simulating the atmospheric fate and transport of mercury ... · 2• →hg0...
TRANSCRIPT
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Simulating the Atmospheric Fate and Transport of Mercury
using the NOAA HYSPLIT Model
Presentation at the NOAA Atmospheric Mercury Meeting
November 14-15, 2006, Silver Spring MD
Mark Cohen, Roland Draxler and Richard ArtzNOAA Air Resources Laboratory
1315 East West Highway, R/ARL, Room 3316
Silver Spring, Maryland, 20910
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methodology
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Dry and wet deposition of the pollutants in the puff are estimated at each time step.
The puff’s mass, size, and location are continuously tracked…
Phase partitioning and chemical transformations of pollutants within the puff are estimated at each time step
= mass of pollutant(changes due to chemical transformations and deposition that occur at each time step)
Centerline of puff motion determined by wind direction and velocity
Initial puff location is at source, with mass depending on emissions rate
TIME (hours)0 1 2
deposition 1 deposition 2 deposition to receptor
lake
Lagrangian Puff Atmospheric Fate and Transport ModelNOAA HYSPLITMODEL
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• In principle, we need do this for each source in the inventory
• But, since there are more than 100,000 sources in the U.S. and Canadian inventory, we need shortcuts…
• Shortcuts described in Cohen et al Environmental Research 95(3), 247-265, 2004
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Cohen, M., Artz, R., Draxler, R., Miller, P., Poissant, L., Niemi, D., Ratte, D., Deslauriers, M., Duval, R., Laurin, R., Slotnick, J., Nettesheim, T., McDonald, J.“Modeling the Atmospheric Transport and Deposition of Mercury to the Great Lakes.” Environmental Research95(3), 247-265, 2004.
Note: Volume 95(3) is a Special Issue: "An Ecosystem Approach toHealth Effects of Mercury in the St. Lawrence Great Lakes", edited by David O. Carpenter.
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• For each run, simulate fate and transport everywhere,but only keep track of impacts on each selected receptor(e.g., Great Lakes, Chesapeake Bay, etc.)
• Only run model for a limited number (~100) of hypothetical, individual unit-emissions sources throughout the domain
• Use spatial interpolation to estimate impacts from sources at locations not explicitly modeled
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Spatial interpolation
RECEPTOR
Impacts fromSources 1-3are ExplicitlyModeled
2
1
3
Impact of source 4 estimated fromweighted average of impacts of nearbyexplicitly modeled sources
4
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• Perform separate simulations at each location for emissions of pure Hg(0), Hg(II) and Hg(p)
[after emission, simulate transformations between Hg forms]
• Impact of emissions mixture taken as a linear combination of impacts of pure component runs on any given receptor
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“Chemical Interpolation”
Source
RECEPTOR
Impact of SourceEmitting30% Hg(0)50% Hg(II)20% Hg(p)
=
Impact of Source Emitting Pure Hg(0)0.3 x
Impact of Source Emitting Pure Hg(II)0.5 x
Impact of Source Emitting Pure Hg(p)0.2 x
++
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EmissionsInventories
MeteorologicalData
Scientific understanding ofphase partitioning,
atmospheric chemistry, and deposition processes
Ambient data for comprehensive model evaluation and improvement
What do atmospheric mercury models need?
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• 1996, 1999 U.S. NEI• 1995, 2000 Canada
Previous Work
Emissions Inventories
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• 1996, 1999 U.S. NEI• 1995, 2000 Canada
Previous Work
Emissions Inventories
• 2002 U.S. NEI• 2002 Canada• Global – 2000 (Pacyna-NILU)• Natural sources• Re-emitted anthropogenic
Current Objectives
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• 1996, 1999 U.S. NEI• 1995, 2000 Canada
Previous Work
Emissions Inventories
• 2002 U.S. NEI• 2002 Canada• Global – 2000 (Pacyna-NILU)• Natural sources• Re-emitted anthropogenic
Current Objectives
• Speciation?• Short-term variations (e.g. hourly) [CEM’s?]• Longer-term variations (e.g., maintenance)?• Mobile sources• Harmonization of source-categories • Emissions inventories currently only become available
many years after the fact; how can we evaluate models using current monitoring data?
Challenges and Notes
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• For U.S./Canadian modeling, 1996 data from NOAA Nested Grid Model (NGM), 180 kmPrevious Work
Meteorological Data
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• For U.S./Canadian modeling, 1996 data from NOAA Nested Grid Model (NGM), 180 kmPrevious Work
Meteorological Data
• U.S. – NOAA EDAS 40 km, 3 hr• Global – NOAA GDAS 1o x 1o, 3 hrCurrent Objectives
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• Forecast vs. Analysis• Data assimilation• Precipitation??• Difficult to archive NOAA analysis datasets• Need finer-resolution datasets, especially for
near-field analysis and model evaluation• We have conversion filters (e.g., for MM5), but
these data are not readily available• What is the best way to archive and share data?
Challenges and Notes
• For U.S./Canadian modeling, 1996 data from NOAA Nested Grid Model (NGM), 180 kmPrevious Work
Meteorological Data
• U.S. – NOAA EDAS 40 km, 3 hr• Global – NOAA GDAS 1o x 1o, 3 hrCurrent Objectives
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• Typical chemical mechanism• Prescribed fields for reactive trace gases (e.g., O3,
OH, SO2) and other necessary constituents (e.g., soot) based on modeled, measured, and/or empirical relationships
Previous Work
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
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GAS PHASE REACTIONS
AQUEOUS PHASE REACTIONS
ReferenceUnitsRateReaction
Xiao et al. (1994); Bullock and Brehme (2002)
(sec)-1 (maximum)6.0E-7Hg+2 + h< → Hg0
eqlbrm: Seigneur et al. (1998)
rate: Bullock & Brehme (2002).
liters/gram;t = 1/hour
9.0E+2Hg(II) ↔ Hg(II) (soot)
Lin and Pehkonen(1998)(molar-sec)-12.0E+6Hg0 + OCl-1 → Hg+2
Lin and Pehkonen(1998)(molar-sec)-12.1E+6Hg0 + HOCl → Hg+2
Gardfeldt & Jonnson (2003)(molar-sec)-1~ 0Hg(II) + HO2• → Hg0
Van Loon et al. (2002)T*e((31.971*T)-12595.0)/T) sec-1
[T = temperature (K)]HgSO3 → Hg0
Lin and Pehkonen(1997)(molar-sec)-12.0E+9Hg0 + OH• → Hg+2
Munthe (1992)(molar-sec)-14.7E+7Hg0 + O3 → Hg+2
Sommar et al. (2001)cm3/molec-sec8.7E-14Hg0 +OH• → Hg(p)
Calhoun and Prestbo (2001)cm3/molec-sec4.0E-18Hg0 + Cl2 → HgCl2
Tokos et al. (1998) (upper limit based on experiments)
cm3/molec-sec8.5E-19Hg0 + H2O2 → Hg(p)
Hall and Bloom (1993)cm3/molec-sec1.0E-19Hg0 + HCl → HgCl2
Hall (1995)cm3/molec-sec3.0E-20Hg0 + O3 → Hg(p)
Atmospheric Chemical Reaction Scheme for Mercury
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• Typical chemical mechanism• Prescribed fields for reactive trace gases (e.g., O3,
OH, SO2) and other necessary constituents (e.g., soot) based on modeled, measured, and/or empirical relationships
Previous Work
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
• Include new information on chemistry, e.g., bromine reactions, etc.
• Add SO2 and potentially other compounds into in-situ plume chemistry treatment
• Sensitivity analyses• Consider using gridded chemical output from
full-chemistry atmospheric model (e.g., CMAQ) • Option - run HYSPLIT in Eulerian mode for
chemistry; conduct one-atmosphere simulation
Current Objectives
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• Typical chemical mechanism• Prescribed fields for reactive trace gases (e.g., O3,
OH, SO2) and other necessary constituents (e.g., soot) based on modeled, measured, and/or empirical relationships
Previous Work
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
• Include new information on chemistry, e.g., Br reactions, etc.• Add SO2 and potentially other compounds into in-situ plume
chemistry treatment• Sensitivity analyses• Consider using gridded chemical output from full-chemistry
atmospheric model (e.g., CMAQ) • Option - run HYSPLIT in Eulerian mode for chemistry;
conduct one-atmosphere simulation
Current Objectives
• What is RGM?• What is Hg(p)?• What is solubility of Hg(p)?• Fate of dissolved Hg(II) when droplet dries out?• What reactions don’t we know about yet?• What are rates of reactions?• Uncertainties in wet & dry deposition processes...
Challenges and Notes
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• US: 1996 MDN measurements• Europe: 1999 speciated ambient concentrations in short-term
episodes, monthly wet deposition
Previous Work
Model Evaluation
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EMEP Intercomparison Study of Numerical Models for Long-Range Atmospheric Transport of Mercury
BudgetsDry DepWet DepRGMHg(p)Hg0Chemistry
Conclu-sions
Stage IIIStage IIStage IIntro-duction
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Total Gaseous Mercury (ng/m3) at Neuglobsow: June 26 – July 6, 1995
26-Jun 28-Jun 30-Jun 02-Jul 04-Jul 06-Jul01234 HYSPLITmeasurements
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EMEP Intercomparison Study of Numerical Models for Long-Range Atmospheric Transport of Mercury
BudgetsDry DepWet DepRGMHg(p)Hg0Chemistry
Conclu-sions
Stage IIIStage IIStage IIntro-duction
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Total Particulate Mercury (pg/m3) at Neuglobsow, Nov 1-14, 1999
02-Nov 04-Nov 06-Nov 08-Nov 10-Nov 12-Nov 14-Nov0
50
100
150HYSPLIT
measurements
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HYSPLIT Neuglobsow RGM
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
11/1
/99
11/2
/99
11/3
/99
11/4
/99
11/5
/99
11/6
/99
11/7
/99
11/8
/99
11/9
/99
11/1
0/99
11/1
1/99
11/1
2/99
11/1
3/99
11/1
4/99
Date
pg/m
3
ObsCalc
a
EMEP Intercomparison Study of Numerical Models for Long-Range Atmospheric Transport of Mercury
BudgetsDry DepWet DepRGMHg(p)Hg0Chemistry
Conclu-sions
Stage IIIStage IIStage IIntro-duction
Reactive Gaseous Mercury at Neuglobsow, Nov 1-14, 1999
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• US: 1996 MDN measurements• Europe: 1999 speciated ambient concentrations in short-term
episodes, monthly wet deposition
Previous Work
Model Evaluation
• Attempt to utilize all available speciated ambient concentrations and wet deposition data from U.S. and other regions
Current Objectives
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• US: 1996 MDN measurements• Europe: 1999 speciated ambient concentrations in short-term
episodes, monthly wet deposition
Previous Work
Model Evaluation
• Attempt to utilize all available speciated ambient concentrations and wet deposition data from U.S. and other regions
Current Objectives
• Comprehensive evaluation has not been possible due to large gapsin availability of monitoring and process-related data
• Need data for upper atmosphere as well as surface• Need data for both source-impacted and background sites• Use of recent monitoring data with EPA 2002 inventory?• Time-resolved monitoring data vs. non-time-resolved emissions?• Hard to diagnose differences between models & measurements• Can we find better ways to share data for model evaluation (and
other purposes)? To this end, discussion is beginning on national, cooperative, ambient Hg monitoring network
Challenges and Notes
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Hg from other sources: local, regional & more distant
emissions of Hg(0), Hg(II), Hg(p)
atmospheric depositionto the water
surface
Hg(0)
Hg(II) Hg(p)
atmosphericchemistry
inter-converts mercury forms
atmospheric deposition
to the watershed
Measurement of wet
depositionWET DEPOSITION complex – hard to diagnoseweekly – many eventsbackground – also need near-field
Measurement of ambient air
concentrations
AMBIENT AIR CONCENTRATIONS more fundamental – easier to diagnoseneed continuous – episodic source impactsneed speciation – at least RGM, Hg(p), Hg(0)need data at surface and above
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Hg from other sources: local, regional & more distant
atmospheric depositionto the water
surface
atmospheric deposition
to the watershed
Measurement of ambient air
concentrations
Measurement of wet
deposition
R e s o l u t i o n : 2 . 5 m i n D u r a t i o n : 1 1 D a y s
0
2
4
6
8
1 0
1 2
2 5 - A u g 2 6 - A u g 2 7 - A u g 2 8 - A u g 2 9 - A u g 3 0 - A u g 3 1 - A u g 0 1 - S e p 0 2 - S e p 0 3 - S e p 0 4 - S e p 0 5 - S e p
Hg
- (u
g/m
3 )
H g TH g 0H g 2
S e r i e s 3 3 0 0 C E M - C o n t i n u o u s S p e c i a t e d M e r c u r y D a t a
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R e s o lu t io n : 2 .5 m in D u ra t io n : 1 1 D a y s
0
2
4
6
8
1 0
1 2
2 5 -A u g 2 6 -A u g 2 7 -A u g 2 8 -A u g 2 9 -A u g 3 0 -A u g 3 1 -A u g 0 1 -S e p 0 2 -S e p 0 3 -S e p 0 4 -S e p 0 5 -S e p
Hg
- (u
g/m
3 )
H g TH g 0H g 2
S e r ie s 3 3 0 0 C E M - C o n tin u o u s S p e c ia te d M e r c u ry D a ta
Source: Tekran Instruments Corporation
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Example of results: Rock Creek Watershed
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Largest Model-Estimated U.S./Canada Anthropogenic Contributors to 1999 Mercury Deposition to the Rock Creek Watershed (large region)
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Largest Model-Estimated U.S./Canada Anthropogenic Contributors to 1999 Mercury Deposition to the Rock Creek Watershed (close up)
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Proportions of 1999 Model-Estimated AtmosphericDeposition to the Rock Creek Watershed from Different
Anthropogenic U.S./Canada Mercury Emissions Source Sectors
municipal waste incin17.2%
medical waste incin14.2%
other waste incin5.4%
metallurgical2.1%
cement/concrete0.7%
chemical/other manufacturing4.6%
oil combustion (non-mobile)3.1%
other coal combustion0.2%
coal-fired elec gen50.7%
all other fuel combustion1.8%
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Top 25 Contributors to Hg Deposition to Rock Creek Watershed
Phoenix ServicesArlington - Pentagon
Potomac RiverChalk Point
MorgantownDickerson
Possum PointBrandon Shores RoxboroChesterfield Mt. Storm Homer City Keystone
Montgomery County Incin. StericycleJohn E AmosBaltimore RESCO BMWNC MontourHarrisburg WTEWestinghouse Savannah Riv.
Belews CreekJerritt CanyonShawvilleIndian River
MD VA
VA MD
MD MD VA MD NC VA WV PA PA MD MD WV MD NC PA PA SC NC NV PA DE
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%Cumulative Fraction of Hg Deposition
0
5
10
15
20
25R
ank
coal-fired elec genother fuel combustionwaste incinerationmetallurgical
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Atmospheric Deposition Flux to the Rock Creek Watershedfrom Anthropogenic Mercury Emissions Sources in the U.S. and Canada
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38
Thanks!For more information on this research:
http://www.arl.noaa.gov/ss/transport/cohen.html
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ExtraSlides
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Context
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42
Hg from other sources: local, regional & more distant
emissions of Hg(0), Hg(II), Hg(p)
atmospheric depositionto the water
surface
atmospheric deposition
to the watershed
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CLOUD DROPLET
cloud
PrimaryAnthropogenic
Emissions
Hg(II), ionic mercury, RGMElemental Mercury [Hg(0)]
Particulate Mercury [Hg(p)]
Re-emission of previously deposited anthropogenic
and natural mercury
Hg(II) reduced to Hg(0) by SO2 and sunlight
Hg(0) oxidized to dissolved Hg(II) species by O3, OH,
HOCl, OCl-
Adsorption/desorptionof Hg(II) to/from soot
Naturalemissions
Upper atmospherichalogen-mediatedheterogeneous oxidation?
Polar sunrise“mercury depletion events”
Br
Dry deposition
Wet deposition
Hg(p)
Vapor phase:
Hg(0) oxidized to RGM and Hg(p) by O3, H202, Cl2, OH, HCl
Atmospheric Mercury Fate Processes
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policy development requires:source-attribution (source-receptor info) estimated impacts of alternative future scenarios
estimation of source-attribution & future impactsrequires atmospheric models
atmospheric models require:knowledge of atmospheric chemistry & fateemissions dataambient data for “ground-truthing”
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methodology
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Emissions
Atm
osphericC
hemistry
Meteorology
Transport andD
ispersion
Wet and D
ryD
eposition
Atmospheric Mercury Model
Measurements at specific locations
Ambient concentrations and deposition
Model evaluation
Model resultsSource
attribution
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Some Current Atmospheric Chemistry Challenges
Plume chemistry, e.g., rapid reduction of RGM to elemental mercury?
47
If significant reduction of RGM to Hg(0) is occurring in power-plant plumes, then much less local/regional deposition
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If significant reduction of RGM to Hg(0) is occurring in power-plant plumes, then much less local/regional deposition
No known chemical reaction is capable of causing significant reduction of RGM in plumes – e.g. measured rates of SO2reduction can’t explain some of the claimed reduction rates
Very hard to measureAircraftStatic Plume Dilution Chambers (SPDC)Ground-based measurements
48
RGM reduction in power-plant plumes?
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Most current state-of-the-science models do not include processes that lead to significant reduction in plumes
Recent measurement results show less reduction
Significant uncertainties – e.g., mass balance errors comparable to measured effects…
Current status – inconclusive… but weight of evidence suggest that while some reduction may be occurring, it may be only a relatively small amount
Recent measurements at Steubenville, OH appear to show strong local mercury deposition from coal-fired power plant emissions.
RGM reduction in power-plant plumes?
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Some Current Atmospheric Chemistry Challenges
Plume chemistry, e.g., rapid reduction of RGM to elemental mercury?Boundary conditions for regional models?
50
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Some Current Atmospheric Chemistry Challenges
Plume chemistry, e.g., rapid reduction of RGM to elemental mercury?Boundary conditions for regional models?
Oxidation of elemental mercury by O3 and OH• may be over-represented, leading to overestimation of the contribution of global sources to regional deposition
Calvert, J., and S. Lindberg (2005). Mechanisms of mercury removal by O3 and OH in the atmosphere. Atmospheric Environment 39: 3355-3367.
51
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Some Current Atmospheric Chemistry Challenges
Plume chemistry, e.g., rapid reduction of RGM to elemental mercury?Boundary conditions for regional models?
Oxidation of elemental mercury by O3 and OH• may be over-represented, leading to overestimation of the contribution of global sources to regional deposition
Calvert, J., and S. Lindberg (2005). Mechanisms of mercury removal by O3 and OH in the atmosphere. Atmospheric Environment 39: 3355-3367.
Atmospheric methyl-mercury: significance? sources? transport? chemistry? deposition?
e.g., Hall et al. (2005). Methyl and total mercury in precipitation in the Great Lakes region. Atmospheric Environment 39: 7557-7569.
52
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Some Current Atmospheric Chemistry Challenges
Plume chemistry, e.g., rapid reduction of RGM to elemental mercury?Boundary conditions for regional models?
Oxidation of elemental mercury by O3 and OH• may be over-represented, leading to overestimation of the contribution of global sources to regional deposition
Calvert, J., and S. Lindberg (2005). Mechanisms of mercury removal by O3 and OH in the atmosphere. Atmospheric Environment 39: 3355-3367.
Atmospheric methyl-mercury: significance? sources? transport? chemistry? deposition?
e.g., Hall et al. (2005). Methyl and total mercury in precipitation in the Great Lakes region. Atmospheric Environment 39: 7557-7569.
Source-Receptor answers influenced by above factors
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emissions
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Geographic Distribution of Estimated Anthropogenic Mercury Emissions in the U.S. (1999) and Canada (2000)
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Variations on time scales of minutes to hoursCEM’s needed – and not just on coal-fired power plantsCEM’s must be speciated or of little use in developing critical source-receptor informationClean Air Mercury Rule only requires ~weekly total-Hg measurements, for purposes of trading
We don’t have information about major eventse.g., maintenance or permanent closures, installation of new pollution control devices, process changesTherefore, difficult to interpret trends in ambient data
Temporal Problems with Emissions Inventories
Long delay before inventories released2002 inventory is being released this year in U.S.; till now, the latest available inventory was for 1999How can we use new measurement data?
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Amortize over 4 yrs: ~$50,000/yr
~$50,000/yr to operate
Speciation Continuous Emissions Monitor (CEM):
~$200,000 to purchase/installCost of Electricity
0.10/kw-hr 0.10001/kw-hr
1000 MW x $0.10/kw-hr = $1,000,000,000 per year
Overall Budget of Power Plant
Total: ~$100,000/yr
$1000/yr $1000.10/yr
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illustrative model results
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0 - 15 15 - 30 30 - 60 60 - 120 120 - 250distance range from source (km)
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
100hy
poth
etic
al 1
kg/
day
sour
cede
posi
tion
flux
(ug/
m2-
yr) f
or
Hg(II) emitHg(p) emit
Hg(0) emit
Logarithmic
Why are emissions speciation data - and potential plume transformations -- critical?
59NOTE: distance results averaged over all directions –Some directions will have higher fluxes, some will have lower
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source-receptor results
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Figure __. Hg Deposition From U.S.Coal-Fired Power Plants in 1999
Lake
Erie
Lake
Mic
higa
nLa
ke S
uper
ior
Lake
Hur
onLa
ke O
ntar
ioLk
Cha
mpl
ain
Lake
Tah
oePu
get S
ound
Mes
a Ve
rde
NP
Mob
ile B
ayM
amm
oth
Cav
e N
PSa
ndy
Hoo
kLo
ng Is
land
Sou
ndA
diro
ndac
k Pa
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ass
Bay
Aca
dia
NP
Gul
f of M
aine
Che
sape
ake
Bay
Che
s B
ay W
S
0.01
0.1
1
10(g
/km
2-ye
ar)
Tota
l Hg
Dep
ositi
on F
lux
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Lake
Erie
Lake
Mic
higa
n
Lake
Sup
erio
r
Lake
Hur
on
Lake
Ont
ario
Lk C
ham
plai
n
Lake
Tah
oe
Puge
t Sou
nd
Mes
a Ve
rde
NP
Mob
ile B
ay
Mam
mot
h C
ave
NP
Sand
y H
ook
Long
Isla
nd S
ound
Adi
rond
ack
Park
Mas
s B
ay
Aca
dia
NP
Gul
f of M
aine
Che
sape
ake
Bay
Che
s B
ay W
S
-10
-5
0
5
10
(g/k
m2-
year
)To
tal H
g D
epos
ition
Flu
x
-100%
-50%
0%
50%
100%
Cha
nge
Due
to C
lear
Ski
es in
202
0
1999 Coal-Fired Power Plant Impact Percent Change with Clear Skies in 2020
Hg Deposition from U.S. Coal-Fired Power Plants in 1999and Percent Change in Impact in 2020 with Clear Skies
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Lake
Erie
Lake
Mic
higa
n
Lake
Sup
erio
r
Lake
Hur
on
Lake
Ont
ario
Lk C
ham
plai
n
Lake
Tah
oe
Puge
t Sou
nd
Mes
a Ve
rde
NP
Mob
ile B
ay
Mam
mot
h C
ave
NP
Sand
y H
ook
Long
Isla
nd S
ound
Adi
rond
ack
Park
Mas
s B
ay
Aca
dia
NP
Gul
f of M
aine
Che
sape
ake
Bay
Che
s B
ay W
S
-10
-5
0
5
10
(g/k
m2-
year
)To
tal H
g D
epos
ition
Flu
x
-100%
-50%
0%
50%
100%
Cha
nge
Due
to IA
QR
/Tra
ding
in 2
020
1999 Coal-Fired Power Plant Impact Percent Change with IAQR/Trading in 2020
Hg Deposition from U.S. Coal-Fired Power Plants in 1999and Percent Change in Impact in 2020 with IAQR/Trading Scenario
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Results forMammoth CaveNational Park
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Top 25 Contributors to Hg Deposition to Mammoth Cave National Park
Gallatin Johnsonville
LWD Kingston
Sumner County Incin. Paradise
Rockport Widows Creek Bowen GorgasJerritt Canyon Gaston Colbert Bull Run Miller Olin Corp.Env. Waste ReductionSt. Joseph's Hospital Gibson Scherer ColemanMonticello Clifty Creek Ghent Joppa
TN TN
KY TN
TN KY
IN AL GA AL NV AL AL TN AL TN TN FL IN GA KY TX IN KY IL
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%Cumulative Fraction of Hg Deposition
0
5
10
15
20
25R
ank
coal-fired elec genother fuel combustionwaste incinerationmetallurgicalmanufacturing/other
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Atmospheric Deposition Flux to Mammoth Cave National Park from Anthropogenic Mercury Emissions Sources in the U.S. and Canada
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Results forChesapeake Bay
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Phoenix ServicesBrandon Shores
Stericycle Inc. Morgantown
Chalk PointNASA Incinerator
H.A. WagnerNorfolk Navy Yard
Hampton/NASA Incin.Chesapeake Energy Ctr.Chesterfield Yorktown
INDIAN RIVER Roxboro
BALTIMORE RESCO Mt. Storm Homer City Keystone BMWNC
Possum Point Montour
Phoenix ServicesBelews CreekHarrisburg Incin.Harford Co. Incin.
MD MD
MD MD
MD VA MD VA VA VA VA VA DE NC MD WV PA PA NC VA PA MD NC PA MD
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%Cumulative Fraction of Hg Deposition
0
5
10
15
20
25R
ank
coal-fired elec genother fuel combustionwaste incinerationmetallurgicalmanufacturing/other
Top 25 Contributors to 1999 Hg Deposition Directly to the Chesapeake Bay
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Atmospheric Deposition Flux to the Chesapeake Bay from Anthropogenic Mercury Emissions Sources in the U.S. and Canada
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Atmospheric Deposition Flux to the Chesapeake Bay Watershed from Anthropogenic Mercury Emissions Sources in the U.S. and Canada
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model evaluation
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EmissionsInventories
MeteorologicalData
Scientific understanding ofphase partitioning, atmospheric chemistry, and deposition processes
Ambient data for comprehensive model evaluation and improvement
What do atmospheric mercury models need?
77
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• Mercury Deposition Network (MDN) is great, but:• also need RGM, Hg(p), and Hg(0) concentrations• also need data above the surface (e.g., from aircraft)• also need source-impacted sites (not just background)
ambient data for model evaluation
• what is RGM? what is Hg(p)?• accurate info for known reactions? • do we know all significant reactions?• natural emissions, re-emissions?
scientific understanding
• precipitation not well characterizedmeteorological data
• need all sources• accurately divided into different Hg forms• U.S. 1996, 1999, 2003 / CAN 1995, 2000, 2005• temporal variations (e.g. shut downs)
emissions inventories
some challenges facing mercury modeling
78
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0 - 15 15 - 30 30 - 60 60 - 120 120 - 250distance range from source (km)
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
100hy
poth
etic
al 1
kg/
day
sour
cede
posi
tion
flux
(ug/
m2-
yr) f
or
Hg(II) emitHg(p) emit
Hg(0) emit
Logarithmic
Why is emissions speciation information critical?
79Hypothesized rapid reduction of Hg(II) in plumes? If true, then dramatic impact on modeling results…
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• Mercury Deposition Network (MDN) is great, but:• also need RGM, Hg(p), and Hg(0) concentrations• also need data above the surface (e.g., from aircraft)• also need source-impacted sites (not just background)
ambient data for model evaluation
• what is RGM? what is Hg(p)?• accurate info for known reactions? • do we know all significant reactions?• natural emissions, re-emissions?
scientific understanding
• precipitation not well characterizedmeteorological data
• need all sources• accurately divided into different Hg forms• U.S. 1996, 1999, 2003 / CAN 1995, 2000, 2005• temporal variations (e.g. shut downs)
emissions inventories
some challenges facing mercury modeling
80
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• Mercury Deposition Network (MDN) is great, but:• also need RGM, Hg(p), and Hg(0) concentrations• also need data above the surface (e.g., from aircraft)• also need source-impacted sites (not just background)
ambient data for model evaluation
• what is RGM? what is Hg(p)?• accurate info for known reactions? • do we know all significant reactions?• natural emissions, re-emissions?
scientific understanding
• precipitation not well characterizedmeteorological data
• need all sources• accurately divided into different Hg forms• U.S. 1996, 1999, 2003 / CAN 1995, 2000, 2005• temporal variations (e.g. shut downs)
emissions inventories
some challenges facing mercury modeling
81
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GAS PHASE REACTIONS
AQUEOUS PHASE REACTIONS
ReferenceUnitsRateReaction
Xiao et al. (1994); Bullock and Brehme (2002)
(sec)-1 (maximum)6.0E-7Hg+2 + h<→ Hg0
eqlbrm: Seigneur et al. (1998)
rate: Bullock & Brehme (2002).
liters/gram;t = 1/hour
9.0E+2Hg(II) ↔ Hg(II) (soot)
Lin and Pehkonen(1998)(molar-sec)-12.0E+6Hg0 + OCl-1 → Hg+2
Lin and Pehkonen(1998)(molar-sec)-12.1E+6Hg0 + HOCl → Hg+2
Gardfeldt & Jonnson (2003)(molar-sec)-1~ 0Hg(II) + HO2C→ Hg0
Van Loon et al. (2002)T*e((31.971*T)-12595.0)/T) sec-1
[T = temperature (K)]HgSO3 → Hg0
Lin and Pehkonen(1997)(molar-sec)-12.0E+9Hg0 + OHC→ Hg+2
Munthe (1992)(molar-sec)-14.7E+7Hg0 + O3 → Hg+2
Sommar et al. (2001)cm3/molec-sec8.7E-14Hg0 +OHC→ Hg(p)
Calhoun and Prestbo (2001)cm3/molec-sec4.0E-18Hg0 + Cl2 → HgCl2
Tokos et al. (1998) (upper limit based on experiments)
cm3/molec-sec8.5E-19Hg0 + H2O2 → Hg(p)
Hall and Bloom (1993)cm3/molec-sec1.0E-19Hg0 + HCl → HgCl2
Hall (1995)cm3/molec-sec3.0E-20Hg0 + O3 → Hg(p)
Atmospheric Chemical Reaction Scheme for Mercury
82
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• Mercury Deposition Network (MDN) is great, but:• also need RGM, Hg(p), and Hg(0) concentrations• also need data above the surface (e.g., from aircraft)• also need source-impacted sites (not just background)
ambient data for model evaluation
• what is RGM? what is Hg(p)?• accurate info for known reactions? • do we know all significant reactions?• natural emissions, re-emissions?
scientific understanding
• precipitation not well characterizedmeteorological data
• need all sources• accurately divided into different Hg forms• U.S. 1996, 1999, 2003 / CAN 1995, 2000, 2005• temporal variations (e.g. shut downs)
emissions inventories
some challenges facing mercury modeling
83
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Some Additional Measurement Issues (from a modeler’s perspective)
• Data availability• Simple vs. Complex Measurements
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Some Additional Measurement Issues (from a modeler’s perspective)
• Data availability• Simple vs. Complex Measurements
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Data availabilityA major impediment to evaluating and improving atmospheric Hg models has been the lack of speciated Hg air concentration data
There have been very few measurements to date, and these data are rarely made available in a practical way (timely, complete, etc.)
The data being collected at Piney Reservoir could be extremely helpful!
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Some Additional Measurement Issues (from a modeler’s perspective)
• Data availability• Simple vs. Complex Measurements
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wet depmonitor
Simple vs. Complex Measurements: 1. Wet deposition is a very complicated phenomena...
many ways to get the “wrong” answer –incorrect emissions, incorrect transport, incorrect chemistry, incorrect 3-D precipitation, incorrect wet-deposition algorithms, etc..
ambient air monitor
models need ambient air concentrations first, and then if they can get those right, they can try to do wet deposition...
??
?
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monitor at ground
level
Simple vs. Complex Measurements: 2. Potential complication with ground-level monitors...
(“fumigation”, “filtration”, etc.)...
monitor abovethe canopy
atmospheric phenomena are complex and not well understood;models need “simple” measurements for diagnostic evaluations;ground-level data for rapidly depositing substances (e.g., RGM) hard to interpretelevated platforms might be more useful (at present level of understanding)
?
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Simple vs. Complex measurements - 3. Urban areas:a. Emissions inventory poorly knownb. Meteorology very complex (flow around buildings)c. So, measurements in urban areas not particularly useful
for current large-scale model evaluations
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• Sampling near intense sources?• Must get the fine-scale met “perfect”
Ok, if one wants to develop hypotheses regardingwhether or not this is actually a source of the pollutant (and you can’t do a stack test for some reason!).
Sampling site?
Simple vs. Complex Measurements –4: extreme near-field measurements
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Complex vs. Simple Measurements –5: Need some source impacted measurements
• Major questions regarding plume chemistry and near-field impacts (are there “hot spots”?)
• Most monitoring sites are designed to be “regional background” sites (e.g., most Mercury Deposition Network sites).
• We need some source-impacted sites as well to help resolve near-field questions
• But not too close – maybe 20-30 km is ideal (?)
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EMEP Intercomparison Study of Numerical Models for Long-Range Atmospheric Transport of Mercury
BudgetsDry DepWet DepRGMHg(p)Hg0Chemistry
Conclu-sions
Stage IIIStage IIStage IIntro-duction
93
Anthropogenic Mercury Emissions Inventoryand Monitoring Sites for Phase II
(note: only showing largest emitting grid cells)
Mace Head, Ireland grassland shore Rorvik, Sweden
forested shore
Aspvreten, Sweden forested shore
Zingst, Germanysandy shore
Neuglobsow, Germany forested area
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EMEP Intercomparison Study of Numerical Models for Long-Range Atmospheric Transport of Mercury
BudgetsDry DepWet DepRGMHg(p)Hg0Chemistry
Conclu-sions
Stage IIIStage IIStage IIntro-duction
94
Neuglobsow
Zingst
AspvretenRorvik
Mace Head
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EMEP Intercomparison Study of Numerical Models for Long-Range Atmospheric Transport of Mercury
BudgetsDry DepWet DepRGMHg(p)Hg0Chemistry
Conclu-sions
Stage IIIStage IIStage IIntro-duction
95
Total Gaseous Mercury (ng/m3) at Neuglobsow: June 26 – July 6, 1995
26-Jun 28-Jun 30-Jun 02-Jul 04-Jul 06-Jul01234 MEASURED
26-Jun 28-Jun 30-Jun 02-Jul 04-Jul 06-Jul01234 MSCE
26-Jun 28-Jun 30-Jun 02-Jul 04-Jul 06-Jul01234 CMAQ
26-Jun 28-Jun 30-Jun 02-Jul 04-Jul 06-Jul01234 GRAHM
26-Jun 28-Jun 30-Jun 02-Jul 04-Jul 06-Jul01234 EMAP
26-Jun 28-Jun 30-Jun 02-Jul 04-Jul 06-Jul01234 DEHM
26-Jun 28-Jun 30-Jun 02-Jul 04-Jul 06-Jul01234 ADOM
26-Jun 28-Jun 30-Jun 02-Jul 04-Jul 06-Jul01234 HYSPLIT
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EMEP Intercomparison Study of Numerical Models for Long-Range Atmospheric Transport of Mercury
BudgetsDry DepWet DepRGMHg(p)Hg0Chemistry
Conclu-sions
Stage IIIStage IIStage IIntro-duction
96
Total Particulate Mercury (pg/m3) at Neuglobsow, Nov 1-14, 1999
02-Nov 04-Nov 06-Nov 08-Nov 10-Nov 12-Nov 14-Nov0
50
100
150MEASURED
02-Nov 04-Nov 06-Nov 08-Nov 10-Nov 12-Nov 14-Nov0
50
100
150CMAQ
02-Nov 04-Nov 06-Nov 08-Nov 10-Nov 12-Nov 14-Nov0
50
100
150GRAHM
02-Nov 04-Nov 06-Nov 08-Nov 10-Nov 12-Nov 14-Nov0
50
100
150EMAP
02-Nov 04-Nov 06-Nov 08-Nov 10-Nov 12-Nov 14-Nov0
50
100
150DEHM
02-Nov 04-Nov 06-Nov 08-Nov 10-Nov 12-Nov 14-Nov0
50
100
150ADOM
02-Nov 04-Nov 06-Nov 08-Nov 10-Nov 12-Nov 14-Nov0
50
100
150HYSPLIT
02-Nov 04-Nov 06-Nov 08-Nov 10-Nov 12-Nov 14-Nov0
50
100
150MSCE
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wet depmonitor
Simple vs. Complex Measurements: 1. Wet deposition is a very complicated phenomena...
many ways to get the “wrong” answer –incorrect emissions, incorrect transport, incorrect chemistry, incorrect 3-D precipitation, incorrect wet-deposition algorithms, etc..
ambient air monitor
models need ambient air concentrations first, and then if they can get those right, they can try to do wet deposition...
??
?
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speciated ambient concentration data is scarcefew measurement sites at ground levelvery few measurements aloft
collaboration between measurement and modeling community is key
measurers need modelers to help interpret datamodelers need measurements to evaluate models
therefore, atmospheric mercury models have not really been comprehensively evaluated yet
we don’t really know how good or bad they are
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model intercomparison
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0 - 15 15 - 30 30 - 60distance range from source (km)
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
for 1
kg/
day
sour
ceug
/m2-
year
Hg(2)_50mHg(2)_250mHg(2)_500mHg(p)_250mHg(0)_250m
Wet + Dry Deposition: HYSPLIT (Nebraska)for emissions of different mercury forms from different stack heights
0 - 15 15 - 30 30 - 60distance range from source (km)
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
for 1
kg/
day
sour
ceug
/m2-
year
Hg(2)_50mHg(2)_250mHg(2)_500mHg(p)_250mHg(0)_250m
Wet + Dry Deposition: ISC (Kansas City)for emissions of different mercury forms from different stack heights
0 - 15 15 - 30 30 - 60distance range from source (km)
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
for 1
kg/
day
sour
ceug
/m2-
year
Hg(2)_50mHg(2)_250mHg(2)_500mHg(p)_250mHg(0)_250m
Wet + Dry Deposition: ISC (Tampa)for emissions of different mercury forms from different stack heights
0 - 15 15 - 30 30 - 60distance range from source (km)
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
for 1
kg/
day
sour
ceug
/m2-
year
Hg(2)_50mHg(2)_250mHg(2)_500mHg(p)_250mHg(0)_250m
Wet + Dry Deposition: ISC (Phoenix)for emissions of different mercury forms from different stack heights
0 - 15 15 - 30 30 - 60distance range from source (km)
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000fo
r 1 k
g/da
y so
urce
ug/m
2-ye
ar
Hg(2)_50mHg(2)_250mHg(2)_500mHg(p)_250mHg(0)_250m
Wet + Dry Deposition: ISC (Indianapolis)for emissions of different mercury forms from different stack heights
HYSPLIT 1996
ISC: 1990-1994
Different Time Periods and Locations, but Similar Results
100
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Erie Ontario Michigan Huron Superior0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Dep
ositi
on (u
g/m
2-ye
ar) HYSPLIT
CMAQ
Model-estimated U.S. utility atmospheric mercury deposition contribution to the Great Lakes: HYSPLIT-Hg (1996 meteorology, 1999 emissions) vs. CMAQ-HG (2001 meteorology, 2001 emissions).
101
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Erie Ontario Michigan Huron Superior0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Dep
ositi
on (u
g/m
2-ye
ar) HYSPLIT
25% added to CMAQCMAQ
Model-estimated U.S. utility atmospheric mercury deposition contribution to the Great Lakes: HYSPLIT-Hg (1996 meteorology, 1999 emissions) vs. CMAQ-Hg (2001 meteorology, 2001 emissions).
This figure also shows an added component of the CMAQ-Hg estimates -- corresponding to 30% of the CMAQ-Hg results – in an attempt to adjust the CMAQ-Hg results to account for the deposition underprediction found in the CMAQ-Hg model evaluation.
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MANY THANKS TO:
Gary Foley, J. David Mobley, Elsie Sunderland, Chris Knightes (EPA); Panos Georgopolous and Sheng-Wei Wang (EOSHI Rutgers Univ); John McDonald (IJC): collaboration on multimedia Hg modeling
David Schmeltz, Gary Lear, John Schakenbach, Scott Hedges, Rey Forte (EPA): collaboration on Hg models and /measurements, including new EPA-NOAA Hg monitoring site at Beltsville, MD.
David Ruple, Mark Woodrey (Grand Bay NERR), Susan White , Gary Matlock, Russell Callender, Jawed Hameedi (NOAA), and Durwin Carter (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service): collaboration at NOAA Grand Bay NERR atmospheric monitoring site
Anne Pope and colleagues (EPA): U.S. mercury emissions inventory
David Niemi, Dominique Ratte, Marc Deslauriers (Environment Canada): Canadian mercury emissions inventory data
Mark Castro (Univ. Md, Frostburg), Fabien Laurier (Univ Md Ches Biol Lab), Rob Mason (Univ CT), Laurier Poissant (Envr Can): ambient Hg data for model evaluation
Roland Draxler, Glenn Rolph, Rick Artz (NOAA): HYSPLIT model and met data
Steve Brooks, Winston Luke, Paul Kelley (NOAA) : ambient Hg data