silver in photovoltaics 2012 intro chapter

8/2/2019 Silver in Photovoltaics 2012 Intro Chapter

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/silver-in-photovoltaics-2012-intro-chapter 1/13

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Kf~or`fiz Fwwi`jf~`mlz fln Mwwmr~ul`~òz `~d`l Mrefl`j Wdm~mqmi~f`jz + 2766

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http://nanomarkets.net/market_reports/report/cigs_photovoltaics_markets_2012

http://nanomarkets.net/market_reports/report/transparent_conductors_in_thin_film_and_organic_photovoltaics_2012

http://nanomarkets.net/market_reports/report/nanosilver_markets_2011

http://nanomarkets.net/market_reports/report/silver_powders_and_flakes_-_2011

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http://nanomarkets.net/market_reports/report/opv_materials_applications_and_opportunities_2011

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http://nanomarkets.net/market_reports/report/silver_powders_and_flakes_-_2011

http://nanomarkets.net/market_reports/report/nanosilver_markets_2011

http://nanomarkets.net/market_reports/report/transparent_conductors_in_thin_film_and_organic_photovoltaics_2012

http://nanomarkets.net/market_reports/report/cigs_photovoltaics_markets_2012





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Jdfw~or Mlo3 @l~rmnuj~`ml ~m Zìqor `l WQ Fwwi`jf~`mlz

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amr zìqor `z vu`~o wr`jo+`loifz~`j, @l afj~ ~do dèd wr`jo ma zìqor `z lm f afj~ ma iào amr kflp

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`zo,

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wfr~`fiip bojfuzo ma ~dok) LflmKfrho~z otwoj~z ~df~ roqoluoz armk zìqor kf~or`fiz ìi

rokf`l zubz~fl~`fi `l f lukbor ma WQ fwwi`jf~`mlz, @l afj~ ~do qorp zwojà`j loonz ma ~do WQ

`lnuz~rp ìi wrmnujo f aor~ìo aòin amr zìqor wrmnuj~ noqoimwkol~,

WQ ma fii h`lnz `z qorp zolz`~`qo ~m kf~or`fiz jmz~z ozwoj`fiip `l ~do jurrol~ orf ma jmiifwz`le zmifr

wfloi jmz~z, Dèd fln uljor~f`l zìqor wr`joz nm iofn zìqor kf~or`fiz zuwwiòrz ~m zooh ~m jrof~o

erof~or qfiuo `l ~do dmwo ma ef`l`le bo~~or kfre`lz mr f~ iofz~ wrozorq`le ~do`r kfre`lz, Fln

~doro `z jor~f`lip rmmk amr `llmqf~`ml doro, ^doroamro `l ~do lot~ ao pofrz ~do kfrho~wifjo




,lflmkfrho~z,lo~

Wfeo

ìi oijmko `llmqf~`mlz f`kon f~ ronuj`le ~do jmz~z fzzmj`f~on `~d kfluafj~urorz‐ bìiz ma

kf~or`fiz $BMKz)3

^dozo `llmqf~`mlz kèd~ `ljiuno lm~ mlip fpz ma kfh`le zìqor kmro oaaoj~`qo fz f

jmlnuj~mr„zujd fz ~drmued ~do uzo ma lflmzìqor `lhz„bu~ fizm ~drmued fpz ma uz`le

iozz zìqor `l jmlqol~`mlfi `lhz fln wfz~oz,

Lflmzìqor+bfzon ~rflzwfrol~ jmlnuj~mrz wrmk`zo ~m erof~ip ronujo ~do jmz~z fzzmj`f~on

`~d nàa`jui~ fln otwolz`qo ~rflzwfrol~ jmlnuj~`qo mt`no $^JM) nowmz`~`ml bp olfbi`le

im+jmz~ afjìo rmii+~m+rmii $R2R) zmiu~`ml+bfzon afbr`jf~`ml ma WQ,

@l fnn`~`ml ~do WQ `lnuz~rp `z noqoimw`le bm~d lmqoi joii frjd`~oj~uroz fln lo

kf~or`fiz amr ~do fbzmrbor ifpor bm~d ma d`jd jmuin wrmamulnip faaoj~ ~do kf~or`fiz

~df~ fro uzon-rovu`ron amr oioj~rmnoz fln roaioj~mr ifporz, Jmlzovuol~ip lo zìqor

amrkuif~`mlz fro loonon ~m kf~jd ~do lo kf~or`fiz fln noq`joz ml d`jd ~dop fro

fwwiòn,

^do otwoj~on ~rfcoj~mròz ma ~do nàaorol~ WQ zub+zoj~mrz fln ~do`r `kwfj~ ml ~do zìqor buz`lozz

fro vu`~o nàaorol~3

Jrpz~fii`lo+Z` WQ3 Jrpz~fii`lo+Z` WQ ~ojdlmimeòz ~mnfp uzo ~do buih ma zìqor kf~or`fiz `l ~droo

hop fwwi`jf~`mlz `~d`l ~do joii3 arml~+z`no er`nz bfjhz`no oioj~rmnoz fln ~fbb`le z~r`wz, Uo

otwoj~ ~do j+Z` WQ zoj~mr ~m ro~f`l f z~rmle wmz`~`ml `l ~do zmifr wfloi kfrho~ bu~ otwoj~

erm~d rf~oz `l ~d`z zoj~mr ~m jmmi zèlà`jfl~ip,

@l j+Z` WQ zìqor wrmnuj~ zuwwiòrz ìi dfqo ~m jmkwo~o `~d jdofwor lml+zìqor fwwrmfjdoz

~df~ nm lm~ uzo zìqor f~ fii lfkoip jmwwor+ fln fiuk`luk+bfzon zubz~`~u~oz, ^do bfjh

oioj~rmno `z firofnp `l ~do wrmjozz ma zubz~`~u~`le zìqor `~d fiuk`luk $mr fiuk`luk+zìqor)

kf~or`fiz z`ljo ~do bfjh oioj~rmno `z ~pw`jfiip iozz nokfln`le ~dfl ~do m~dor joii wfr~z ~df~ uzo

zìqor, Fln wr`l~on zìqor ~fbb`le z~r`wz fro imz`le ermuln ~m kujd iozz otwolz̀ qo jmwwor+bfzon

zminorz fln wr`l~on jmwwor kf~or`fiz, @l ~dozo fwwi`jf~`mlz ~do lofr+~ork mwwmr~ul`~òz amr

zìqor zuwwiòrz jol~or frmuln maaor`le imor+jmz~ ronujon+zìqor kf~or`fiz zujd fz zìqor+

fiuk`luk wrmnuj~z `lz~ofn ma zìqor+mlip amrkuif~`mlz amr otfkwio,

^doro `z fizm zmko emmn loz `l j+Z` WQ3

A`rz~ zìqor wr`l~`le wfz~oz fwwofr ~m bo ol~roljdon `l arml~+z`no oioj~rmno-er`n

fwwi`jf~`mlz bojfuzo dèd jmlnuj~`q`~p `z ma ~do u~kmz~ `kwmr~fljo amr kf`l~f`l`le dèd

oaa`jòljòz fln ~doro fro ao zu`~fbio fi~orlf~`qoz ~m zìqor `l ~d`z fwwi`jf~`ml,




,lflmkfrho~z,lo~

Wfeo

Zojmln ~doro `z `ljrofz`le uzo ma ~rflzwfrol~ jmlnuj~`qo arml~ oioj~rmnoz `l lo „fln

erm`le„do~ormculj~`ml `~d `l~r`lz`j ~d`l+ifpor $D@^) joii ~ojdlmimeòz, ^mnfp D@^

joiiz fln z`kìfr WQ ~ojdlmimeòz uzo `lnùk+~`l+mt`no $@^M) amr ~do ~rflzwfrol~

jmlnuj~mr bu~ ~d`z kfrho~ wrozol~z fl `kwmr~fl~ fnn`~`mlfi fnnrozzfbio kfrho~ amr

lo ~rflzwfrol~ jmlnuj~mr ~ojdlmimeòz ̀ ljiun`le ~dmzo bfzon ml lflmzìqor,

^d`l+aìk WQ3 ÂWQ `z erm`le kmro rfw`nip ~dfl j+Z` WQ fln LflmKfrho~z otwoj~z ÂWQ ~m

fjjmul~ amr fbmu~ mlo+amur~d ma ~do ~m~fi WQ kfrho~ $ml fl olorep eolorf~`ml bfz`z) bp ~do oln

ma ~do amrojfz~ wor`mn, Fz lm~on fbmqo armk ~do worzwoj~`qo ma zìqor zuwwiòrz ~d`z zdà~ `z lm~

ozwoj`fiip emmn loz bojfuzo ÂWQ uzoz kujd iozz zìqor ~dfl j+Z` WQ,

A`rz~ o lm~o ~df~ ~fbb`le `z q`r~ufiip lmlot`z~ol~ `l ÂWQ z`ljo lofrip fii joiiz fro

kmlmi`~d`jfiip ̀ l~orjmlloj~on ml f jmkkml zubz~rf~o,

^do arml~ oioj~rmnoz `l ÂWQ fro ~pw`jfiip kfno uz`le ^JMz rf~dor ~dfl a`lo zìqor

a`leorz fi~dmued zìqor er`nz fro zmko~`koz fwwiòn ml ~mw ma ~do ~rflzwfrol~

oioj~rmnoz, Udìo ~do vufl~`~òz ma zìqor uzon amr ÂWQ fro zkfiior ~dfl ~dmzo uzon amr

j+Z` WQ zìqor `lh kfluafj~urorz dfqo noqoimwon wrmnuj~z zwojà`jfiip amr ~dozo a`lo

zìqor er`nz d`jd fro bm~d a`lor ~dfl ~dmzo uzon `l j+Z` WQ arml~ oioj~rmnoz fln kmro

nàa`jui~ ~m fndoro bojfuzo ma ~do ulnorip`le ~rflzwfrol~ jmlnuj~mrz, Zwoj`fi `lh

amrkuif~`mlz fro wrmnujon ~m fnnrozz ~dozo jdfiioleoz,

@l bfjh oioj~rmnoz ~mnfp ~do ifreoz~ ÂWQ ~ojdlmimep jfnkùk ~oiiur`no $Jnô) WQamremoz zìqor ol~`roip `l afqmr ma f jfrbml+bfzon wfz~o jml~f`l`le jmwwor, Jmwwor+

`lnùk+efiiùk+$n`)zoiol`no $J@EZ) WQ ml ~do m~dor dfln uzoz kmipbnoluk amr ~do

bfjh oioj~rmno amr kmz~ joiiz amr ofzo ma zwu~~or`le n`roj~ip ml eifzz zubz~rf~oz fln amr

emmn fndoz`ml ~m ~do J@EZ ifpor, Bu~ bfjh oioj~rmnoz `l ÂWQ ma~ol fj~ fz bm~d

oioj~rmnoz fln roaioj~mrz) ~m zoln ulfbzmrbon ièd~ bfjh ~drmued ~do joii‐z fj~`qo ifpor

amr f zojmln jdfljo f~ fbzmrw~`ml, Zìqor%z zuwor`mr roaioj~`q`~p jmkb`lon `~d `~z dèd

jmlnuj~`q`~p kfhoz `~ f lf~urfi jdm`jo amr ~d`z rmio fln `~ dfz bool uzon ot~olz`qoip,

Dmoqor ~do jmz~ wrozzuroz ml bm~d J@EZ fln Jnô WQ dfqo wuzdon z~rmleip amr

zubz~`~u~`ml ma m~dor ko~fiz„kf`lip fiuk`luk„ amr ~do roaioj~mr,

^do `kwmr~fljo ma lflmzìqor ~m mwwmr~ul`~òz `l ~do WQ `lnuz~rp3 Fz jdfleoz `l ~do WQ

`lnuz~rp mjjur lfkoip ~do zdà~ ~mfrn `ljrofz`le ÂWQ ~doro `z fl `kwmr~fl~ zub+~roln ~df~

jmuin f~ iofz~ wfr~`fiip maazo~ ~do noji`lo `l jmlqol~`mlfi zìqor wfz~o uzfeo oizodoro `l WQ,

Zwojà`jfiip LflmKfrho~z boiòqoz ~df~ WQ jmuin bo fl `kwmr~fl~ fln dèdor+kfre`l

fnnrozzfbio kfrho~ amr lflmzìqor+bfzon ~rflzwfrol~ jmlnuj~`qo arml~ oioj~rmnoz,




,lflmkfrho~z,lo~

Wfeo

^do okoreoljo ma aiot`bio WQ fwwi`jf~`mlz„hop ~m erm~d `l mrefl`j WQ $MWQ) npo+zolz`~`son

zmifr joii $NZJ) WQ fln J@EZ WQ„ìi bo wfr~`juifrip `kwmr~fl~ ~m lflmzìqor+bfzon ~rflzwfrol~

amrkuif~`mlz d`jd jfrrp ~do wrmk`zo ma `kwrmqon aiot`bì`~p f~ imor jmz~ ~dfl jmlqol~`mlfi

~rflzwfrol~ jmlnuj~`qo kf~or`fiz i`ho @^M fln ~do m~dor ^JMz ~df~ fro jurrol~ip uzon,

Lflmzìqor+bfzon ~rflzwfrol~ jmf~`lez jmuin fizm olfbio ronuj~`mlz `l kfluafj~ur`le jmz~z amr

wrmnuj~`ml ma im+oln-im+jmz~ ’n`zwmzfbio‛ WQ joiiz amr uzo `l ~do erm`le ub`vu`~muz wr`l~on

oioj~rml`jz ̀ lnuz~rp,

Lmlo ma ~dozo mwwmr~ul`~òz zdmuin no~rfj~ armk ~do bfz`j afj~ ~df~ mwwmr~ul`~òz amr zìqor

kf~or`fi a`rkz `l ~do WQ `lnuz~rp fro em`le ~m bo f im~ zjfrjor ~dfl ~dop oro `l ~do wfz~ ao

pofrz, LflmKfrho~z boiòqoz ~df~ zfioz ma zìqor kf~or`fiz kmz~ip `l ~do amrk ma wr`l~`le wfz~oz

fln `lhz ~m ~do WQ `lnuz~rp fro `l zim bu~ z~ofnp noji`lo fln ìi rokf`l zm amr ~do dmio ma

~do wor`mn jmlz`noron `l ~d`z rowmr~,

^do noji`lo `l zìqor jmlzukw~`ml ìi lm~ bo wroj`w`~muz8 a`rkz ~df~ fro firofnp oz~fbi`zdon `l

~do WQ zoj~mr ìi lm~ zoo ~do`r WQ buz`lozzoz n`zfwwofr mqorlèd~, Dmoqor `~ zookz jiofr ~df~

zìqor a`rkz jfl lm imleor jmul~ ml ~do WQ zoj~mr ~m wrmq`no lo buz`lozz roqoluoz z`kwip bfzon

ml mrefl`j erm~d fln `~ fizm zookz i`hoip ~df~ kf~or`fiz zuwwiòrz ìi bo rovu`ron ~m non`jf~o

kmro kfrho~`le kmlop ~m ~do WQ zwfjo, _liozz ~dop jfl wrmqo zèlà`jfl~ woramrkfljo

fnqfl~feoz mr qfz~ip imoron jmz~ „uli`hoip e`qol ~do dèd wr`jo ma zìqor „`~ `z i`hoip ~df~

kfre`lz fro em`le ~m noji`lo amr zìqor a`rkz ~freo~`le ~do WQ zwfjo,

LflmKfrho~z boiòqoz ~df~ jfw`~fi`s`le ml ~do mwwmr~ul`~òz ìi rovu`ro f zor`muz ro~d`lh`le ma

dm kmlop `z em`le ~m bo kfno `l zìqor kf~or`fiz amr WQ fwwi`jf~`mlz, F kmro fj~`qo buz`lozz

noqoimwkol~ wrmerfk `z rovu`ron „mlo ~df~ `z nozèlon ~m jmlq`ljo WQ wifporz ~df~ jmz~z jfl bo

ronujon `~dmu~ ~url`le ~m jdofwor lml+zìqor fi~orlf~`qoz„fln ~d`z jfzo ìi bo f nàa`jui~ mlo

~m kfho,

6,2 Mbcoj~`qoz fln Zjmwo ma ~d`z Rowmr~

@l ~d`z rowmr~ LflmKfrho~z otfk`loz ~do jdfle`le mwwmr~ul`~òz amr zìqor kf~or`fiz `l ~do

nplfk`j WQ `lnuz~rp, @l ~do flfipz`z o jmlz`nor ~do afj~mrz ~df~ faaoj~ ~do mqorfii zìqor

kfrho~z zujd fz ~do wr`jo ma zìqor fln ~do woramrkfljo qz, jmz~ jdfrfj~or`z~`jz ma zìqorfi~orlf~`qoz, Uo `ljiuno fl fzzozzkol~ ma ofjd ma ~do kfcmr WQ ~ojdlmimeòz fln ~do ul`vuo

fzwoj~z ma ~do`r zìqor uzfeo fln loonz fz oii fz fl fzzozzkol~ ma ~do ~pwoz ma zìqor kf~or`fiz

fqfìfbio mr `l noqoimwkol~ fln dm ~dop jmuin a`~ ~dmzo loonz, Uo fro wr`lj`wfiip jmljorlon

`~d ~do zìqor kf~or`fiz ~dokzoiqoz bu~ o fizm jmlz`nor fln n`zjuzz jmkwflòz wrmnuj`le

fln noqoimw`le ^Jz fz oii fz ~do oln+uzorz `l ~do qfr`muz WQ zoekol~z,




,lflmkfrho~z,lo~

Wfeo

^do rowmr~ `z nozèlon ~m doiw zìqor zuwwiòrz ulnorz~fln dm jdfleoz `l ~do WQ `lnuz~rp ìi

`laiuoljo ~do`r zfioz, @~ jmlz`norz dm zuwwiòrz ma zìqor kf~or`fiz ~m ~do WQ `lnuz~rp jfl dmin

ml~m kfrho~ zdfro ulnor ~do nàa`jui~ j`rjukz~fljoz ~df~ WQ afjoz ~mnfp3 rfw`nip afii`le wfloi

wr`joz dueo wrozzuroz ~m jml~`lufiip ronujo jmz~z fln emqorlkol~ zubz`nòz ulnor ~drof~, @~

fizm jmlz`norz ~dozo jdfiioleoz `l ièd~ ma zìqor‐z d`z~mr`jfiip dèd„fln i`hoip ~m z~fp dèd„

jmkkmn`~p wr`jo,

^fh`le `l~m fjjmul~ ~dozo lo nplfk`jz LflmKfrho~z `nol~àòz ~do jmlz`norfbio

mwwmr~ul`~òz ~df~ fro z~ìi fqfìfbio amr zìqor `l ~do WQ zoj~mr fln jmqorz bm~d jmlqol~`mlfi

jrpz~fii`lo zì`jml WQ fln WQ bfzon ml ~d`l+aìk zì`jml Jnô J@EZ MWQ fln NZJ, ^do rowmr~

`ljiunoz jmqorfeo ma oz~fbi`zdon zìqor wfz~oz fln `lhz fz oii fz loor kf~or`fiz bfzon ml

lflmkf~or`fiz `ljiun`le ~do if~oz~ ~rflzwfrol~ lflmzìqor+bfzon oioj~rmnoz, @~ fizm otfk`loz

fi~orlf~`qo zjolfr`mz amr zìqor `l WQ fln wrmq`noz fl `l+now~d n`zjuzz`ml ma kf~or`fiz jdfiioleoz~m zìqor `l ~do WQ zoj~mr ozwoj`fiip ~dmzo wrozol~on bp ~do uzo ma jmwwor fln fiuk`luk,

Fz `~d fii LflmKfrho~z rowmr~z ~d`z rowmr~ jml~f`lz no~fìon oèd~+pofr amrojfz~z ma zìqor

uzfeo `l ~do WQ zoj~mr brmhol mu~ bp WQ ~ojdlmimep fln dm ~do zìqor `z uzon `~d`l ~do WQ joii

`~zoia, ^do amrojfz~z fro wrmq`non `l bm~d qfiuo fln qmiuko $muljoz) ~orkz, @l fnn`~`ml ~do

rowmr~ n`zjuzzoz ~do z~rf~oeòz ma hop a`rkz ~m f~jd `l ~d`z `kwmr~fl~ zoj~mr,

^do jifzzoz ma zìqor kf~or`fiz ~df~ fro uzon `l WQ fwwi`jf~`mlz fro fz amiimz3

Jmlqol~`mlfi zìqor wr`l~`le wfz~oz fln ̀ lhz

Lflmzìqor `lhz fln wfz~oz fln

Lflmzìqor+bfzon ~rflzwfrol~ jmlnuj~`qo jmf~`lez,

WQ fwwi`jf~`mlz `~d`l ~do joii `ljiuno3

Arml~ z`no oioj~rmno er`nz

Bfjhz`no oioj~rmno-roaioj~mrz

Zìqor ~fbb`le wfz~oz fln

^rflzwfrol~ jmlnuj~`qo arml~ oioj~rmnoz,

WQ oln+uzo kfrho~z jmlz`noron fro3




,lflmkfrho~z,lo~

Wfeo

Jrpz~fii`lo Z` WQ `ljiun`le z`leio fln kui~`+jrpz~fii`lo ~ojdlmimeòz fz oii fz lo D@^

joiiz fln ~do i`ho

Jnô WQ

J@Z-J@EZ WQ

^d`l aìk Z` WQ

MWQ fln

NZJ,

^drmued f roqò ma ofjd ma ~do qfr`muz kfrho~ zoekol~z o zdm doro lo buz`lozz

roqoluoz ìi bo jrof~on `l ~do lot~ oèd~ pofrz fln o wrmq`no no~fìon oèd~+pofr kfrho~

amrojfz~z amr ~do uzo ma zìqor `l WQ fwwi`jf~`mlz brmhol mu~ bp kf~or`fi ~pwo WQ joii fwwi`jf~`ml

fln WQ ~ojdlmimep, ^do amrojfz~z fro `l ~orkz ma ~do zìqor jmlzukon fln `l nmiifrz ma roqoluo,

^dozo amrojfz~z fro bfzon ml f amulnf~`ml ma LflmKfrho~z% amrojfz~z ma bm~d ~do WQ `lnuz~rp

`~zoia fln ~do zìqor kf~or`fiz `lnuz~ròz, ^dozo fro aur~dor noqoimwon fln juz~mk`son `~d mur

ot~olz`qo ~ojdl`jfi otwor~`zo jmljorl`le ~do wdpz`jfi fln kf~or`fiz loonz ma WQ kfluafj~ur`le

fln wrmnuj~z,

^d`z rowmr~ `z `l~orlf~`mlfi `l zjmwo, ^do amrojfz~z fro mrin`no amrojfz~z fln o dfqo lm~

bool eomerfwd`jfiip zoioj~`qo `l ~do a`rkz ~df~ o dfqo jmqoron `l ~do rowmr~ mr `l~orqòon `l

mrnor ~m jmiioj~ `lamrkf~`ml,

6,: Ko~dmnmimep

^d`z `z ~do if~oz~ rowmr~ armk LflmKfrho~z ~df~ immhz jimzoip f~ kf~or`fiz uzon `l ~do WQ

`lnuz~rp d`jd `z f hop frof ma otwor~`zo ma LflmKfrho~z, ^do `lamrkf~`ml amr ~d`z rowmr~ `z

nor`qon armk f qfrò~p ma zmurjoz bu~ wr`lj`wfiip jmkoz armk wr`kfrp zmurjoz `ljiun`le

LflmKfrho~z% mlem`le `l~orqò wrmerfk ma ol~rowrolourz buz`lozz noqoimwkol~ fln

kfrho~`le kflfeorz fln ~ojdlmime`z~z `lqmiqon `~d wdm~mqmi~f`jz zìqor kf~or`fiz fln

okore`le oioj~rml`jz ma fii h`lnz, Uo fizm uzo `lamrkf~`ml armk zojmlnfrp zmurjoz zujd fz

roioqfl~ jmkwflp fln `lnuz~rp mrefl`sf~`ml obz`~oz jmkkorj`fi nf~fbfzoz ~rfno wrozz

fr~`jioz ~ojdl`jfi i`~orf~uro ZOJ aì`lez fln m~dor jmrwmrf~o i`~orf~uro,

Zmko bfjhermuln `lamrkf~`ml amr ~d`z rowmr~ dfz bool ~fhol armk ~do wroq`muz qorz`ml ma ~d`z

rowmr~ ’Zìqor `l Wdm~mqmi~f`jz‛ armk 2767, @l fnn`~`ml zmko ma ~do kmro rojol~ kfrho~




,lflmkfrho~z,lo~

Wfeo

`lamrkf~`ml `l ~d`z rowmr~ jmkoz armk mur kmz~ rojol~ rowmr~z ml WQ zìqor fln ~rflzwfrol~

jmlnuj~mrz3

’^rflzwfrol~ Jmlnuj~mrz `l ^d`l+Aìk fln Mrefl`j WQ‛ armk Aobrufrp 2762

’Kfrho~z amr Zìqor +Bfzon ^rflzwfrol~ Jmlnuj~mrz‛ armk Zow~okbor 2766

’Lflmzìqor Kfrho~z‛ armk Fueuz~ 2766

"^rflzwfrol~ Jmlnuj~mr Kfrho~z + 2766" armk Cuip 2766 fln

"^d`l+Aìk Wdm~mqmi~f`jz Kf~or`fiz Kfrho~z 2766 fln Bopmln" armk Nojokbor 2767,

Udoro `lamrkf~`ml dfz bool uzon `l fl ofriòr rowmr~ `~ dfz bool rojmlz`noron `l ièd~ ma

jurrol~ noqoimwkol~z fln uwnf~on fjjmrn`leip,

^do bfz`j amrojfz~`le fwwrmfjd `z ~m `nol~àp fln vufl~àp ~do ulnorip`le wdm~mqmi~f`jz kfrho~z

~do zìqor kf~or`fiz loonz fln ~do ~ojdlmime`jfi fln kfrho~ wrozzuroz ~df~ faaoj~ ~do k`t ma

zìqor kf~or`fiz uzon `l ~dozo kfrho~z, Uo jmlz`nor ~do zwojà`j kf~or`fiz loonz ma ~do qfr`muz

WQ ~ojdlmimeòz ~df~ fro mr jfl bo zorqon bp zìqor fln ~do ~ojdlmime`jfi fln kfrho~ wrozzuroz

~df~ faaoj~ wolo~rf~`ml ma zìqor `l~m ~do nàaorol~ WQ kfrho~z, Uo fizm jmlz`nor brmfnor

ojmlmk`j noqoimwkol~z ~df~ ̀ kwfj~ WQ fln kf~or`fiz noqoimwkol~ fln jmkkorj`fi`sf~`ml,

^d`z rowmr~ ml zìqor uzfeo `l WQ amrkz wfr~ ma f zoròz ma rowmr~z wubi`zdon bp LflmKfrho~z

jmqor`le lo n`roj~`mlz `l ~do jmkkorj`fi`sf~`ml ma WQ fln amr kf~or`fiz uzon `l WQ

fwwi`jf~`mlz, M~dor roif~on frofz jmqoron bp LflmKfrho~z% rowmr~z `ljiuno flfipzoz ma ~do

kfrho~z amr zìqor fln lflmzìqor `l eolorfi ~rflzwfrol~ jmlnuj~mrz `l eolorfi fln `l WQ

$lflmzìqor qz, @^M fi~orlf~`qo ^JMz fln lml+^JM ~pwoz) fln m~dor kf~or`fiz kfrho~z amr

wdm~mqmi~f`jz,

6,> Wifl ma ~d`z Rowmr~

@l Jdfw~or ^m o otfk`lo ~do zìqor kf~or`fiz ~df~ fro uzon `l WQ fwwi`jf~`mlz `ljiun`le ~do

fnqfl~feoz fln n`zfnqfl~feoz ma zìqor qz, zìqor fi~orlf~`qoz, ^do emfi `z ~m `nol~àp hop

mwwmr~ul`~òz amr zìqor a`rkz `l WQ, Uo wfp wfr~`juifr f~~ol~`ml ~m jdfleoz `l ~do kfrho~ mqor

~do ifz~ pofr fz oii fz fl~`j`wf~on ~rolnz mqor ~do lot~ 64 kml~dz fln bopmln, Fz wfr~ ma ~d`z

flfipz`z fln ~m ìiuz~rf~o `kwmr~fl~ ~rolnz fln noqoimwkol~z o bròaip otfk`lo ~do amjuz fln

z~rf~oeòz ma zmko ma ~do hop zuwwiòrz fln oln uzorz ma zìqor kf~or`fiz amr WQ fwwi`jf~`mlz,

Jdfw~or ^droo jml~f`lz mur oèd~+pofr amrojfz~z amr zìqor kf~or`fiz uzon `l wdm~mqmi~f`jz, Mur

amrojfz~z fro brmhol mu~ bp zìqor kf~or`fi WQ joii fwwi`jf~`ml fln bp WQ ~ojdlmimep,

silver in photovoltaics 2012 intro chapter

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