe+ a ne' ta on +'ellin!s an+ +eman+e+ that the chiefs use their peoples

o maintain roa+s. he taes 'ere often hi!her than the ?alue of the +'ellin!s1 an+ 2 chiefs si!ne+ a petition to Car+e'1 tellin! ho' +estructi?e this 'asE

heir people coul+ not affor+ to take time off from their subsistence a!riculture. hey resiste+ payment of taes. ensions o?er the ne' colonial

e4uirements1 an+ a+ministration suspicions about the chiefs1 le+ to the ut a 'ar of 771 also calle+ the emne-<en+e 5ar. he British fire+ first. he

orthern front of maLority emne people 'as le+ by Bai Bureh. he Southern front1 consistin! mostly of <en+e people1 entere+ conflict some'hat later

n+ for +ifferent reasons.

or se?eral months1 Burehs fi!hters ha+ the a+?anta!e o?er the ?astly more po'erful British forces. Both the British troops an+ Burehs 'arriors suffere+

un+re+s of fatalities each."#3$ Bai Bureh finally surren+ere+ on Io?ember 77 to en+ the +estruction of his peoples territory an+ +'ellin!s. Althou!h

he British !o?ernment recommen+e+ leniency1 Car+e' insiste+ on sen+in! the chief an+ t'o allies into eile in the ;ol+ CoastE"$ his !o?ernment han!e+

/ of the chiefs 'arriors. Bai Bureh 'as allo'e+ to return in 381 'hen he resume+ his chieftaincy of ,asseh."$



Temne leader Bai Bureh seen here in 1898

after his surrender, sitting relaxed in his

traditional dress with a handkerchief in his

hands, while a Sierra Leonean Royal West

frican !rontier soldier stands guard next to

him

"oa Ri#er Bridge, Sierra Leone$ Lisk%&arew

Brothers, !reetown, Sierra Leone

British West frican &am'aign troo's in !reetown,

c$ 191()191*$ +ulished ca'tion- .British

ex'editionary force 're'aring to emark at

!reetown to attack the /erman &ameroons, the

main o0ect of the attack eing the 'ort of uala$

uxiliary nati#e troo's were freely used in frican

warfare$.

frican 2a#al ratings march 'ast the

/o#ernor of Sierra Leone, Sir 3uert

Ste#enson$

he defeat of the Temne and "ende in the 3ut Tax war ended large%scale organi4ed resistance to the

rotectorate and colonial go#ernment$ But, resistance continued throughout the colonial 'eriod in the form of

ntermittent, wide%scale rioting and chaotic laour disturances$ !or instance, riots in 1955 and 195*

n#ol#ed .many tens of thousands. of nati#es in the 'rotectorate$671

omestic sla#ery, which continued to e 'ractised y local frican elites, was aolished in 198$67 :ne

otale e#ent in 1975 was the granting of a mono'oly on mineral mining to the Sierra Leone Selection Trust,

un y e Beers$ The mono'oly was scheduled to last 98 years$ "ining of diamonds in the east and other

minerals ex'anded, drawing laorers there from other 'arts of the country$

n 19(, the <= go#ernment di#ided Sierra Leone into a &olony and a +rotectorate, with se'arate and

ifferent 'olitical systems constitutionally defined for each$ The &olony was !reetown and its coastal area>

he +rotectorate was defined as inland areas dominated y trial chiefs$ ntagonism etween the two entitiesscalated to a heated deate in 19(?, when 'ro'osals were introduced to 'ro#ide for a single 'olitical system

or oth the &olony and the +rotectorate$ "ost of the 'ro'osals came from leaders of the +rotectorate, whose

o'ulation far outnumered that in the colony$ The &reoles @=riosA, led y ;saac Wallace%ohnson, o''osed

he 'ro'osals, as they would ha#e resulted in reducing the 'olitical 'ower of the =rios in the &olony$

n 1951, the educated 'rotectorate leaders from across different ethnic grou's, including Sir "ilton "argai,

amina Sankoh, Siaka Ste#ens, "ohamed Sanusi "usta'ha, ohn =arefa%Smart, =ande Bureh, Sir lert

"argai, madu Wurie and Sir Ban0a Te0an%Sie 0oined together united with the 'owerful 'aramount chiefs in

he 'rotectorate to form the Sierra Leone +eo'leCs +arty or SL++ as the 'arty of the 'rotectorate$ The SL++

adershi', led y Sir "ilton "argai, negotiated with the British and the educated =rio dominated colony

ased in !reetown in order to achie#e inde'endence 6( @htt'-DDwww$sierra%leone$orgD3eroesDheroes8$htmlA$

ue to the astute 'olitics of Sir "ilton "argai, an ethnic "ende, the educated +rotectorate elite was won

#er to 0oin forces with the 'aramount chiefs in the face of =rio intransigence$ Later, Sir "ilton used theame skills to win o#er o''osition leaders and moderate =rio elements in order to achie#e inde'endence

om the <=$677

n 2o#emer 1951, "argai o#ersaw the drafting of a new constitution, which united the se'arate &olonial

nd +rotectorate legislatures and ) most im'ortantly ) 'ro#ided a framework for decolonisation$67( ;n 1957,

ierra Leone was granted local ministerial 'owers, and Sir "ilton "argai, was elected &hief "inister of

ierra Leone$67( The new constitution ensured Sierra Leone a 'arliamentary system within the

ommonwealth of 2ations$67(

n "ay 195?, Sierra Leone held its first 'arliamentary election$ The Sierra Leone +eo'leCs +arty

SL++A, which was then the most 'o'ular 'olitical 'arty in the colony of Sierra Leone, and was

u''orted y the 'owerful 'aramount chiefs in the 'ro#inces, won the most seats in +arliament> and

"argai was re%elected as &hief "inister y a landslide$

960 Independence Conference

n E 'ril 19*E, Sir "ilton "argai led a twenty four memer Sierra Leonean delegation at

onstitutional conferences that were held with Fueen Gli4aeth ;; and British &olonial Secretary ;ain

"acleod in negotiations for inde'endence held in London$67567*

n the conclusion of talks in London on ( "ay 19*E, the <nited =ingdom agreed to grant Sierra Leone

nde'endence on ? 'ril 19*1$67567*

ndependence (1961)

n ? 'ril 19*1, Sir "ilton "argai led Sierra Leone to inde'endence from /reat Britain and ecame the

ountryCs first +rime "inister$ Thousands of Sierra Leoneans took to the streets in celeration$ Sierra Leone

etained a 'arliamentary system of go#ernment and was a memer of the &ommonwealth of 2ations$ The

ader of the main o''osition ll +eo'leCs &ongress @+&A, Siaka Ste#ens, along with ;saac Wallace%

ohnson, another outs'oken critic of the SL++ go#ernment, were arrested and 'laced under house arrest in

reetown, along with sixteen others charged with disru'ting the inde'endence celeration$67?

n "ay 19*, Sierra Leone held its first general election as an ;nde'endent nation$ The Sierra Leone +eo'leCs

arty @SL++A won a 'lurality of seats in 'arliament, and Sir "ilton "argai was re%elected as 'rime minister$

ir "ilton was known for his self%effacement$ 3e was neither corru't nor did he make a la#ish dis'lay of his

ower or status$ 3e ased the go#ernment on the rule of law and the se'aration of 'owers, with multi'arty

olitical institutions and fairly #iale re'resentati#e structures$ "argai used his conser#ati#e ideology to lead

ierra Leone without much strife$ 3e a''ointed go#ernment officials to re'resent #arious ethnic grou's$"argai em'loyed a rokerage style of 'olitics, y sharing 'olitical 'ower among 'olitical 'arties and interest

rou's> and with the 'owerful 'aramount chiefs in the 'ro#inces, most of whom were key allies of his

o#ernment $

inal years of democracy (1964–1967)



An APC political rally in the northern town of Kabala outside

the home of supporters of the rival SLPP in 1968

pon Sir "ilton#s une$pected death in 196%& his half'brother& Sir Albert "ar(ai& was appointed as Prime "inister by parliament Sir Albert#s leadership

as briefly challen(ed by Sierra Leone#s )orei(n "inister *ohn Karefa'Smart& who +uestioned Sir Albert#s succession to the SLPP leadership position

arefa'Smart received little support in Parliament in his attempt to have "ar(ai stripped of the SLPP leadership Soon after "ar(ai was sworn in as Prime

"inister& he immediately dismissed several senior (overnment officials who had served under his elder brother Sir "ilton#s (overnment& as he viewed them

s a threat to his administration

ir Albert resorted to increasin(ly authoritarian actions in response to protests and enacted several laws a(ainst the opposition All People#s Con(ress

APC-& whilst attemptin( to establish a sin(le'party state Sir Albert was opposed to the colonial le(acy of allowin( e$ecutive powers to the Paramount

hiefs& many of whom had been .ey allies of his late brother Sir "ilton Accordin(ly& they be(an to consider Sir Albert as a threat to the rulin( houses

cross the country

n 1960& riots bro.e out in )reetown a(ainst Sir Albert#s policies in response "ar(ai declared a state of emer(ency across the country Sir Albert was

ccused of corruption and of a policy of affirmative action in favour of his own "ende ethnic (roup2384

Althou(h Sir Albert had the full bac.in( of theountry#s security forces& he called for free and fair elections

Three military coups (1967–1968)

he APC& with its leader Sia.a Stevens& narrowly won a small maority of seats in Parliament over the SLPP in a closely contested 1960 Sierra Leone

eneral election Stevens was sworn in as Prime "inister on 71 "arch 1960

ithin hours after ta.in( office& Stevens was ousted in a bloodless military coup led by ri(adier :eneral ;avid Lansana& the commander of the Sierra

eone Armed )orces <e was a close ally of Sir Albert "ar(ai& who had appointed him to the position in 196% ri(adier Lansana placed Stevens under

ouse arrest in )reetown and insisted that the determination of the Prime "inister should await the election of the tribal representatives to the <ouse

n 73 "arch 1960& a (roup of senior military officers in the Sierra Leone Army led by ri(adier :eneral Andrew *u$on'Smith& overrode this action by a

oup d#>tat they sei?ed control of the (overnment& arrestin( ri(adier Lansana& and suspendin( the constitution 5he (roup set up the @ational eformation

ouncil ,@C-& with ri(adier Andrew *u$on'Smith as its chairman and <ead of State of the country2394

n 18 April 1968 a (roup of senior military officers in the Sierra Leone Army who called themself the Anti'Corruption evolutionary "ovement

AC"-& led by ri(adier :eneral *ohn Amadu an(ura& overthrew the @C unta 5he AC" unta arrested many senior @C members 5hey

einstated the constitution and returned power to Stevens& who at last assumed the office of Prime "inister2%B4

One-party state (1968–1991)

tevens assumed power a(ain in 1968 with a (reat deal of hope and ambition "uch trust was

laced upon him as he championed multi'party politics Stevens had campai(ned on a

latform of brin(in( the tribes to(ether under socialist principles ;urin( his first decade or so

n power& Stevens rene(otiated some of what he called useless prefinanced schemes

ontracted by his predecessors& both Albert "ar(ai of the SLPP and *u$on'Smith of the @C

ome of these policies by the SLPP and the @C were said to have left the country in anconomically deprived state

tevens reor(ani?ed the country#s refinery& the (overnment'owned Cape Sierra <otel& and a

ement factory <e cancelled *u$on'Smith#s construction of a church and mos+ue on the

rounds of Dictoria Par. Stevens be(an efforts that would later brid(e the distance between

he provinces and the city oads and hospitals were constructed in the provinces& and

aramount Chiefs and provincial peoples became a prominent force in )reetown

nder pressure of several coup attempts& real and perceived& Stevens# rule (rew more and

more authoritarian& and his relationship with some of his ardent supporters deteriorated <e

emoved the SLPP party from competitive politics in (eneral elections& some believed&

hrou(h the use of violence and intimidation 5o maintain the support of the military& Stevens

etained the popular *ohn Amadu an(ura as the head of the Sierra Leone Armed )orces

fter the return to civilian rule& by'elections were held ,be(innin( in autumn 1968- and an all'APC cabinet was appointed Calm was not completely

estored /n @ovember 1968& unrest in the provinces led Stevens to declare a state of emer(ency across the country "any senior officers in the Sierra

eone Army were (reatly disappointed with Stevens# policies but none could confront Stevens ri(adier :eneral an(ura& who had reinstated Stevens as

rime "inister& was widely considered the only person who could put the bra.es on Stevens

he army was devoted to an(ura& and it was believed in some +uarters that this made him potentially dan(erous to Stevens /n *anuary 190B& an(ura was

rrested and char(ed with conspiracy and plottin( to commit a coup a(ainst the Stevens# (overnment After a trial that lasted a few months& an(ura was

onvicted and sentenced to death =n 79 "arch 190B& ri(adier an(ura was e$ecuted by han(in( in )reetown

n 73 "arch 1901& a (roup of soldiers loyal to the e$ecuted ri(adier an(ura held a mutiny in the capital )reetown and in some other parts of the country

n opposition of Stevens# (overnment Several soldiers were arrested for their involvement in the mutiny& includin( Corporal )oday San.oh who was

onvicted and ailed for seven years at )reetown#s Pademba oad Prison

n April 1901& a new republican constitution was adopted under which Stevens became President /n the 1907 by'elections the opposition SLPP complainedf intimidation and procedural obstruction by the APC and militia 5hese problems became so severe that the SLPP boycotted the 1903 (eneral election as

result the APC won 8% of the 8E elected seats2%14

n alle(ed plot to overthrow president Stevens failed in 190% and its leaders were e$ecuted /n "arch 1906& Stevens was elected without opposition for a

econd five'year term as president =n 19 *uly 190E& 1% senior army and (overnment officials includin( ri(adier ;avid Lansana& former cabinet minister

"ohamed Sorie )orna ,father of writer Aminatta )orna-& ri(adier :eneral /brahim ash 5a+i and Lieutenant <abib Lansana Kamara were e$ecuted after

ein( convicted for alle(edly attemptin( a coup to topple president Stevens# (overnment



A school in Koindu destroyed during the Civil War; in total

1,270 primary schools were destroyed in the War.!!"

n 1$77, a nationwide student demonstration against the government disrupted %ierra &eone politics. 'he demonstration was (uic)ly put down *y the army

nd %tevens+ own personal %pecial %ecurity ivision -%% /orce, a heavily armed paramilitary /orce he had created to protect him and to maintain his hold

n power.!2" 'he %% o//icers were very loyal to %tevens and were deployed across %ierra &eone to put down any re*ellion against %tevens+ government.

eneral election was called later that year in which corruption was again endemic; the AC won 7! seats and the %& 1. #n 1$73, the AC dominant

arliament approved a new constitution ma)ing the country a one4party state. 'he 1$73 constitution made the AC the only legal political party in %ierra

eone.!5"

his move led to another ma6or demonstration against the government in many parts o/ the country *ut again it was put down *y the army and %tevens+

% /orces. %tevens is generally criticied /or dictatorial methods and government corruption, *ut on a positive note, he )ept the country sta*le and /rom

oing into civil war. 8e *uilt several government instititutions that are used *y the government today. %tevens also reduced ethnic polarisation in

overnment *y incorporating mem*ers o/ various ethnic groups into his all4dominant AC government.

ia)a %tevens retired /rom politics in 9ovem*er 1$3 a/ter *eing in power /or eighteen years. 'he AC named a new presidential candidate to succeedtevens at their last delegate con/erence held in :reetown in 9ovem*er 1$3. 8e was a6or eneral <oseph %aidu omoh, the commander o/ the =epu*lic

/ %ierra &eone Armed :orces and %tevens+ own choice to succeed him. As head o/ the %ierra &eone Armed :orces, a6or eneral omoh was very loyal

o %tevens who had appointed him to the position. &i)e %tevens, omoh was also a mem*er o/ the minority &im*a ethnic group.

omoh was elected resident as the only contesting candidate and was sworn in as %ierra &eone+s second president on 23 9ovem*er 1$3 in :reetown. A

ne party parliamentary election *etween AC mem*ers was held in ay 1$3>. resident omoh+s strong lin)s with the army and his ver*al attac)s on

orruption earned him much needed initial support among %ierra &eoneans. With the lac) o/ new /aces in the new AC ca*inet under president omoh and

he return o/ many o/ the old /aces /rom %tevens government, criticisms soon arose that omoh was simply perpetuating the rule o/ %tevens.

he ne?t couple o/ years under the omoh administration were characteried *y corruption, which omoh de/used *y sac)ing several senior ca*inet

ministers. 'o /ormalise his war against corruption, resident omoh announced a @Code o/ Conduct /or olitical &eaders and u*lic %ervants.@ A/ter an

leged attempt to overthrow resident omoh in arch 1$37, more than >0 senior government o//icials were arrested, including ice4resident :rancis

inah, who was removed /rom o//ice, convicted /or plotting the coup, and e?ecuted *y hanging in 1$3$ along with others.

ierra Leone Civil War (1991–2002)

Further information: Sierra Leone Civil War

n Bcto*er 1$$0, due to mounting pressure /rom *oth within and outside the country /or

olitical and economic re/orm, president omoh set up a constitutional review commission to

ssess the 1$73 one4party constitution. ased on the commission+s recommendations a

onstitution re4esta*lishing a multi4party system was approved *y the e?clusive AC

arliament *y a >0D ma6ority vote, *ecoming e//ective on 1 Bcto*er 1$$1. 'here was great

uspicion that president omoh was not serious a*out his promise o/ political re/orm, as AC

ule continued to *e increasingly mar)ed *y a*uses o/ power.

he *rutal civil war that was going on in neigh*ouring &i*eria played a signi/icant role in the

ut*rea) o/ /ighting in %ierra &eone. Charles 'aylor E then leader o/ the 9ational atrioticront o/ &i*eria E reportedly helped /orm the =evolutionary Fnited :ront -=F: under the

ommand o/ /ormer %ierra &eonean army corporal :oday %ay*ana %an)oh, an ethnic 'emne

om 'on)olili istrict in 9orthern %ierra &eone. %an)oh was a ritish trained /ormer army

orporal who had also undergone guerrilla training in &i*ya. 'aylor+s aim was /or the =F: to

tac) the *ases o/ 9igerian dominated peace)eeping troops in %ierra &eone who were

pposed to his re*el movement in &i*eria.

n 2$ April 1$$2, a 24year4old Captain alentine %trasser, an ethnic Creole, led his /ellow

? 6unior o//icers in the %ierra &eone army, all in their mid to late twentiesG &ieutenant %ahr %andy, %argent %olomon usa, Captain Kom*a ondeh,

ieutenant 'om 9yuma, Captain <ulius aada io and Captain Kom*a Kam*o!" that launched a military coup, which sent president omoh into e?ile in

uinea and the young soldiers esta*lished the 9ational rovisional =uling Council -9=C with %trasser as its chairman and 8ead o/ %tate o/ the country.>"!>"

argent %olomon usa, a childhood /riend o/ %trasser, *ecame the deputy chairman and deputy leader o/ the 9=C 6unta government. %trasser *ecame the

orld+s youngest 8ead o/ %tate when he seied power 6ust three days a/ter his 2th *irthday. 'he 9=C 6unta esta*lished the 9ational %upreme Council o/

tate as the military highest command and /inal authority in all matters, and was e?clusively made up o/ the highest ran)ing 9=C soldiers, included

trasser himsel/ and the original soldiers who toppled president omoh.!>"!>"

enior 9=C commander &ieutenant %ahr %andy, a trusted ally o/ %trasser, was assassinated, allegedly *y a6or %.#.. 'uray, a )ey loyalist o/ ousted

resident omoh. A heavily armed military manhunt too) place across the country to /ind &ieutenant %andy+s )iller 4 the main suspect a6or %.#. 'uray

ent into hiding and /led the country to uinea, /earing /or his li/e. oens o/ soldiers loyal to the ousted president omoh were arrested.

he 9=C <unta immediately suspended the constitution, *anned all political parties, limited /reedom o/ speech and /reedom o/ the press and enacted a

ule4*y4decree policy, in which soldiers were granted unlimited powers o/ administrative detention without charge or trial, and challenges against such

etentions in court were precluded.

he 9=C <unta maintained relations with the Hconomic Community o/ West A/rican %tates -HCBWA% and strengthened support /or %ierra &eone4*asedCBB troops /ighting in &i*eria. #n ecem*er 1$$2, an alleged coup attempt against the 9=C administration o/ %trasser, aimed at /reeing the

etained Colonel Iahya Kanu, Colonel Kahota .%. um*uya and /ormer inspector general o/ police am*ay Kamara was /oiled. <unior army o//icers

ere identi/ied as *eing *ehind the coup plot. 'he coup plot led to the e?ecution o/ seventeen soldiers. %everal prominent mem*ers o/ the omoh

overnment who had *een in detention at the a em*a =oad prison, including /ormer inspector general o/ police am*ay Kamara were also e?ecuted.!7"



n 5 July 1994 the deputy NPRC leader Seargent Solomon Musu, who was very popular wth the general populaton, part!ularly n "reetown, was arrested

nd sent nto e#le a$ter he was a!!used o$ plannng a !oup to topple Strasser% &n a!!usaton Seargent Musa dened% Strasser repla!ed Musa as deputy

PRC !harman wth Captan Julus Maada 'o, who was nstantly promoted (y Strasser to 'rgader%

he NPRC proved to (e nearly as ne$$e!tual as the Momoh*led &PC government n repellng the R+"% More and more o$ the !ountry $ell to R+" $ghters,

nd (y 1994 they held mu!h o$ the damond*r!h astern Provn!e and were at the edge o$ "reetown% -n response, the NPRC hred several hundred

mer!enares $rom the prvate $rm #e!utve Out!omes% .thn a month they had drven R+" $ghters (a!/ to en!laves along Serra 0eones (orders, and

eared the R+" $rom the 2ono damond produ!ng areas o$ Serra 0eone%

.th Strassers two most senor NPRC alles and !ommanders 0eutenant Sahr Sandy and 0eutenant Solomon Musa no longer around to de$end hm,

trassers leadershp wthn the NPRC Supreme Coun!l o$ State was not !onsdered mu!h stronger% On 13 January 1993, a$ter a(out $our years n power,

trasser was arrested n a pala!e !oup at the e$en!e ead6uarter n "reetown (y hs $ellow NPRC solders748748 Strasser was mmedately $lown nto e#le

n a mltary hel!opter to Cona/ry, :unea%

n hs $rst pu(l! (road!ast to the naton $ollowng the 1993 !oup, 'rgader 'o stated that hs support $or returnng Serra 0eone to a demo!rat!ally

e!ted !vlan government and hs !ommtment to endng the !vl war were hs motvatons $or the !oup%749 Promses o$ a return to !vlan rule were

ul$lled (y 'o, who handed power over to &hmad )e;an 2a((ah, o$ the Serra 0eone Peoples Party <S0PP=, a$ter the !on!luson o$ ele!tons n early

993% Presdent 2a((ah too/ power wth a great promse o$ endng the !vl war% Presdent 2a((ah opened dalogue wth the R+" and nvted R+" leader

oday San/oh $or pea!e negotatons%

n >5 May 199?, seventeen solders n the Serra 0eone army led (y Corporal )am(a :(ore, loyal to the detaned Ma;or :eneral Johnny Paul 2oroma,

un!hed a mltary !oup wh!h sent Presdent 2a((ah nto e#le n :unea and they esta(lshed the &rmed "or!es Revolutonary Coun!l <&"RC=%

orporal :(ore 6u!/ly went to the S0'S "M 99%9 head6uarters n "reetown to announ!e the !oup to a sho!/ed naton and to alert all solders a!ross the

ountry to report $or guard duty% )he solders mmedately released 2oroma $rom prson and nstalled hm as ther !harman and ead o$ State%

oroma suspended the !onsttuton, (anned demonstratons, shut down all prvate rado statons n the !ountry and nvted the R+" to ;on the new ;unta

overnment, wth ts leader "oday San/oh as the @!e*Charman o$ the new &"RC*R+" !oalton ;unta government% .thn days, "reetown wasverwhelmed (y the presen!e o$ the R+" !om(atants who !ame to the !ty n thousands% )he 2ama;ors, a group o$ tradtonal $ghters mostly $rom the

Mende ethn! group under the !ommand o$ deputy e$en!e Mnster Samuel nga Norman, remaned loyal to Presdent 2a((ah and de$ended the

outhern part o$ Serra 0eone $rom the solders%

Kabbah's government and the end of civil war (2002–2014)

$ter 9 months n o$$!e, the ;unta was overthrown (y the Ngera*led COMO: $or!es, and the demo!rat!ally ele!ted government o$ presdent 2a((ah

as renstated n "e(ruary 1998% On 19 O!to(er 1998 twenty*$our solders n the Serra 0eone army were e#e!uted a$ter they were !onv!ted at a !ourt

martal n "reetown, some $or or!hestratng the 199? !oup that overthrew Presdent 2a((ah and others $or $alure to reverse the mutny%75A

n O!to(er 1999, the +nted Natons agreed to send pea!e/eepers to help restore order and dsarm the re(els% )he $rst o$ the 3,AAA*mem(er $or!e (egan

rrvng n e!em(er, and the +N Se!urty Coun!l voted n "e(ruary >AAA to n!rease the $or!e to 11,AAA, and later to 1B,AAA% 'ut n May, when nearly all

geran $or!es had le$t and +N $or!es were tryng to dsarm the R+" n eastern Serra 0eone, San/ohs $or!es !lashed wth the +N troops, and some 5AAea!e/eepers were ta/en hostage as the pea!e a!!ord e$$e!tvely !ollapsed% )he hostage !rss resulted n more $ghtng (etween the R+" and the

overnment as +N troops laun!hed Operaton 2hu/r to end the sege% )he Operaton was su!!ess$ul wth -ndan and 'rtsh Spe!al "or!es (eng the man

ontngents%

he stuaton n the !ountry deterorated to su!h an e#tent that 'rtsh troops were deployed n Operaton Pallser, orgnally smply to eva!uate $oregn

atonals% owever, the 'rtsh e#!eeded ther orgnal mandate, and too/ $ull mltary a!ton to $nally de$eat the re(els and restore order% )he 'rtsh were

he !atalyst $or the !ease$re that ended the !vl war% lements o$ the 'rtsh &rmy, together wth admnstrators and polt!ans, reman n Serra 0eone to

hs day, helpng tran the armed $or!es, mprove the n$rastru!ture o$ the !ountry and admnster $nan!al and materal ad% )ony 'lar, the Prme Mnster

$ 'rtan at the tme o$ the 'rtsh nterventon, s regarded as a hero (y the people o$ Serra 0eone, many o$ whom are /een $or more 'rtsh nvolvement%

erra 0eoneans have (een des!r(ed as )he .orlds Most Reslent People%751

etween 1991 and >AA1, a(out 5A,AAA people were /lled n Serra 0eones !vl war% undreds o$ thousands o$ people were $or!ed $rom ther homes and

many (e!ame re$ugees n :unea and 0(era% -n >AA1, +N $or!es moved nto re(el*held areas and (egan to dsarm re(el solders% 'y January >AA>, the war

as de!lared over% -n May >AA>, 2a((ah was re*ele!ted presdent (y a landslde% 'y >AA4, the dsarmament pro!ess was !omplete% &lso n >AA4, a +N*a!/ed war !rmes !ourt (egan holdng trals o$ senor leaders $rom (oth sdes o$ the war% -n e!em(er >AA5, +N pea!e/eepng $or!es pulled out o$ Serra

eone%

n &ugust >AA?, Serra 0eone held presdental and parlamentary ele!tons% owever, no presdental !anddate won the 5AD plus one vote ma;orty

pulated n the !onsttuton on the $rst round o$ votng% & runo$$ ele!ton was held n Septem(er >AA?, and rnest 'a 2oroma, the !anddate o$ the man

pposton &PC, was ele!ted presdent% 2oroma was re*ele!ted presdent $or a se!ond <and $nal= term n Novem(er >A1>%

truggle with epidemic (2014–present)

n >A14 an (ola vrus epdem! n Serra 0eone (egan, wh!h had wdespread mpa!t on the !ountry%75> 'y the end o$ >A14 there were nearly BAAA deaths

nd 1A thousand !ases o$ the dsease n Serra 0eone%75> )he epdem! also led to the Ouse to Ouse )o!/ n Septem(er >A14, a natonwde three day

uarantne%75B )he epdem! o!!urred as part o$ the wder (ola vrus epdem! n .est &$r!a% -n early &ugust >A14 Serra 0eone !an!elled league $oot(all

o!!er= mat!hes (e!ause o$ the (ola epdem!%754

eograph! and climate

Main article: Geography of Sierra Leone

erra 0eone s lo!ated on the west !oast o$ &$r!a, lyng mostly (etween lattudes ?E and 1AEN <a small area s south o$ ?E=, and longtudes 1AE and 14E.%



& map o$ Serra 0eone%

he !ountry s (ordered (y :unea to the north

nd northeast, 0(era to the south and

outheast, and the &tlant! O!ean to the west%5

erra 0eone has a total area o$ ?1,?4A /m>

>?,399 s6 m=, dvded nto a land area o$

1,3>A /m> <>?,35B s6 m= and water o$

>A /m> <43 s6 m=%753 )he !ountry has $our

stn!t geograph!al regons% -n eastern Serra

eone the plateau s nterspersed wth hgh

mountans, where Mount 'ntuman rea!hes948 m <3,B91 $t=, the hghest pont n the

ountry% )he upper part o$ the dranage (asn

$ the Moa Rver s lo!ated n the south o$ ths

egon%

he !entre o$ the !ountry s a regon o$ lowland

lans, !ontanng $orests, (ush and $armland,5 that o!!upes a(out 4BD o$ Serra 0eones

nd area% )he northern se!ton o$ ths has (een

ategorFed (y the .orld .ldl$e "und as part

$ the :unean $orest*savanna mosa!

!oregon, whle the south s ran*$orested

lans and $armland%

n the west, Serra 0eone has some 4AA /m

>49 m= o$ &tlant! !oastlne, gvng t (oth

ount$ul marne resour!es and attra!tve

ourst potental% )he !oast has areas o$ low*

yng :unean mangroves swamp% )he natonal

aptal "reetown sts on a !oastal pennsula,

tuated ne#t to the Serra 0eone ar(our, the

orlds thrd largest natural har(our%

he !lmate s trop!al, wth two seasons

etermnng the agr!ultural !y!leG the rany

eason $rom May to Novem(er, and a dry

eason $rom e!em(er to May, wh!h n!ludes

armattan, when !ool, dry wnds (low n o$$

he Sahara esert and the nght*tme

mperature !an (e as low as 13 EC <3A%8 E"=%

he average temperature s >3 EC <?8%8 E"= and

ares $rom around >3 to B3 EC <?8%8 to 93%8 E

= durng the year%75?758

nvironment

See also: Wildlife of Sierra Leone

uman a!tvtes !lamed to (e respons(le or !ontr(utng to land degradaton n Serra 0eone n!lude unsustana(le agr!ultural land use, poor sol and

ater management pra!t!es, de$orestaton, removal o$ natural vegetaton, $uelwood !onsumpton and to a lesser e#tent overgraFng and ur(ansaton%759

e$orestaton, (oth $or !ommer!al tm(er and to ma/e room $or agr!ulture, s the ma;or !on!ern and represents an enormous loss o$ natural e!onom!

ealth to the naton%759 Mnng and slash and (urn $or land !onverson H su!h as !attle graFng H dramat!ally dmnshed $orested land n Serra 0eone

n!e the 198As% -t s lsted among !ountres o$ !on!ern $or emssons, as havng 0ow "orest Cover wth gh Rates o$ e$orestaton <0"=%73A

here are !on!erns that heavy loggng !ontnues n the )ama*)on/ol "orest Reserve n the north% 0oggers have e#tended ther operatons to Nmn, 2ono

str!t, astern Provn!eI Ju, .estern Rural str!t, .estern &reaI 0oma Mountans Natonal Par/, 2onadougu, Northern Provn!eI and wth plans to

art operatons n the 2am(u "orest reserve n the 2enema str!t, astern Provn!e%73A

a(tat degradaton $or the &$r!an .ld og, Lycaon pictus, has (een n!reased, su!h that ths !and s deemed to have (een e#trpated n Serra 0eone%731

ntl >AA>, Serra 0eone la!/ed a $orest management system due to the !vl war that !aused tens o$ thousands o$ deaths% e$orestaton rates have n!reased

BD sn!e the end o$ the !vl war%73> On paper, 55 prote!ted areas !overed 4%5D o$ Serra 0eone as o$ >AAB% )he !ountry has >,A9A /nown spe!es o$

gher plants, 14? mammals, 3>3 (rds, 3? reptles, B5 amph(ans, and 99 $sh spe!es%73>

he nvronmental Just!e "oundaton has do!umented how the num(er o$ llegal $shng vessels n Serra 0eones waters has multpled n re!ent years%

he amount o$ llegal $shng has sgn$!antly depleted $sh sto!/s, deprvng lo!al $shng !ommuntes o$ an mportant resour!e $or survval% )he stuaton

part!ularly serous as $shng provdes the only sour!e o$ n!ome $or many !ommuntes n a !ountry stll re!overng $rom over a de!ade o$ !vl war%73B

n June >AA5, the Royal So!ety $or the Prote!ton o$ 'rds <RSP'= and 'rd 0$e -nternatonal agreed to support a !onservaton*sustana(le development



Ernest Bai Koroma, current president of

Sierra Leone

The Sierra Leone Supreme Court in the capital

Freetown, the highest and most powerful court in

the country

roject in the Gola Forest in south eastern Sierra Leone,!"# an important sur$i$ing fragment of rainforest in Sierra Leone%

Government and politics

Main article: Politics of Sierra Leone

ierra Leone is a constitutional repu&lic with a directly elected president and a unicameral legislature% The

urrent system of national go$ernment in Sierra Leone, esta&lished under the '((' Constitution, is modelled

n the following structure of go$ernment) the Legislature, the E*ecuti$e and the +udiciary%!#

-ithin the confines of the '((' Constitution, supreme legislati$e powers are $ested in .arliament, which is

he law ma/ing &ody of the nation% Supreme e*ecuti$e authority rests in the president and mem&ers of hisa&inet and judicial power with the judiciary of which the Chief +ustice is head%

he president is the head of state, the head of go$ernment and the commander0in0chief of the Sierra Leone

rmed Forces and the Sierra Leone .olice% The president appoints and heads a ca&inet of ministers, which

must &e appro$ed &y the .arliament% The president is elected &y popular $ote to a ma*imum of two fi$e0year

rms% The president is the highest and most influential position within the go$ernment of Sierra Leone%

o &e elected president of Sierra Leone, a candidate must gain at least 2 of the $ote% 3f no candidate gets

2, there is a second0round runoff &etween the top two candidates%

he current president of Sierra Leone is Ernest Bai Koroma, who was sworn in on '4 Septem&er 5664% The

rst person of Temne ancestry to &e elected president, he won a tense run0off election, defeating incum&ent

ice0president, Solomon Berewa of the Sierra Leone .eople8s .arty 9SL..:%!!#

oroma was re0elected as .resident for his second and final term, on 5; <o$em&er 56'5, with =%42, in the

6'5 Sierra Leone .residential election, defeating his main opponent, >etired Brigadier +ulius ?aada Bio of

he main opposition Sierra Leone .eople8s .arty 9SL..:, who got ;4%"2!4#!=#!(#46#

oroma was sworn in as .resident for his second and final term &y Chief +ustice @mu Aawa Tejan +alloh at

tate Aouse in Freetown the same day he was declared the winner of the election%4'#

e*t to the president is the 7ice0president, who is the second0highest ran/ing go$ernment official in the e*ecuti$e &ranch of the Sierra Leone Go$ernment%

s designated &y the Sierra Leone Constitution, the $ice0president is to &ecome the new president of Sierra Leone upon the death, resignation, or remo$al

f the president &y parliament and to assume the .residency temporarily while the president is otherwise temporarily una&le to fulfil his or her duties% The

ice0president is elected jointly with the president as his or her running mate% Sierra Leone8s current $ice0president is 7ictor Boc/arie Foh, who was sworn

n on ?arch '(, 56'# 9http)www%$oanews%comcontentsierra0leone0president0swears0in0a0new0$ice0president5!==6'4%html:!#

http)theafricapaper%com56'6;5;sierra0leones0president0swears0in0new0$p0despite0legal0challenge:4# 9http)slconcordtimes%com$ictor0foh0

ppointed0$p:%

arliament

he .arliament of Sierra Leone is unicameral, with '5" seats% Each of the country8s fourteen districts is

epresented in parliament% ''5 mem&ers are elected concurrently with the presidential elections the

ther '5 seats are filled &y paramount chiefs from each of the country8s '5 administrati$e districts% The

ierra Leone parliament is lead &y the Spea/er of .arliament, who is the o$erall leader of .arliament

nd is directly elected &y sitting mem&ers of parliament% The current spea/er of the Sierra Leone

arliament is She/u Badara Bashiru Dum&uya, who was elected &y mem&ers of parliament on +anuary

', 56'"%

he current mem&ers of .arliament of Sierra Leone were elected in the 56'5 Sierra Leone

arliamentary election% The 1ll .eople8s Congress 91.C: currently has 46 of the ''5 elected

arliamentary seats and the Sierra Leone .eople8s .arty 9SL..: has "5 of the elected ''5

arliamentary seats% Sierra Leone8s two most dominant political party, the 1.C and the SL..

ollecti$ely won e$ery elected seats in .arliament in the 56'5 Sierra Leone parliamentary election% To

e ualified as ?em&er of .arliament, the person must &e a citien of Sierra Leone, must &e at least 5'

ears old, must &e a&le to spea/, read and write the English language with a degree of proficiency to

na&le him to acti$ely ta/e part in proceedings in .arliament and must not ha$e any criminal

on$iction%!#

ince independence in '(!', Sierra Leone8s politics has &een dominated &y two major political parties, the SL.. and the ruling 1.C% ther minor political

arties ha$e also e*isted &ut with no significant support%45#

udiciary

he judicial power of Sierra Leone is $ested in the judiciary, headed &y the Chief +ustice and comprising the Sierra Leone Supreme Court, which is the

ighest court in the country and its ruling therefore cannot &e appealed the Aigh Court of +ustice the Court of 1ppeal the magistrate courts and

aditional courts in rural $illages% The president appoints and parliament appro$es +ustices for the three courts% The +udiciary ha$e jurisdiction in all ci$il

nd criminal matters throughout the country% The current acting Chief +ustice of Sierra Leone is 7alicious Thomas=#

http)www%newcten%cominde*%php''0news55=(0acting0chief0justice0appeals0to0colleagues:

oreign relations



Em&assy of Sierra Leone in -ashington,

D%C%

The '5 districts and 5 areas of Sierra Leone%

District Capital Area km2 Province

Population

(2004 census)=6#

Population

(2010 estimates)

Bom&ali District ?a/eni 4,(=

<orthern

.ro$ince

"6=,;(6 ";",;'(='#

Koinadugu District Ka&ala '5,'5' 5!,4= 5',6('=5#

.ort Lo/o District .ort Lo/o ,4'( ";,4"! 66,((5=5#

Ton/olili District ?ag&ura/a 4,66; ;"4,'(4 ;=,;55=;#

Kam&ia District Kam&ia ;,'6= 546,"!5 ;';,4!="#

Kenema District Kenema !,6;

Eastern

.ro$ince

"(4,("= ",;54=#

Kono District Koidu Town ,!"' ;;,"6' ;5,;5==!#

Kailahun District Kailahun ;,=( ;=,'(6 "6(,56=!#

Bo District Bo ,5'(

Southern

.ro$ince

"!;,!!= !',5"=4#

Bonthe District ?attru +ong ;,"!= ';(,!=4 '"6,="==#

.ujehun District .ujehun ",'6 55=,;(5 55,;(6

?oyam&a District ?oyam&a !,(65 5!6,('6 55,;(6

-estern 1rea @r&an District Freetown "" -estern

1rea

445,=4; ',"4;,=4;

-estern 1rea >ural District -aterloo '; '4",5"( 56,"66

Main article: Foreign relations of Sierra Leone

he Sierra Leone ?inistry of Foreign 1ffairs and 3nternational Cooperation is responsi&le for foreign policy

f Sierra Leone% Sierra Leone has diplomatic relations that include China, Li&ya, 3ran, and Cu&a% Sierra

eone has good relations with the -est, including the @nited States, and has maintained historical ties with

he @nited Kingdom and other former British colonies through mem&ership in the Commonwealth of

ations%4;# The @nited Kingdom has played a major role in pro$iding aid to the former colony, together with

dministrati$e help and military training since inter$ening to end the Ci$il -ar in 5666%

ormer .resident Sia/a Ste$ens8 go$ernment had sought closer relations with other -est 1frican countries

nder the Economic Community of -est 1frican States 9EC-1S: a policy continued &y the current

o$ernment% Sierra Leone, along with Li&eria and Guinea, form the ?ano >i$er @nion 9?>@:% 3t is

rimarily designed to implement de$elopment projects and promote regional economic integration &etweenhe three countries%4"#

ierra Leone is also a mem&er of the @nited <ations and its specialied agencies, the 1frican @nion, the

frican De$elopment Ban/ 91FDB:, the rganisation of 3slamic Cooperation 93C:, and the <on01ligned

?o$ement 9<1?:%4# Sierra Leone is a mem&er of the 3nternational Criminal Court with a Bilateral

mmunity 1greement of protection for the @S military 9as co$ered under 1rticle (=:%

Administrative divisions

Main article: Administrative divisions of Sierra Leone

he >epu&lic of Sierra Leone is composed of four regions) the <orthern .ro$ince,

outhern .ro$ince, the Eastern .ro$ince, and the -estern 1rea% The first three

ro$inces are further di$ided into '5 districts%

he districts are di$ided into '"( chiefdoms, which ha$e traditionally &een led &y

ereditary paramount chiefs, recognied &y the British administration in '=(! at the

me of organiing the .rotectorate of Sierra Leone%4!# Each chiefdom has ruling

amilies that were recognied at that time the Tri&al 1uthority, made up of local

ota&les, elects the paramount chief from the ruling families%4!# Typically, chiefs

a$e the power to Hraise ta*es, control the judicial system, and allocate land, the

most important resource in rural areas%H44#

ierra Leone also designates units of go$ernment called localities% To &roaden

epresentati$e go$ernment, each has a directly elected local district council to

*ercise authority and carry out functions at a local le$el%

4=#4(#

There are '; districtouncils, one for each of the '5 districts and one for the -estern 1rea >ural% Si*

municipalities also ha$e elected local councils) Freetown, Bo, Bonthe, Kenema,

oidu, and ?a/eni%4=#



A proportional representation of Sierra Leone's exports.

Military

Main article: Military of Sierra Leone

he Military of Sierra Leone, officially the Republic of Sierra Leone Armed Forces (RSLAF, are the unified armed forces of Sierra Leone responsible for

he territorial security of Sierra Leone's border and defendin! the national interests of Sierra Leone "ithin the frame"or# of its international obli!ations.

he armed forces "ere formed after independence in $%&$, on the basis of elements of the former ritish Royal est African Frontier Force present in the

ountry. The Sierra Leone Armed Forces consists of around $),)** personnel, comprisin! the lar!est Sierra Leone Army,+%- the Sierra Leone a/y and the

ierra Leone Air in!.+%*-

he president of Sierra Leone is the 0ommander in 0hief of the military, "ith the Minister of 1efence responsible for defence policy and the formulation

f the armed forces. The current Sierra Leone 1efence Minister is retired Ma2or Alfred 3aolo 0onteh. The Military of Sierra Leone also has a 0hief of the

efence Staff "ho is a uniformed military official responsible for the administration and the operational control of the Sierra Leone military.+%$- ri!adier

eneral Alfred elson5illiams "ho "as appointed by president 6oroma succeeded the retired Ma2or 4eneral 7d"ard Sam M8boma on $9 September

** as the 0hief of 1efence Staff of the Military. +%9-

efore Sierra Leone !ained independence in $%&$, the military "as #no"n as the Royal Sierra Leone Military Force. The military sei:ed control in $%&,

rin!in! the ational Reformation 0ouncil into po"er. ;n $% April $%<$, "hen Sierra Leone became a republic, the Royal Sierra Leone Military Forces

ere renamed the Republic of Sierra Leone Military Force (RSLMF.+%=- The RSLMF remained a sin!le5ser/ice or!anisation until $%<%, "hen the Sierra

eone a/y "as established. >n $%%) 1efence ?ead@uarters "as established, and the Sierra Leone Air in! formed. The RSLMF "as renamed as the

rmed Forces of the Republic of Sierra Leone (AFRSL.

Law enforcement

a" enforcement in Sierra Leone is primarily the responsibility of the Sierra Leone 3olice (SL3. Sierra Leone 3olice "as established by the ritish colony

n $%B it is one of the oldest police forces in est Africa. >t "or#s to pre/ent crime, protect life and property, detect and prosecute offenders, maintain

ublic order, ensure safety and security, and enhance access to 2ustice. The Sierra Leone 3olice is headed by the >nspector 4eneral of 3olice, the

rofessional head of the Sierra Leone 3olice force, "ho is appointed by the 3resident of Sierra Leone.

ach one of Sierra Leone's $ districts is headed by a district police commissioner "ho is the professional head of their respecti/e district. These 3olice

ommissioners report directly to the >nspector 4eneral of 3olice at the Sierra Leone 3olice head@uarters in Freeto"n. The current >nspector 4eneral of

olice is rima Acha 6amara, "ho "as appointed to the position by former president Ahmad Te2an 6abbah.

Economy

Main article: Economy of Sierra Leone

y the $%%*s economic acti/ity "as declinin! and economic infrastructure had

ecome seriously de!raded. ;/er the next decade much of the formal economy "asestroyed in the country's ci/il "ar. Since the end of hostilities in Canuary 9**9,

massi/e infusions of outside assistance ha/e helped Sierra Leone be!in to reco/er.

Much of the reco/ery "ill depend on the success of the !o/ernment's efforts to limit

orruption by officials, "hich many feel "as the chief cause for the ci/il "ar. A #ey

ndicator of success "ill be the effecti/eness of !o/ernment mana!ement of its

iamond sector.

here is hi!h unemployment, particularly amon! the youth and ex5combatants.

uthorities ha/e been slo" to implement reforms in the ci/il ser/ice, and the pace of

he pri/atisation pro!ramme is also slac#enin! and donors ha/e ur!ed its

d/ancement.

he currency is the leone. The central ban# is the an# of Sierra Leone. Sierraeone operates a floatin! exchan!e rate system, and forei!n currencies can be

xchan!ed at any of the commercial ban#s, reco!ni:ed forei!n exchan!e bureaux

nd most hotels. 0redit card use is limited in Sierra Leone, thou!h they may be used

some hotels and restaurants. There are a fe" internationally lin#ed automated

ller machines that accept Disa cards in Freeto"n operated by 3ro0redit an#.

Agriculture

Further information: Agriculture in Sierra Leone

"o5thirds of the population of Sierra Leone are directly in/ol/ed in subsistence a!riculture.+%- A!riculture accounted for ) percent of 4ross 1omestic

roduct (413 in 9**<.+%)-

!riculture is the lar!est employer "ith * percent of the population "or#in! in the sector.+%&- Rice is the most important staple crop in Sierra Leone "ith

) percent of farmers culti/atin! rice durin! the rainy season+%<- and an annual consumption of <& #! per person.+%-

Mining

Further information: Mining in Sierra Leone



A farmer with his rice harvest in Sierra Leone. Two-thirds of

Sierra Leone's population are directly involved in subsistence

agriculture.[9!

Percentage of GDP by sector (2007) [9"!

Rank Sector Percentage

of GDP

1 Agriculture "#."

2 $ther services %&.

3 Trade and tourism 9."

4 holesale and retail trade 9.&

5 (ining and )uarrying ."

6 *overnment Services .&

7 (anufacturing and handicrafts +.&

8 ,onstruction %.

lectricity and water &.

The road from /enema to /ailahun 0istrict.

ich in minerals2 Sierra Leone has relied on mining2 especially diamonds2 for its economic

ase. The country is among the top ten diamond producing nations. (ineral e3ports remain

he main currency earner. Sierra Leone is a ma4or producer of gem-)uality diamonds. Though

ch in diamonds2 it has historically struggled to manage their e3ploitation and e3port.

ierra Leone is 5nown for its blood diamonds that were mined and sold to diamond

onglomerates during the civil war2 to buy the weapons that fuelled its atrocities.[99! 6n the

9&s and early %9#&s2 economic growth rate slowed because of a decline in the mining sector

nd increasing corruption among government officials.

nnual production of Sierra Leone's diamond estimates range between 7S8+"& million

8:&& million. Some of that is smuggled2 where it is possibly used for money laundering or

nancing illicit activities. ;ormal e3ports have dramatically improved since the civil war2ith efforts to improve the management of them having some success. 6n $ctober +&&&2 a

<-approved certification system for e3porting diamonds from the country was put in place

nd led to a dramatic increase in legal e3ports. 6n +&&%2 the government created a mining

ommunity development fund =0A,0;>2 which returns a portion of diamond e3port ta3es to

iamond mining communities. The fund was created to raise local communities' sta5e in the

gal diamond trade.

ierra Leone has one of the world's largest deposits of rutile2 a titanium ore used as paint pigment and

elding rod coatings.

!rans"ort #nfrastr$ct$re

Main article: Transport in Sierra Leone

here are a number of systems of transport in Sierra Leone2 which has a road2 air and water infrastructure2

ncluding a networ5 of highways and several airports. There are %%2:&& 5ilometres of highways in Sierra

eone2 of which 9& 5m ="?+ mi>["?! are paved =about #@ of the roads>. Sierra Leone highways are lin5ed

o ,ona5ry2 *uinea2 and (onrovia2 Liberia.

ierra Leone has the largest natural harbour on the African continent2 allowing international shipping

hrough the ueen liBabeth 66 uay in the ,line Town area of eastern ;reetown or through *overnment

harf in central ;reetown. There are #&& 5m =9 mi> of waterways in Sierra Leone2 of which ?&& 5m

:: mi> are navigable year-round. (a4or port cities are Conthe2 ;reetown2 Sherbro 6sland and Depel.

here are ten regional airports in Sierra Leone2 and one international airport. The Lungi

nternational Airport located in the coastal town of Lungi in <orthern Sierra Leone is the

rimary airport for domestic and international travel to or from Sierra Leone. Dassengers cross

he river to Aberdeen Eeliports in ;reetown by hovercraft2 ferry or a helicopter. Eelicoptersre also available from the airport to other ma4or cities in the country. The airport has paved

unways longer than :2&m. The other airports have unpaved runways2 and seven have

unways 9% to %2"+: metres longF the remaining two have shorter runways.

ierra Leone appears on the .7. list of prohibited countries with regard to the certification of

rlines. This means that no airline registered in Sierra Leone may operate services of any

ind within the uropean 7nion. This is due to substandard safety standards.[%&&!

s of (ay2 +&% the country's only international airport had regularly scheduled direct flights

o London2 Daris2 Crussels and most ma4or cities in est Africa.

n September +&% there were many 0istricts with travel restrictions including /ailahun2

/enema2 Combali2 Ton5olili2 and Dort Lo5o because of bola.

[%&%!

Soc#ety

De%ogra"&#cs

Main articles: Demographics of Sierra Leone and Languages of Sierra Leone

n +&%: Sierra Leone has an officially pro4ected population of ?2%9&2+#&[%! and a growth rate of +.+%?@ a year.["?! The country's population is mostly

oung2 with an estimated %.@ under %"2 and rural2 with an estimated ?+@ of people living outside the cities.["?! As a result of migration to cities2 the

opulation is becoming more urban with an estimated rate of urbanisation growth of +.9@ a year.["?![%&+!

opulation density varies greatly within Sierra Leone. The estern Area 7rban 0istrict2 including ;reetown2 the capital and largest city2 has a population

ensity of %2++ persons per s)uare 5m. The largest district geographically2 /oinadugu2 has a much lower density of +%. persons per s)uare 5m.[%&+!

nglish is the official language2[%&:! spo5en at schools2 government administration and in the media. /rio =derived from nglish and several indigenous

frican languages2 and the language of the Sierra Leone /rio people> is the most widely spo5en language in virtually all parts of Sierra Leone. As the /rio

nguage is spo5en by 9&@ of the country's population2["?![%&! it unites all the different ethnic groups2 especially in their trade and interaction with each

ther.[%&"! 6n 0ecember +&&+2 Sierra LeoneGs Dresident Ahmad Te4an /abbah named Cengali as an honorary Hofficial languageH in recognition of the wor5

f "2:&& troops from Cangladesh in the peace-5eeping force.[%&?![%&![%&#!



Sierra Leone's total population, from 1961 to 2003.

[9] (http://oluseunto!a".#or!press.$om/2009/10/13/%1&of&sierra&leoneans&are&muslims/

S#erra 'eone re#g#o$s sects[113]

Re#g#on Percent

slam %1.3)

*hristianit" 26.+)

ra!itional -fri$an reliion 1.9)

osue an! $hur$h in Sierra Leone

$$or!in to the World Refugee Survey !!", pulishe! " the

.S. *ommittee for efuees an! mmirants, Sierra Leone ha! a

opulation of +,%00 refuees an! as"lum seeers at the en! of

00%. 4earl" 20,000 Lierian refuees 5oluntaril" returne! to

ieria o5er the $ourse of 200%. f the refuees remainin in

ierra Leone, nearl" all #ere Lierian.[109]

he populations uote! ao5e for the fi5e larest $ities are from

he 2007 $ensus. ther fiures are estimates from the sour$e $ite!.

ifferent sour$es i5e !ifferent estimates. Some $laim that

auraa shoul! e in$lu!e! in the ao5e list, ut there isonsi!erale !ifferen$e amon sour$es. ne sour$e estimates the

opulation at 17,91,[111] #hilst another puts it as hih as +,313.12] ;an!eu&opomu is presumal" the e<ten!e! to#n of

oronu, #hi$h ha! a population of 10,%16 in the 2007 $ensus.

=en!emu ha! a larer population of 12,139 in that $ensus. n

he 2007 $ensus, >aterloo ha! a population of 37,0%9.

Re#g#on

Main article: Religion in Sierra Leone

ierra Leone is a nominall" uslim ma?orit" $ountr"@ #ith a sinifi$ant

hristian minorit". he *- Aa$too of 201[12]

reports the fiure forhe uslim population at 60)@ *hristianit" at appro<imatel" 10)@ an!

a!itional -fri$an reliion at aout 30).[117] Bo#e5er, the nter&

eliious *oun$il of Sierra Leone, estimate! that %%) of Sierra

eone's population are uslims@ 21) are *hristians@ an! 2) are

ollo#ers of tra!itional -fri$an reliion. [10]

http://###.state.o5/!o$uments/oraniCation/1%1636.p!f. -$$or!in to a 2009 estimate, %1.3) of Sierra

eone's population is uslim, 26.+) is *hristian an! 1.9) of the population is either animist or follo#s

ther reliious eliefs.

ost of Sierra Leone's ethni$ roups are nominall" uslim. Sierra Leone is one of the most reliiousl"

oleran$e $ountries in the #orl!. uslims an! *hristians $ollaorate an! intera$t #ith ea$h other pea$efull"

n Sierra Leone [11] (http://###.ste5e!ennie.$om/muslims&an!&$hristians&in&sierra&leone/.[11][11][116][11%]

eliious 5iolen$e is 5er" rare in the $ountr".[11+]

ierra Leone is offi$iall" a se$ular state, althouh slam an! *hristianit" are !ominant in the $ountr". he

onstitution of Sierra Leone pro5i!es for free!om of reliion an! the o5ernment enerall" prote$ts this riht

n! !oes not tolerate its ause. he $ountr" is home to the Sierra Leone nter&eliious *oun$il, #hi$h is

ma!e up of oth *hristian an! uslim reliious lea!ers to promote pea$e an! toleran$e throuhout the

ountr".[119][120][121] he slami$ holi!a"s of Di! al&Aitr, Di! al&-!ha an! auli!&un&4ai (Eirth!a" of the

rophet uhamma! are oser5e! as national holi!a"s in Sierra Leone, as are the *hristian holi!a"s of *hristmas, Eo<in 8a", =oo! Ari!a" an! Daster.

he lare ma?orit" of Sierra Leonean uslims are a!herent to the Sunni !o$trine . Sinifi$ant portions of Sierra Leonean uslims are -hma!i, 4on&

enominational uslims, an! Shia[12] (http://sierraleone36.$om/feature&stories/ahma!i""a&mo5ement&oes&mainstream&in&sierra&leone[13]

http://ahma!i""atimes.lospot.$om/2010/03/o&ahma!i"a&muslim&se$on!ar"&s$hool.html. he alii s$hool is the pre!ominant slami$ s$hool of

arnin a$ross Sierra Leone, an! is ase! #ithin Sunni slam.

ost mosues in Sierra Leone are non&!enominational. he larest mosue in Sierra Leone is the Areeto#n *entral osue, lo$ate! in the $apitalreeto#n. Sittin Sierra Leonean Bea!s of State, rear!less of their reliions, ha5e tra!itionall" ma!e o$$asional 5isits to the Areeto#n *entral osue,

spe$iall" !urin Ari!a" ?ummah pra"er.[17] (http://ne#s.sl/!r#esite/e<e$/5ie#.$iFar$hi5eG2HnumG31HprinterG1[1]

http://ne#s.sl/!r#esite/pulish/arti$leI200236+3.shtml. he $hief imam of the Areeto#n *entral osue is Sheih -hma! e?an Sillah, a Shia

uslim, #ho is also the spiritual lea!er of the nite! *oun$il of mams, an slami$ reliious oraniCation that is ma!e up of imams a$ross Sierra Leone.

he lare ma?orit" of Sierra Leonean *hristians are D5aneli$al ;rotestant, of #hi$h the larest roups are >esle"an&etho!ists.[122][122][123][127][12][126]

ther *hristian ;rotestant !enominations #ith sinifi$ant presen$e in the $ountr" in$lu!e ;res"terian,[12%] Eaptist,[12+] Se5enth&!a" -!5entist[129]

nli$ans,[130] Lutheran.[131][132] an! ;ente$ostals.[133] t is not unusual to fin! animist s"mols su$h as the !olphin !ispla"e! in $hristian $hur$hes.

on&!enominational *hristians form a sinifi$ant minorit" of Sierra Leone's *hristian population.[137] *atholi$s are the larest roup of non&;rotestant

hristians in Sierra Leone, an! the" form aout 9) of the $ountr"'s population.[13] he Jeho5ahKs >itnesses[136] an! ormons[13%][13+] are the t#o most

rominent non rinitarian *hristians in Sierra Leone, an! the" form a small ut sinifi$ant minorit" of the *hristian population in Sierra Leone. - smallommunit" of rtho!o< *hristians resi!es in the $apital Areeto#n.[139]

t&n#c gro$"s

Further information: Ethnic groups in Sierra Leone



The distribution of major ethnic groups within Sierra Leone.

t&n#c gro$"s of S#erra 'eone

Temne

Mende

Limba

Loko

Fula

Mandingo

Creole

Sherbro

Kuranko

Kono

Susu

Kissi

Yalunka

ai

Kru

ierra Leone is home to about si!teen ethnic groups" each with its

wn language. The largest and most influential are the Temne at

bout #$%" and the Mende at about #&%. The Temne predominate

n the 'orthern Sierra Leone and the areas around the capital of

ierra Leone. The Mende predominate in South()astern Sierra

eone *with the e!ception of Kono +istrict,.

he -ast majorit of Temne are Muslims/ and with a small

hristian minorit. The Mende are also Muslim majorit" though

ith a large Christian minorit. Sierra Leone0s national politics

entres on the competition between the north(west" dominated b

he Temne" and the south(east dominated b the Mende. The -ast

majorit of the Mende support the Sierra Leone 1eople0s 1artSL11,/ while the majorit of the Temne support the 2ll 1eople0s

ongress *21C,.3&456

he Mende" who are belie-ed to be descendants of the Mane"

riginall occupied the Liberian hinterland. The began mo-ing

nto Sierra Leone slowl and peacefull in the eighteenth centur.

he Temne are thought to ha-e come from Futa 7allon" which is

n present(da 8uinea. Sierra Leone0s current president )rnest 9ai

oroma is the first ethnic Temne to be elected to the office.

he third(largest ethnic group are the Limba at about :% of the

opulation. The Limba are nati-e people of Sierra Leone. The

a-e no tradition of origin" and it is belie-ed that the ha-e li-ed

n Sierra Leone since before the )uropean encounter. The Limbare primaril found in 'orthern Sierra Leone" particularl in

ombali" Kambia and Koinadugu +istrict. The Limba are about

;uall di-ided between Muslims and Christians. The Limba are

ose political allies of the neighbouring Temne.

ince <ndependence" the Limba ha-e traditionall been -er

nfluential in Sierra Leone0s politics" along with the Mende. The

ast majorit of Limba support the 2ll 1eople0s Congress *21C,

olitical part. Sierra Leone0s first and second presidents" Siaka

te-ens and 7oseph Saidu Momoh" respecti-el" were both ethnic Limba. Sierra Leone0s current +efense Minister 2lfred

aolo Conteh is an ethnic Limba.

he fourth largest ethnic group are the Fula at around =% of the population. +escendants of se-enteenth( and eighteenth(

entur Fulani migrant settlers from the Fouta +jalon region of 8uinea" the li-e primaril in the northeast and the westernrea of Sierra Leone. The Fula are -irtuall all Muslims. The Fula are primaril traders" and man li-e in middle(class

omes. 9ecause of their trading" the Fulas are found in nearl all parts of the countr.

he other ethnic groups are the Mandingo *also known as Mandinka,. The are descendants of traders from 8uinea who

migrated to Sierra Leone during the late nineteenth to mid(twentieth centuries. The Mandika are predominantl found in the

ast and the northern part of the countr. The predominate in the large towns" most notabl Karina" in 9ombali +istrict in

he north/ Kabala and Falaba in Koinadugu +istrict in the north/ and Yengema" Kono +istrict in the east of the countr.

ike the Fula" the Mandinka are -irtuall all Muslims. Sierra Leone0s third president 2hmad Tejan Kabbah" and Sierra

eone0s first ice 1resident Sorie <brahim Koroma were both ethnic Mandingo.

e!t in proportion are the Kono" who li-e primaril in Kono +istrict in )astern Sierra Leone. The Kono are descendants of

migrants from 8uinea/ toda their workers are known primaril as diamond miners. The majorit of the Kono ethnic group

re Christians" though with an influential Muslim minorit. Sierra Leone0s current ice(1resident 2lhaji Samuel Sam(

umana is an ethnic Kono.

he small but significant Krio people *descendants of freed 2frican 2merican" >est <ndian and Liberated 2frican sla-es

ho settled in Freetown between &=:= and about &::$, make up about #% of the population. The primaril occup the

apital cit of Freetown and its surrounding >estern 2rea. Krio culture reflects the >estern culture and ideals within which

man of their ancestors originated ( the also had close ties with 9ritish officials and colonial administration during ears of

e-elopment.

he Krio ha-e traditionall dominated Sierra Leone0s judiciac and Freetown0s elected cit council. ?ne of the first ethnic groups to become educated

ccording to >estern traditions" the ha-e traditionall been appointed to positions in the ci-il ser-ice" beginning during the colonial ears. The continue

o be influential in the ci-il ser-ice. The -ast majorit of Krios are Christians" though with a significant Muslim minorit.

ther minorit ethnic groups are the Kuranko" who are related to the Mandingo" and are largel Muslims. The Kuranko are belie-ed to ha-e begun arri-ing

n Sierra Leone from 8uinea in about &@55 and settled in the north" particularl in Koinadugu +istrict. The Kuranko are primaril farmers/ leaders among

hem ha-e traditionall held se-eral senior positions in the Militar. Sierra Leone current Finance Minister Kaifala Marah is an ethnic Kuranko.

he Loko in the north are nati-e people of Sierra Leone" belie-ed to ha-e li-ed in Sierra Leone since the time of )uropean encounter. Like the

eighbouring Temne" the Loko are Muslim majorit. The Susu and their related Yalunka are traders/ both groups are primaril found in the far north in

ambia and Koinadugu +istrict close to the border with 8uinea. The Susu and Yalunka are both descendants of migrants from 8uinea/ and the are

irtuall all Muslims.



2 secondar school class in 1endembu" Kailahun

+istrict.

2 situation map of the )bola outbreak as of : 2ugust A5&4.

he Kissi li-e further inland in South()astern Sierra Leone. The predominate in the large town of Koindu and its surrounding areas in Kailahun +istrict.

he -ast majorit of Kissi are Christians. The much smaller ai and Kru peoples are primaril found in Kailahun and 1ujehun +istricts near the border

ith Liberia. The Kru predominate in the Krouba neighbourhood in the capital Freetown. The ai are largel Muslim" while the Kru are largel Christian.

n the coast in 9onthe +istrict in the south are the Sherbro. 'ati-e to Sierra Leone" the ha-e occupied Sherbro <sland since it was founded. The Sherbro

re primaril fisherman and farmers" and the are predominantl found in 9onthe +istrict. The Sherbro are -irtuall all Christians" and their paramount

hiefs had a histor of intermarriage with 9ritish colonists and traders.

small number of Sierra Leoneans are of partial or full Lebanese ancestr" descendants of traders who first came to the nation in the &Bth centur. The

re locall known as Sierra Leonean(Lebanese. The Sierra Leonean(Lebanese communit are primaril traders and the mostl li-e in middle(class

ouseholds in the urban areas" primaril in Freetown" 9o" Kenema" Koidu Town and Makeni.

Education

Main article: Education in Sierra Leone

ducation in Sierra Leone is legall re;uired for all children for si! ears at primar le-el *Class 1&(

@, and three ears in junior secondar education"3&4&6 but a shortage of schools and teachers has made

mplementation impossible.3446 Two thirds of the adult population of the countr are illiterate.3&4A6

he Sierra Leone Ci-il >ar resulted in the destruction of &"A=5 primar schools" and in A55&" @=% of

l school(age children were out of school.3446 The situation has impro-ed considerabl since then with

rimar school enrolment doubling between A55& and A55$ and the reconstruction of man schools

nce the end of the war.3&4#6 Students at primar schools are usuall @ to &A ears old" and in secondar

chools &# to &:. 1rimar education is free and compulsor in go-ernment(sponsored public schools.

he countr has three uni-ersities Fourah 9a College" founded in &:A= *the oldest uni-ersit in >est

frica,"3&446 Dni-ersit of Makeni *established initiall in September A55$ as The Fatima <nstitute" the

ollege was granted uni-ersit status in 2ugust A55B" and assumed the name Dni-ersit of Makeni" or

'<M2K," and 'jala Dni-ersit" primaril located in 9o +istrict. 'jala Dni-ersit was established as the 'jala 2gricultural )!perimental Station in &B&5

nd became a uni-ersit in A55$.3&4$6 Teacher training colleges and religious seminaries are found in man parts of the countr.

Health

Main article: #ealth in Sierra Leone

he C<2 estimated a-erage life e!pectanc in Sierra Leone was $=.#B ears.3&4@6

he pre-alence of E<2<+S in the population is &.@%" higher than the world

-erage of &% but lower than the a-erage of @.&% across Sub(Saharan 2frica.3&4=6

ew people in Sierra Leone ha-e regular access to ade;uate medical care. For some

eople from rural areas" the ne!t doctor or hospital is out of reach although free

ealth care might be pro-ided there. <n other cases" people are charged b the

medical staff who are themsel-es poorl paid. Man people do not know that the

a-e a right to free medical care.3&4:6

ndemic and infectious diseases

ierra Leone suffers from epidemic outbreaks of diseases" including ellow fe-er"

holera" lassa fe-er and meningitis.3&4B63&$56 Yellow fe-er and malaria are endemic to

ierra Leone.3&$56

014 Ebola outbreak

Further information: E$ola virus epidemic in Sierra Leone

bola is pre-alent in 2frica where social and economic ine;ualities are common.

he central 2frican countries are the most pre-alent of )+/ like +emocratic

epublic of Congo" Sudan" Dganda" and 8abon3&$&6

n A5&4 there was an outbreak of the )bola -irus in >est 2frica. 2s of &B ?ctober

5&4" there had been #"=5@ cases of )bola in Sierra Leone" and &"A$B deaths"

ncluding that of the leading phsician tring to control the outbreak" Sheik Dmar

han.3&$A63&$#6 <n earl 2ugust A5&4 8uinea closed its borders to Sierra Leone to help contain the spreading of the -irus" which originated in 8uinea" as more

ew cases of the disease were being reported in Sierra Leone than in 8uinea. 2side from the human cost" the outbreak was se-erel eroding the econom.

September A5&4" with the closure of borders" the cancellation of airline flights" the e-acuation of foreign workers and a collapse of cross(border trade"

he national deficit of Sierra Leone and other affected countries was widening to the point where the <MF was considering e!panding its financial support.$46



Rice farming in Rolako.

A radio listener in Kailahun.

Mental health

Mental healthcare in Sierra Leone is almost non-existent. Many sufferers try to cure themselves with the help of traditional healers.!""# $uring the %ivil

&ar '!((!)*++*, many soldiers took part in atrocities and many children were forced to fight. his left them traumati/ed with an estimated 0+++++

eople '1y *++(, 1eing mentally ill. housands of former child soldiers have fallen into su1stance a1use as they try to 1lunt their memories.!"2#

Maternal and child health

ccording to *+!+ estimates Sierra Leone has the "th highest maternal mortality rate in the world.!"3# According to a *+!4 567%89 report!":# ::; of

omen in Sierra Leone have undergone female genital mutilation. As of *+!0 Sierra Leone was estimated as having the !!th highest infant mortality rate

n the world.!"(#

Drinking water supply

Main article: Water supply in Sierra Leone

&ater supply in Sierra Leone is characteri/ed 1y limited access to safe drinking water. $espite efforts 1y the government and numerous non-governmental

rganisations access has not much improved since the end of the Sierra Leone %ivil &ar in *++* stagnating at a1out "+; and even declining in rural

reas.!2+# 7t is hoped that a new dam in <rugu for which %hina committed financing in *++( will alleviate water scarcity.!2!#

ccording to a national survey carried out in *++2 :0; of the ur1an population and 4*; of the rural population had access to an improved water source.

hose with access in rural areas were served almost exclusively 1y protected wells. he 2:; of the rural population without access to an improved water

ource relied on surface water '"+;, unprotected wells '(;, and unprotected springs '(;,. <nly *+; of the ur1an population and !; of the rural

opulation had access to piped drinking water in their home. %ompared to the *+++ survey access has increased in ur1an areas 1ut has declined in rural

reas possi1ly 1ecause facilities have 1roken down 1ecause of a lack of maintenance.!2+#!2*#

&ith a new decentralisation policy em1odied in the Local =overnment Act of *++0 responsi1ility for water supply in areas outside the capital was passed

om the central government to local councils. 7n 9reetown the =uma >alley &ater %ompany remains in charge of water supply.

Culture

olygamy

Further information: Polygamy in Sierra Leone

3 percent of married women in Sierra Leone were in polygamous marriages in *++:.!24#

ood and customs

Further information: Sierra Leonean cuisine

ice is the staple food of Sierra Leone and is consumed at virtually every meal daily. he rice is

repared in numerous ways and topped with a variety of sauces made from some of Sierra Leone?s

avourite toppings including potato leaves cassava leaves crain crain okra soup fried fish and

roundnut stew.!20#

long the streets of towns and cities across Sierra Leone one can find foods consisting of fruit

egeta1les and snacks such as fresh mangoes oranges pineapple fried plantains ginger 1eer fried

otato fried cassava with pepper sauce@ small 1ags of popcorn or peanuts 1read roasted corn or

kewers of grilled meat or shrimp.

oyo is a popular Sierra Leonean drink. 7t is a sweet lightly fermented palm wine!2"# and is found inars in towns and villages across the country. oyo 1ars are areas of lively informal de1ate a1out

olitics foot1all entertainment and other issues.

Media

Main article: Media of Sierra Leone

Media in Sierra Leone 1egan with the introduction of the first printing press in Africa at the start of the !(th

entury. A strong free Bournalistic tradition developed with the creation of a num1er of newspapers. 7n the

:2+s the country 1ecame a Bournalist hu1 for Africa with professionals travelling to the country from

cross the continent. At the end of the !(th century the industry went into decline and when radio was

ntroduced in the !(4+s it 1ecame the primary communication media in the country.

he Sierra Leone Croadcasting Service 'SLCS, was created 1y the colonial government in !(40 making it

he earliest 8nglish language radio 1roadcaster service in &est Africa. he service 1egan 1roadcasting

levision in !(24 with coverage extended to all the districts in the country in !(3:. 7n April *+!+ the SLCS

merged with the 5nited 6ations peacekeeping radio station in Sierra Leone to form the Sierra Leone

roadcasting %orporation!22#!23# the government-owned current national 1roadcaster in Sierra Leone.



Isata Mahoi shown editing radio programmes

in Talking Drum studio Freetown; she is also

an actress in Sierra Leone radio soap opera

Atunda Ayenda.

The Koindu dance

he Sierra Leone constitution guarantees reedom o speech! and reedom o the press; howe"er! the go"ernment maintains strong control o media! and at

mes restricts these rights in practice.#$%&'#$%('#$)*'#$)$'#$)+'#$),' Some su-ects are seen as ta-oo -y society and mem-ers o the political elite; imprisonment

nd "iolence ha"e -een used -y the political esta-lishment against ournalists.#$)/'#$)0'

nder legislation enacted in $(&*! all newspapers must register with the Ministry o Inormation and pay si2ea-le registration ees. The 3riminal Li-el

aw! including Seditious Li-el Law o $(%0! is used to control what is pu-lished in the media.#$)0' In +**%! 4resident Ahmad Tean Ka--ah committed to

eorming the laws go"erning the press and media to create a reer system or ournalists to work in.#$)0' As o +*$, Sierra Leone is ranked %$st 5up two

ots rom %,rd in +*$+6 out o $)( countries on 7eporters 8ithout 9orders: 4ress Freedom Inde.#$)%'

rint media is not widely read in Sierra Leone! especially outside Freetown and other maor cities! partially due to the low le"els o literacy in the country.))' In +**) there were $0 daily newspapers in the country! as well as those pu-lished weekly.#$)&' Among newspaper readership! young people are likely to

ead newspapers weekly and older people daily. The maority o newspapers are pri"ately run and are oten critical o the go"ernment. The standard o print

ournalism tends to -e low due to lack o training! and people trust the inormation pu-lished in newspapers less than that ound on the radio.#$))'

adio is the most<popular and most<trusted media in Sierra Leone! with &0= o people ha"ing access to a

adio and )+= o people in the country listening to the radio daily.#$))' These le"els do "ary -etween areas o

he country! with the 8estern Area ha"ing the highest le"els and Kailahun the lowest. Stations mainly

onsist o local commercial stations with a limited -roadcast range! com-ined with a ew stations with

ational co"erage > 3apital 7adio Sierra Leone -eing the largest o the commercial stations.

he 1nited ?ations Mission in Sierra Leone 51?I@SIL6 ran one o the most popular stations in the country!

roadcasting programs in a range o languages. The 1? mission were restructured in +**& and it was

ecided that the 1? 7adio would -e merged with SL9S to orm the new Sierra Leone 9roadcasting

orporation 5SL936. This merger e"entually happened in +*$$ ater the necessary legislation was enacted.

L93 transmits radio on FM and has two tele"ision ser"ices! one o which is uplinked -y satellite ornternational consumption. FM relays o 993 8orld Ser"ice! 7adio France Internationale and oice o

merica are also -roadcast.

utside the capital Freetown and other maor cities! tele"ision is not watched -y a great many people!

though 9o! Kenema and Makeni are ser"ed -y their own relays o the main SL93 ser"ice. There are two

ational! ree terrestrial tele"ision stations in Sierra Leone! one run -y the go"ernment SL93 and the other a

ri"ate station! AIT 5Arica Independent Tele"ision6 which is linked with the ?igerian station o the same name. In +**)! a pay<per<"iew ser"ice was also

ntroduced -y BT as part o a pan<Arican tele"ision ser"ice in addition to the nine<year<old su-<Saharan Digital satellite tele"ision ser"ice 5DSt"6

riginating rom Multichoice Arica in South Arica. BT su-seCuently went out o -usiness! lea"ing DSt" as the only pro"ider o pay<per<"iew tele"ision

n the country.

nternet access in Sierra Leone has -een sparse -ut is on the increase! especially since the introduction o ,B cellular phone ser"ices across the country.

here are three main internet ser"ice pro"iders 5IS4s6 operating in the country. Freetown has internet caes and other -usinesses oering internet access.

ro-lems eperienced with access to the Internet include an intermittent electricity supply and a slow connection speed in the country outside Freetown.

Arts

Further information: Art in Sierra Leone and Music of Sierra Leone

he arts in Sierra Leone are a miture o tradition and hy-rid Arican and western styles.#$)('#$&*'#$&$'

ports

Main article: Sport in Sierra Leone

oot-all is -y ar the most popular sport in Sierra Leone. 3hildren! youth and adult are reCuently seen

laying street oot-all across Sierra Leone. There are organi2ed youth and adult oot-all tournaments across

he country! and there are "arious primary and secondary schools with oot-all teams across Sierra Leone.

he Sierra Leone national oot-all team! popularly known as the Leone Stars! represents the country in

nternational competitions. It has ne"er Cualiied or the FIFA 8orld 3up -ut participated in the $((/ and

((% Arican 3up o ?ations. 8hen the national oot-all team! the Leone Stars! ha"e a match! Sierra

eoneans across the country come together united in support o the national team and people rush to their

ocal radio and tele"ision stations to ollow the li"e match. The country:s national tele"ision network! The

ierra Leone 9roadcasting 3orporation 5SL936 -roadcasts the national oot-all team li"e match! along with

many local radio stations across the country.

8hen the Leone Stars win an important match! many youth across the county rush to the street to cele-rate.

Many o the Sierra Leone national team oot-allers play or teams -ased in urope although "irtually all o

hem started proessional oot-all in the Sierra Leone ?ational 4remier League. Many o the national team

oot-allers are cele-rities across Sierra Leone and they are oten well known -y the general population. Some

Sierra Leonean international oot-allers include Mohamed Kallon! Mohamed 9angura! 7odney Strasser!

ei Kamara! I-rahim Teteh 9angura! Mustapha Dum-uya! 3hristian 3aulker! Alhassan 9angura! Sheri

uma! Mohamed Kamara! 1maru 9angura and Eulius Bi-rilla 8oo-ay .



Sierra Leone National Stadium

he Sierra Leone National Premier League is the top professional football league in Sierra Leone and is

ontrolled by the Sierra Leone Football Association. Fourteen clubs from across the country compete in

he Sierra Leone Premier League. The two biggest and most successful football clubs are East End

ions and Mighty lac!pool. East End Lions and Mighty lac!pool ha"e an intense ri"alry and when

hey play each other the national stadium in Freetown is often sold out and supporters of both clubs

ften clash with each other before and after the game. There is a huge police presence inside and

utside the national stadium during a match between the two great ri"als to pre"ent a clash. Many

ierra Leonean youth follow the local football league.

Many Sierra Leonean youth# children and adults follow the ma$or football leagues in Europe#

articularly the English Premier League# %talian Serie A# Spanish La Liga# &erman undesliga and

rench Ligue '. The Sierra Leone cric!et team represents Sierra Leone in international cric!et

ompetitions# and is among the best in (est Africa. %t became an affiliate member of the %nternationalric!et )ouncil in *++*. %t made its international debut at the *++, African Affiliates )hampionship#

here it finished last of eight teams. ut at the e-ui"alent tournament in *++# /i"ision Three of the

frican region of the (orld )ric!et League# it finished as runner0up to Mo1ambi-ue# and $ust missed a

romotion to /i"ision Two.

n *++2 the Sierra Leone 3nder0'2 team finished second in the African 3nder0'2 )hampionship in 4ambia# thus -ualifying for the 3nder0'2 (orld )up

ualifying tournament with nine other teams.5'6*7 8owe"er# the team was unable to obtain )anadian "isas to play in the tournament# which was held in

oronto.5'697

as!etball is not a "ery popular sport in Sierra Leone. The Sierra Leone national bas!etball team represents Sierra Leone in international men:s bas!etball

ompetitions and is controlled by the Sierra Leone as!etball Federation.

he National as!etball Association ;NA< is popular among a small portion of the youth population. NA superstars Leron =ames# >obe ryant and

e"in /urant are popular among Sierra Leone:s youthful population. Former NA stars# in particular Michael =ordan# Sha-uille ?:Neal# Allen %"erson andMagic =ohnson are popular in the country. Michael =ordan in particular is the most famous bas!etball player in the country and he is "ery popular among

he general population. )urrent NA youngstar @ictor ?ladipo is of Sierra Leonean descent# as his father is a nati"e of Sierra Leone.5'6,7

See also

◾ %nde of Sierra Leone0related articles

◾ ?utline of Sierra Leone

◾ *+', Ebola "irus epidemic in Sierra Leone

◾ Sierra Leone B (i!ipedia boo!

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The (orld &uide. HSierra Leone &eographyH. Archi"ed from the originalon '* =anuary *++2. Ietrie"ed '2 February *++6.2. ^ K' of Sierra Leoneans are Muslims ?luseguntoday:s log

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