sipri 2010

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Armaments,Disarmament andInternational

Security

SIPRIYEARBOOK

2010

Summary

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STOCKHOLM INTERNATIONAL

PEACE RESEARCH INSTITUTE

SIPRI fl,

, . E 1966, SIPRI ,

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.

GOVERNING BOARD

A R E, C (S)

D D F A (I)

D A G. A (R)

A L B (A)

J D (S L)D N E (E)

A W I (G)

P M K (U K)

T D

DIRECTOR

D B G (U S)

Signalistgatan 9

SE-169 70 Solna, Sweden

Telephone: +46 8 655 97 00

Fax: +46 8 655 97 33

Email: [email protected]: www.sipri.org SIPRI 2010

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THE SIPRI YEARBOOK

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Yearbook 2010

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CONTENTS

I. I , 2010 21. A : ? 3

Part I. Security and conflicts, 2009

2. A fl, 4

3. C 6

4. E-A : 8

Part II. Military spending and armaments, 2009

5. M 106. A 12

7. I 14

8. W 16

Part III. Non-proliferation, arms control and disarmament, 2009

9. N - 17

10. R 18

11. C 19

12. C - 20

A 22

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2 sipri yearbook 2010, summary

A SIPRI Yearbook 2010

, 2009

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INTRODUCTION. INTERNATIONAL SECURITY, ARMAMENTS AND

DISARMAMENT IN 2010

bates gill

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introduction 3

1. A WORLD WITHOUT NUCLEAR WEAPONS: FANTASY OR NECESSITY?

james e. goodby

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MAJOR ARMED CONFLICTS, 2009

In 2009, 17 major armed conflicts were

active in 16 locations around the world.

Conflict location

Africa Rwanda*

SomaliaB

Sudan?

Uganda*

Americas ColombiaB

Peru?

USAB

Asia AghanistanB

India (Kashmir)?

Myanmar (Karen State)

PakistanB

Philippines

Philippines (Mindanao)Sri Lanka (Tamil Eelam)

Middle East Iraq?

Israel (Palestinian territories)

Turkey (Kurdistan)*

Where a conflict is over territory, the disputed

territory appears in parentheses after the country

name. All other conflicts are over government.

* Fighting in these conflicts also took place in other

locations.

B Increase in battle-related deaths from 2008.

?Decrease in battle-related deaths from 2008. Conflict inactive or not defined as major in 2008.

Only 6 o the major armed conflicts in

2009 were over territory, with 11 being

ought over government. Indeed,

conflicts over government outnumbered

those over territory in 9 o the

10 years 20002009.

For the sixth year running, no major

interstate conflict was active in 2009.

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2. ARMED CONFLICT, CRIME AND CRIMINAL VIOLENCE

ekaterina stepanova

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Over the decade 20002009, only 3 of the

total of 30 major armed conflicts have

been interstate.

Major armed conflicts, 20002009

THE GLOBAL PEACE INDEX 2010

The Global Peace Index (GPI) seeks to

determine what cultural attributes and

institutions are associated with states of

peace. It ranks 149 countries by their

relative states of peace using

23 indicators.

Rank Country Score

1New Zealand

1.188

2 Iceland 1.212

3 Japan 1.247

4 Austria 1.290

5 Norway 1.322

145 Pakistan 3.050

146 Sudan 3.125

147 Afghanistan 3.252

148 Somalia 3.390

149 Iraq 3.406

Small, stable and democratic countries

are consistently ranked highly. Island

states also generally fare well.

These facts and data are taken from appendix 2A,

Patterns of major armed conflicts, 20002009, by

Lotta Harbom and Peter Wallensteen, Uppsala

Conflict Data Program (UCDP), based on the UCDP

Database, , and

appendix 2B, The Global Peace Index 2010, by Tim

Macintyre and Camil la Schippa, Institute for

Economics and Peace.

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security and conlicts 5

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No.ofconflicts

2009

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PEACE OPERATIONS, 2009

In 2009, 54 multilateral peace operations

were conducted in 34 diferent locations

The annual total o active peace

operations ell in 2009, having risen

steadily rom 2002 to 2008.

Number of peace operations, 20002009

Peace operations, by region, 2009

No. o Total personnel

operations deployed

Arica 16 85 562

Americas 2 9571

Asia 9 88 270

Europe 17 19 750

Middle East 10 16125

Total 54 219 278

The number o personnel deployed to

peace operations increased by 16 per cent

over 2008 to reach 219 278 by the end o

2009, 89 per cent o whom were military

personnel and 11 per cent civilian staf.

With no new operations in 2009, the

increase in the number o personnel

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3. CIVILIAN ROLES IN PEACE OPERATIONS

sharon wiharta and stephanie blair

No.ofoperations

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deployed was due to troop reinorcement

or existing operations, most

significantly or the International

Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in

Aghanistan. ISAF was nearly our times

larger than the next largest operation,

and the number o ISAF troops (84 146)

exceeded the total number deployed to

the 12 UN peace operations with troops

(83 089).

Personnel deployed to peace operations,

20002009

Civilians deployed to peace operations,

20002009

These facts and data are taken from chapter 3 and

appendix 3A, Multilateral peace operations, 2009,

by Kirsten Soder and Krister Karlsson, and are

based on the SIPRI Multilateral Peace Operations

Database, .

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4. EURO-ATLANTIC SECURITY AND INSTITUTIONS: REBALANCING IN

THE MIDST OF GLOBAL CHANGE

alyson j. k. bailes and andrew cottey

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SIPRI DATABASES

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Facts on International Relations and Security Trends (FIRST)

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MILITARY EXPENDITURE, 2009

Military expenditure, 20002009

To allow comparison over time, the figures i n the bar

chart are in US dollars at constant (2008) prices.

Military expenditure, by region, 2009

Region Spending ($ b.)

Arica27

.4

North Arica 10.0

Sub-Saharan Arica 17.4

Americas 738

Central America 5.6

and the Caribbean

North America 680

South America 51.8

Asia and Oceania 276

Central Asia . .

East Asia210

Oceania 20.4

South Asia 44 .0

Europe 386

Eastern 60 .0

Western and Central 326

Middle East 103

World total 1 531

The spending figures are in current (2009) US

dollars.

5. MILITARY EXPENDITURE

sam perlo-reeman, olawale ismail and carina solmirano

Militaryexpenditure(US$b.)

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military spending and armaments 11

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The 10 largest military spenders in 2009

accounted or 75 per cent o world

military spending, with the USA alone

accounting or 43 per cent. While the

identities o the top spenders have not

changed in recent years, their relative

rankings have, with European countries

alling down the ranking.

The top 10 military spenders, 2009

Spending World

Rank Country ($ b.) share (%)

1 USA 661 43

2 China [100] [6.6] 3 France 63 .9 4 .2

4 UK 58 .3 3 .8

5 Russia [53 .3] [3.5]

6 Japan 51.0 3 .3

7 Germany 45 .6 3 .0

8 Saudi Arabia 41.3 2 .7

9 India 36 .3 2 .4

10 Italy 35 .8 2 .3

World total 1 531

[ ] = SIPRI estimate. The spending figures are incurrent (2009) US dollars.

SIPRI military expenditure figures are

based on inormation available in open

sources, primarily supplied by

governments. They represent a low

estimate; the true level o military

spending is certainly higher, due to

omitted countries and items o spending.

Nonetheless, SIPRI estimates capture

the great majority o global military

spending and accurately represent

overall trends.


Military expenditure data, 20002009, by Sam

Perlo-Freeman, Olawale Ismail, Noel Kelly and

Carina Solmirano, and are based on the SIPRI

Military Expenditure Database, .

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THE SIPRI TOP 100 FOR 2008

The SIPRI Top 100 list ranks the largest

arms-producing companies in the world

(outside China) according to their arms

sales.

The 10 largest arms-producing companies,2008

Company Arms sales Profit

(country) ($ m.) ($ m.)

1 BAE Systems (UK) 32 420 3 250

2 Lockheed Martin 29 880 3 217

3 Boeing 29 200 2 672

4 Northrop Grumman 26 090 1 262

5 General Dynamics 22 780 2 459

6 Raytheon 21 030 1 672

7 EADS (trans-Europe) 17 900 2302

8 Finmeccanica (Italy) 13 240 996

9 L-3 Communications 12 160 949

10 Thales (France) 10 760 952

Companies are US-based, unless indicated

otherwise. The profit figures are from all company

activities, including non-military sales.

Almaz Antei tripled its arms sales since

2003 to reach $4.3 billion in 2008,

entering the top 20a first or a Russian

company. No Australian-owned company

appeared in the SIPRI Top 100 or 2008

ollowing BAE Systems acquisition o

Tenix Deence Systems in early 2008.

Hewlett-Packard entered the Top 100

ollowing its acquisition o EDS, a ormer

Top 100 arms-producing company.

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6. ARMS PRODUCTION

susan t. jackson

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National or regional shares of arms sales

for the SIPRI Top 100 for 2008

Region/ No. o Arms sales

country companies ($ b.)USA 44 229.9

Western Europe 34 122.1

Russia 7 10.8

Japan 4 7.0

Israel 4 6.9

India 3 4.2

South Korea 2 1. 8

Singapore 1 1. 3

Canada 1 0.7

Total 100 384.7

Figures refer to the arms sales of Top 100 companies

headquartered in each country or region, including

those of their foreign subsidiaries, not the sales of

arms actually produced in that country or region.

ARMS INDUSTRY ACQUISITIONS, 2009

There were no acquisitions o arms-

producing companies worth over

$1 billion in 2009, down rom our in 2008

and seven in 2007.

The largest acquisitions in the OECD arms

industry, 2009

Deal

Buyer Acquired value

company company ($ m.)

Precision Carlton Forge 850

Castparts Corp. Works

General Dynamics Axsys Tech. 643

BAE Systems BVT Surace Fleet 558Goodrich Corp. Atlantic Inertial 375

Systems

Woodward HR Textron 365

Governor

These facts and data are taken from chapter 6,

appendix 6A, The SIPRI Top 100 arms producing

companies, 2008, by Susan T. Jackson and the SIPRI

Arms Industry Network, and appendix 6B, Major

arms industry acquisitions, 2009, by Susan T.

Jackson.

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THE SUPPLIERS AND RECIPIENTS OF

MAJOR CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS

The trend in transfers of major

conventional weapons, 20002009

Bar graph: annual totals; line graph: five-year

moving average (plotted at the last year of each five-

year period).

The five largest suppliers of major

conventional weapons, 20052009

Share o Main recipients

global arms (share o suppliers

Supplier exports (%) transers)

USA 30 South Korea (14%)

Israel (11%)

UAE (11%)

Russia 23 China (35%)

India (24%)

Algeria (11%)

Germany 11 Turkey (14%)

Greece (13%)

South Arica (12%)

France 8 UAE (25%)

Singapore (21%)

Greece (12%)

UK 4 USA (23%)

India (15%)

Saudi Arabia (10%)

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7. INTERNATIONAL ARMS TRANSFERS

paul holtom, mark bromley, pieter d. wezeman andsiemon t. wezema n

SIPRItrend-indicatorvalue(b.)

0

5

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15

20

25

30

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Reports to UNROCA, 19992008

TRANSPARENCY IN ARMS TRANSFERS

Ocial and publicly accessible data on

arms transers is important or assessing

states arms export and armsprocurement policies. However,

publishing data on arms sales and

acquisitions is a sensitive issue or nearly

all states.

The United Nations Register o

Conventional Arms (UNROCA) is the key

international mechanism o ocial

transparency on arms transers. The

recent downward trend in statesparticipation in UNROCA continued

during 2009. As o 31 December 2009,

only 79 states had submitted reports on

their arms transers during 2008.

Since the early 1990s an increasing

number o governments have published

national reports on arms exports. As o

January 2010, 32 states had published at

least one national report on arms exports

since 1990, and 28 have done so since

2006.

These facts and data a re taken from chapter 7,

appendix 7A, The suppliers and recipients of major

conventional weapons, by the SIPRI Arms

Transfers Programme, and appendix 7C,

Transparency in arms transfers, by Mark Bromley

and Paul Holtom, and are based in part on the SIPRI

Arms Transfers Database, .

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120

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I J 2010

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WORLD NUCLEAR FORCES, 2010

Deployed Other

Country warheads warheads Total

USA 2468 7100 9 600

Russia 4630 7300 12000

UK 160 65 225

France 300 300China . . 200 240

India . . 60 80 6080

Pakistan . . 7090 7090

Israel . . 60 80

Total 7560 1490 0 2260 0

All estimates are approximate and are as of January

2010.

GLOBAL STOCKS OF FISSILE

MATERIALS, 2009

As o 2009, global stocks o highly

enriched uranium totalled

approximately 1370 tonnes (not including

227 tonnes to be blended down). Global

military stocks o separated plutonium

totalled approximately 255 tonnes and

civilian stocks totalled 248 tonnes.

NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS, 19452009

In May 2009 North Korea conducted

what is widely believed to be its second

nuclear test explosion. This brought the

total number o nuclear explosions

recorded since 1945 to 2054.

These facts and data are taken from chapter 8,

appendix 8A, Global stocks of fissile materials,

2009, by Alexander Glaser and Zia Mian,

International Panel on Fissile Materials, and

appendix 8B, Nuclear explosions, 19452009, by

Vitaly Fedchenko.

8. WORLD NUCLEAR FORCES

shannon n. kile, vitaly edchenko, bharath gopalaswamy andhans m. kristensen

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non-prolieration, arms control and disarmament 17

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9. NUCLEAR ARMS CONTROL AND NON-PROLIFERATION

shannon n. kile

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10. REDUCING SECURITY THREATS FROM CHEMICAL AND

BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS

john hart and peter clevestig

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11. CONVENTIONAL ARMS CONTROL

zdzislaw lachowski

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MULTILATERAL ARMS EMBARGOES,

2009

There were 29 mandatory multilateral

arms embargoes in orce in 2009,

directed at a total o 17 targets, including

governments, non-governmental orces

and a transnational network. The UnitedNations imposed 12 o these embargoes,

the European Union (EU) imposed 16 and

the Economic Community o West

Arican States (ECOWAS) imposed 1.

During 2009 the UN Security Council

imposed its first new arms embargo since

2006, on Eritrea. The UN widened the

arms embargo on the Democratic

Peoples Republic o Korea (DPRK, orNorth Korea) and lited the arms

embargo on the Government o Liberia.

Nine o the 16 EU embargoes were

straightorward implementations o UN

arms embargoes. In addition, two EU

arms embargoes difered rom UN

embargoes in their scope or coverage and

five did not have UN counterparts. In

2009 the EU imposed a new arms

embargo on Guinea and lited its arms

embargo on Uzbekistan. ECOWAS

imposed a new arms embargo on Guinea.

As in previous years in 2009 several

violations o UN arms embargoes were

recorded. For example, cargo inspections

led to the uncovering o violations o the

UN embargoes on arms exports rom

Iran and North Korea.

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12. CONTROLS ON SECURITY-RELATED INTERNATIONAL TRANSFERS

sibylle bauer and ivana mii

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Multilateral arms embargoes in force

during 2009

United Nations arms embargoes

Al-Qaeda, the Taliban and associatedindividuals and entities

Democratic Republic o the Congo (NGF)

Cte dIvoire

Eritrea

Iran (technology related to nuclear weapon

delivery systems)

Iraq (NGF)

North Korea

Lebanon (NGF)

Liberia (NGF)

Sierra Leone (NGF)

Somalia

Sudan (Darur)

European Union arms embargoes

Al-Qaeda, the Taliban and associated

individuals and entities

China

Democratic Republic o the Congo (NGF)

Cte dIvoire

GuineaIran

Iraq (NGF)

North Korea

Lebanon (NGF)

Liberia

Myanmar

Sierra Leone (NGF)

Somalia

Sudan

Uzbekistan

Zimbabwe

ECOWAS

Guinea

NGF = non-governmental forces.


Multilateral arms embargoes, by Pieter D.

Wezeman and Noel Kelly.

-EU

.

I 2009 EU

2000

D- R. T

EU-

-

.

D 2009,

EU .

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A A, A

,

-

, ,

,

.

A B, I ,

, -

, ,

.

A C, C 2009,

fi 2009 ,

.

Arms control and disarmament

agreements in force, 1 January 2010

1925 P P

U W A,

P O G,

B M

W (1925 G P)

1948 C P

P C

G (G C)

1949 G C (IV) R

P C

P T W

1959 A T

1963 T B N W

T A, O

S U W (P

T-B T, PTBT)

1967 T P G

A S

E U O

S, I M

O C B (O

S T)1967 T P

N W L

A C

(T T)

1968 T N-

N W (N-

P T, NPT)

1971 T P

E NW W

M D S

O F

S (S T)

1972 C P

D, P

S B

(B) T W

D

(B T W

C, BTWC)

1974 T L

U N W

T (T T-B

T, TTBT)

1976 T U N

E P P

(P N E

T, PNET)

ANNEXES

nenne bodell

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annexes 23

1977 C P

M A O H U

E Mfi

Tq (E C)

1980 C P

P N M

N F

1981 C P

R U C

C W

D E

I

I E (CCW

C, IW C)

1985 S Pfi N F Z

T (T R)

1987 T E

I-R S-

R M (INF T)

1990 T C A

F E (CFE T)

1992 T O S1993 C P

D, P,

S U C

W

D (C W

C, CWC)

1995 T S A

N W-F Z

(T B)

1996 A N-W-F

Z T (T P)

1996 A S-R A

C (F A)

1997 I-A C

A I M

Tf F,

A, E,

O R M

1997 C P

U, S, P

T A-P

M D

(APM C)

1999 I-A C

T C

W Aq

1999 V D 1999

Cfi- S-

B M

2002 T S O

R (SORT, M

T)2006 ECOWAS C S

A, L W,

A O R

M

2006 T N-W-F

Z C A (T

S)

Agreements not in force, 1 January

2010

1972 T L A-

B M S (ABM

T)

1991 T R

L S O

A (START I T)

1993 T F R

L S O

A (START II T)

1996 C N-T-B

T (CTBT)

1999 A A

CFE T

2008 C C M

2010 T M

F R L

S O A (N

START T, P T)

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SIPRI Yearbook 2010

A C A U S (CAUS), B,

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STOCKHOLM INTERNATIONAL

PEACE RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Armaments, Disarmament and International SecuritySIPRI YEARBOOK 2010

The SIPRI Yearbook is a compendium of data and analysis in the areas of

Security and conflicts

Military spending and armaments

Non-proliferation, arms control and disarmament

This booklet summarizes the 41st edition of the SIPRI Yearbook, which includes

coverage of developments during 2009 in

Major armed conflicts

Multilateral peace operations

Military expenditure

Arms production

International arms transfers

World nuclear forces, stocks of fissile materials and nuclear explosions Nuclear arms control and non-proliferation

Reducing security threats from chemical and biological materials

Conventional arms control

Controls on security-related international transfers

Multilateral arms embargoes

as well as special studies on

A world without nuclear weapons

Armed conflict, crime and criminal violence Civilian roles in peace operations

Euro-Atlantic security and institutions

and extensive annexes on arms control and disarmament agreements, international

security cooperation bodies and events during 2009 in the area of security and arms

control.

sipri 2010

Documents