significance of the external environment in the origin of .... exogenous and endogenous...
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Significance of the external
environment in the origin of
diseases
DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGICAL PHYSIOLOGY– 2018
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Significance of the external environment in the
origin of diseases
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Influence of external environmental
factors
Mechanical
Physical
Chemical
Biological
Social factors
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Influence of external environmental
factors
Mechanical factors (mechanical trauma, compression and rupture of tissues and etc.)
Influence of sound vibrations and ultrasounds
Influence of atmospheric pressure (mountain sickness,caisson diseases and etc.)
Influence of heat and cold
Influence of electric current
Influence of ionizing radiation (radiation sickness)
Influence of gravitation
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Influence of external environmental
factors
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Influence of external environmental
factors
Noises – sound vibration or the combination of sounds may have
pathogenic effect on the organism.
Human ear perceives sound vibration of 16- 20000 cycles per second
Permissible level of noise for human ear is 40-50 decibel (during normal speech
The sound stimuli of 80-100 decibel cause pain, in the organ of hearing . More intensive noise decreases hearing and may lead to hearing loss.
Concert of rock music- 123-140db >, than noise from reactive airplane.
Prolonged noise more than 155db causes disturbance of function of organs and systems in the organism.
Sounds level more than 180db are fatal for organism.
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Pathological effect of the noise depend on :
frequency of acoustic oscillations (measured in Hz )
the strength of the noise - the sound intensity (dB)
the pressure of sound vibrations - (Pa)
the duration of the effect of sound vibrations
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Influence of ultrasound
Ultrasound- inaudible to the human ear waves
whose frequency is greater than 20kHz.
Ultrasound has the mechanical and thermal effects, which causes c the physical-chemical changes in the organism
Ultrasound of high intensity (3-10Wt / sm2) has a damaging effects:
disturbs the microcirculation in tissues, causes cell
injury and may lead to the local burns
Ultrazvuk- inaudible to the human ear elastic waves whose frequency is greater than 20kHz. Ultrasound has on the mechanical body tissue, thermal effect, which causes changes to the physical
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Action of atmospheric pressure.Altitude, м Atmospheric pressure,
mm. Hg.
РО2, mm. Hg State of organism
0-2500 760-560 159-117 Normal
2500-4000 560-462 117-97 No changes
4000-5000 462-405 97-85 First symptoms of
mountain sickness
5000-6000 405-354 85-74 Significantly expressed
features of mountain
sickness
6000-8000 354-267 74-56 All symptoms of
mountain sickness are
expressed
>8000 < 250 < 52 This state is
incompatible with life
without oxygen
apparatus .
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Action of barometric pressure.
Mountain sickness.
Mountain sickness develops in the altitude >5000м. In the
pathogenesis of mountain sickness take role the followings:
Lowered atmospheric pressure (decompression) and
decreased partial pressure of oxygen in air lead to →
extension of gases inside confined spaces oforganism(sinuses of nose, frontal sinuses, pleural andabdominal cavities), → transition of formerly dissolved
nitrogen to the gaseous state and the formation of gasembolism which leads to ischemia of tissues.
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Pulmonary edema – non-cardiogenic edema of lungs,
develops as a result oh severe hypoxia → activation of sympathetic
nerves system → increasing of pressure in the capillaries of
pulmonary arterial system, increased permeability of capillary walls
Brain edema - hypoxia → activation of SNS →
increasinndповышение гидростатического давления в
микроциркуляторном русле, повышение проницаемости
сосудов, изменение- повышение проходимости
гематоэнцефаличкского барьера для брадикинина, NO-
синтазы → в сосудах образуется больше NO (оксида азота) →
расширение сосудов мозга → головная боль, тошнота и рвота
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Pathogenesis of mountain sickness include
the following processes:
Hypoxemia→ hypoxia→ hyperventilation of lungs→ hypocapnia → gaseous alkalosis → decreasing of activity of respiratory center and central
nervous system which may lead to paralyses and death.
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Action of elevated atmospheric pressure (hyperbarism). Caisson disease.
Hyperbaria (compression)leads to increased dissolution of gases in body fluids (saturation)
Caisson disease develops during rapid return from
elevated to normal atmospheric pressure. The gases (especially nitrogen) formerly dissolved are liberated in the form of bubbles (desaturation) and may cause gaseous embolism.
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy - breathing of oxygen under increased pressure.
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Action of low temperature.
Frostbite. Hypothermia.
Frostbite – local disturbances caused
by action of cold.
Hypothermia – develops as a result of general effect of cold.
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Гипотермия.
Symptoms Metabolism Consciousness Cardiovascular
and respiratory
systems
35-32°C Muscle tremors,
pain
Metabolism↑↑,
Hyperglycemia,
О2 consumption↑
Excitation
confusion
• Tachycardia,
peripheral
vasoconstriction
, increased
blood pressure
32-28°C muscle rigidity
Pupillary reflex +
Hypoglycemia
Metabolism ↓
Hallucinations,
sleepiness,
Loss of
consciousness
Bradycardia,
arrhythmias,
respiratory
depression
<28°C Wide pupils,
Pupillary reflex -
Metabolism ↓↓ Coma Fibrillation,
Asystolia
Apnea
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The action of heat.
Burns (thermal)
Hyperthermia
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Burns-the local changes caused by heat.
Beginning from 45-50º the thermal factors ( hot
water, heated metal, fire, etc.) causa injury of
the body.
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Burn disease – develops when more than10-15%
of body surface damaged by > II degree of burn.
The following phases of burn disease are distinguished:
1.Burn shock
2. Burn toxemia
3. Burn septico-toxemia
4. Burn emaciation
5.Outcome of disease
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Sunstroke - a result of exposure of UV
radiation, together with the thermal
effect of the sun's rays (infrared rays)
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Effects of radiation
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The forms of radiation sickness
Radiation sick
Gastrointestinal form
10-50Gy
Hematopoieticform
0,5-10Gy
Cerebral form
50-200Gy
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Acute radiation sickness
Initial stage - 1-2 Gy
Moderate - 2-4 Gy
Severe - 4-6 Gy
Very severe - > 6Gy
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Stages of the acute radiation sickness
Stage of initial reaction
Latent stage
Stage of marked manifestations
Recovery
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Chronic radiation sickness
Occurs when the long-term exposure of
low doses those excess of permissible
standards
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Electrical trauma
Burns
Disturbance of heart rhythm
Breathing arrest
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internal factors
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Role of internal factors in the
origin of disease
Constitution
Hereditary
Age
Sex
Reactivity and resistance
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Constitutional types (by Chernorutsky)A- asthenic B- normosthenic C-hypersthenic
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Constitutional types by Kretschmer:
dysplastic, pyknic, athletic, leptosomatic
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Constitutional types by Hippocrates.
Phlegmatic
Melancholic
Choleric
Sanguine
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Diatheses
Exsudative diatheses
Lymphohypoplastic diatheses
Spasmophilic diatheses
Astyhenic diatheses
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The main cause of hereditary diseases -
mutation.
Action of mutagens → occurrence of mutations.
Mutagenic factors:
-Exogenous
-Endogenous
-Physical
-Chemical
-Biological
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Hereditary diseases
Monogenic
Polygenic
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gen mutations
Types of mutations chromosomal mut.
genomic murations
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Types of inheritance
Autosomal dominant
Autosomal recessive
Adhesion to the X chromosome dominant inheritance
Adhesion to the X chromosome recessive inheritance
Coupling with a Y chromosome inheritance
Imprinting (Angelman syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome)
mitochondrial inheritance
The expansion of trinucleotide repeats
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Chromosomal diseases:Abnormalities of autosomal chromasomes Abnormalities of sex chromasomes
:
Down‘s syndrome Turner syndrome
Patau‘s syndrome Klinefelter‘s syndrome
Edward‘s syndrome
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Klinefelter’s syndrome 47/ XXY
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Terner syndrome, karyotype 45-
Х0
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The syndrome of "cat cry"
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Hereditary diseases. Down's Syndrome. Trisomy
of 21 chromosome 47, XX, +21
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Patau Syndrome. Trisomy of 13
chromosome 47, XXX + 13.
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REACTIVITY
Reactivity - the ability of organism to respond tothe factors of external and internal environment.
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The Types of Reactivity
Biological reactivity
Group reactivity
Individual reactivity- physiological,
pathological (specific, nonspecific).
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The Forms of Reactivity
Hyperergy
Hypergy – positive and negative
Disergy
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RESISTANCE
Resistance - the ability of the organism to protect himself against to
pathogens.
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The Types of Resistance
Passive
Active
Specific
Non-specific
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The Factors of Nonspecific
Resistance
External barriers (skin and mucousmembranes)
Internal barriers - barriers of organs (liver,lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow andthymus) and histohematological barriers
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The Factors of Nonspecific
ResistanceThe complement system
C-reactive protein
Lysozyme
Interferons α-IFN, β-IFN, γ-IFN
Natural killer (NK- Natural Killers)
Macrophages - phagocytes, etc.
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Activation of Complement System
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Cells of Immune System
Phagocytes
Natural killer cells
B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
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INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
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HUMORAL AND CELLULAR IMMUNITY
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ACTIVATION of T-CELL
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Thanks for attention