sipri - background paper april 2009

7/31/2019 SIPRI - Background Paper April 2009

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RECENT TRENDS IN

THE ARMS TRADE

mark bromley, paul holtom, sam perlo-freeman andpieter d. wezeman

April 2009

SIPRI Background Paper

SUMMARY

w United Nation member states

are currently discussing the

easibility o an arms trade

treaty (ATT) which would seek

to create better controls on

international arms transers.

This Background Paper is one

o a series produced by SIPRI to

inorm these discussions.

Using the latest available

data, this paper describes the

ongoing growth in

international transers o majorconventional weapons, militar y

spending and arms production.

It also descibes the i ncreasing

complexity o international

arms export control policies.

The arms trade is global. The

trade in major conventional

weapons is dominated by a

handul o big exporters.

However, even small weapon

producers and states without an

active arms industry can act assuppliers o either second-hand

equipment or newly produced

but less technologically

advanced weapon systems, such

as small arms and light weapons

and their ammunition. The

prevention o illicit and

destabilizing arms transers is a

global concern that requires the

active engagement o all

members o the international

community.

I. Introduction

S v

x v v

fl . T

v v x

x v

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U N

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I D R (UNIDIR),

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.

T v

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( IV) v

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II. Recent trends in international arms transfers

T v 1982. F

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2002, 38

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( fi 1). W v v 2008,

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1 These are the SIPRI Arms Transers Database, ; the SIPRI Mili-tary Expenditure Database, ; and the SIPRI Arms Industry Database.


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2 sipri background paper

, .2 T

SIPRI A T D ( x 1).

Arms exporters

O j v

fiv ,

. F 19801984, -

, Sv U, U S, F,

U K G 84 x. Tfiv j v 2004

2008 USA, R, G, F UK. T

78 x , 81

19992003 ( 1 2 fi 2). T USA

R x.

M (37 ) US v j v -

20042008 M E,

207 v 5000 . Sv j

2008, P Av C-

-3 (PAC-3) T H A A D (THAAD) -

(ABM) -- U AE (UAE).

R x 14 20042008 1999

2003, v

. A 71 R x APfi

20042008, v v v

v C I . A

2 In addition, the lower annual value or 2008 may be the result o a lack o reliable sources. A

5-year moving average is used as a more reliable measurement o trends because: (a) yearly delivery

schedules may vary significantly, (b) data or the most recent yea r may not be complete, a nd (c) a

1-year period is too short or reliable conclusions. As new data becomes available the SIPRI ArmsTransers Database is updated or all years covered.

Figure 1. The trend in transers o major conventional weapons, 19992008

The bar graph shows annual totals and the line graph shows the five-year moving average. Five-year averages are plotted at the last

year o each five-year period.

Source: SIPRI Arms Transers Database, .

30

25

20

15

10

5

01999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

SIPRItrend-indicato

rvalue

(b.

)


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recent trends in the arms tra de 3

, v A L A v

200 900 , v. T j

A V.

T v G x 70

19992003 20042008, 7

10 . M x E

, 123 . G T

G x. I , v

v L-2A4 T-214 .

F 20042008, 40 F x

M E. F , -

F . Hv, F

v L UAE.

T UK v USA I,

21 14 , v, B -

20042008. I v 66 H-

100 20 J-S UK. I 2009

UK v 72 T S

A, fiv .

Box 1. The SIPRI Arms Transers Database

The SIPRI Arms Transers Databasewhich is maintained by the SIPRI Arms Transers Programmecontains inormation on

all international transers o major conventional weapons (including sales, gits and transers o technology) to states, inter-

national organizations and non-state armed groups since 1950.a The database can be used to track changes in the trends in the

volume o transers o major conventional weapons and to answer such questions as:

Who are the main suppliers and recipients o major conventional weapons?

How have the relationships between diferent suppliers and recipients changed over time?

Where do countries in conflict obtain their weapons?

How do states implement their export control regulations?

Where are destabilizing build-ups o weapons occurring today?

The database can be used to generate written reports (trade registers) and statistical data (trend indicator values, TIVs).

Trade registers provide inormation on each deal included in the database. A deal is only included in a trade register i it has been

confirmed that deliveries have begun or that an order has been placed. Deals are divided into two categories: those that concern

the physical transer o military equipment and those that concern the transer o the technology necessary or the production o

military equipment (licensed production). A trade register provides deal details such as the supplier and recipient, the type andnumber o weapon systems ordered and delivered, the year(s) o deliveries and, where available, the financial value.

Trend-indicator values are a measure o the volume o deliveries o major conventional weapons. SIPRI ascribes a TIV to each

weapon or subsystem included in the database. These values are based on the known unit costs o a core set o weapons. Weapons

or which a cost is not known are compared with core weapons based on a variety o actors, including perormance characteristics

and the period in which the weapon was produced. SIPRI then calculates the volume o transers to, rom and between all states,

non-state groups and international organizations using the TIV and the number o weapon systems or subsystems delivered in a

given year. TIV figures do not represent financial values or weapon transers; they are an indicator o the volume o transers.b

a The database does not document international transers o nuclear, biological or chemical weapons or o small arms, although some light

weapons are included.b The method used to calculate the SIPRI trend-indicator value is described in ull on the SIPRI Arms Transers Programme website at .


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W

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v

SALW ( IV).

Arms importers

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19801984 fiv qIq,

I, L, S E 26 . F

20042008 5C, I, UAE, S K

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30 M E A. Hv,

v, M E

j q ( ).

N,

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19992003 20042008 ( 3 4). T

fi fiv

UAE,

16 19992003

20042008.

Table 1. The top 5 suppliers o major conventional weapons and their largest recipients, 20042008

Supplier

Share o

global arms

exports (%)

Total no. o

recipients

Main recipients (share o suppliers transers)

1st 2nd 3rd

United States 31 69 South Korea (15%) Israel (13%) UAE (11%)Russia 25 46 China (42%) India (21%) Algeria (8%)

Germany 10 47 Turkey (15%) Greece (13%) South Arica (12%)

France 8 39 UAE (32%) Singapore (13%) Greece (12%)

United Kingdom 4 37 United States (21%) India (14%) Chile (9%)

Table 2. The top 5 suppliers o major conventional weapons and their largest recipients, 19992003

Supplier

Share o

global arms

exports (%)

Total no. o

recipients

Main recipients (share o suppliers transers)

1st 2nd 3rd

United States 35 77 Taiwan (9%) Egypt (8%) Japan (8%)

Russia 26 47 China (44%) India (23%) Iran (4%)

Germany 7 56 Turkey (14%) Australia (11%) South Korea (7%)

France 7 55 UAE (21%) Pakistan (12%) Turkey (11%)

United Kingdom 6 44 Canada (18%) United States (12%) Turkey (10%)



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Africa

A 7 j

v v 20042008, 6

19992003. D 20042008, A S A

A, 35 27

, v, . T

j v S, 8

A . Ex S A, -

S A 2 20042008. Hv, v v j v

v fi fl .

Dv A 2008 180 T-90

18 28 S-30MK ,

R. T Pj 636 K C fi

R. M, A -

- v, fi

2008, 24 F-16C USA, 1

FREMM F 3 SIGMA-90

N.

C fiv v 20042008 19992003, . W

v C 2008 fi 6 S-25 -

U x 82 v B-

. S, C, v -

10 S-25 B.

D 2007 2008 U v 110 T-72

11 BM-21 K. I S 2008 -

33 T-72 6 BM-21 U K

j S . T ,

fi

v S S, K, K U .

Figure 2. The suppliers and recipients o major conventional weapons, 20042008


Others 11%

Sweden 2%

Ukraine 2%Spain 2%

Italy 2%Netherlands 3%

UK 4%

France 8%

Germany 10%Russia 25%

USA 31%

Others 51%

Australia 2% Egypt 3%Turkey 3%

USA 3%

Israel 4%

Greece 4%

South Korea 6%

UAE 6%

India 7%

China 11%

Suppliers Recipients


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The Americas

S A 11 j v-

v 20042008, 8

19992003. T S A 94 20042008 19992003. T USA v

A 20042008, v

, 14 19992003. C

v S A 20042008

11 , 36 19992003.

Sv S A -

, v

. M fi, D 2008 B 8.6

($11.3 ) F

50 EC-725 , 4 v 1 -

.F 20042008 V 18

q, 55 19992003. I 2008 fi

v R

2006 2007, 24 S-30MK . D

2008 -

R, .

A US 20042008 EU

. N, E v v v v

US v -fi , EC-145

C-27J . Hv, -

USA.

Table 3. The top 5 recipients o major conventional weapons and their largest suppliers, 20042008

Recipient

Share o

global arms

imports (%)

Total no. o

suppliers

Main suppliers (share o recipients transers)

1st 2nd 3rd

China 11 6 Russia (92%) France (3%) Ukraine (2%)India 7 11 Russia (71%) United Kingdom (9%) Israel (6%)

UAE 6 13 United States (54%) France (43%) Germa ny (1%)

South Korea 6 8 United States (73%) Germa ny (12%) France (9%)

Greece 4 13 Germa ny (31%) United States (24%) France (24%)

Table 4. The top 5 recipients o major conventional weapons and their largest suppliers, 19992003

Recipient

Share o

global arms

imports (%)

Total no. o

suppliers

Main suppliers (share o recipients transers)

1st 2nd 3rd

China 12 9 Russia (92%) France (3%) Ukraine (2%)

India 8 14 Russia (78%) Uzbekistan (5%) Germa ny (3%)

Greece 5 13 United States (52%) Russia (17%) Netherlands (10%)

Turkey 5 10 United States (54%) France (15%) United Kingdom (11%)

South Korea 4 10 United States (67%) Germa ny (11%) France (11%)



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Asia

A v 37 j v -

20042008, 40 19992003.

T E A ( S E A) 67

A 20042008, S A 25 , O 7 C A 1 . T

20042008 A : C, I

S K.

T j v

C 2007 2008 v

v 20022006. T v v

T , 44

19992003 20042008. Hv, 2008 USA

- T.

T v v P fi

. F- P v 5 2008. Ov 20042008, 40 P

j v USA. Sfi

v 2008 M-109A5 155- , P-3CUP

O F-16A .

S K j v 61

20042008 19992003. I 2007 2008 S K

j v . T USA

73 S K

20042008, - F-15K

S K- .

Europe

E v 24 j v

20042008, 26 1999

2003. EU 19

v 20042008 17 v 19992003. T

j v E

G. Hv,

j v 19992003 fi

20042008.

T j v- 19992003 20042008.

T fi 2008,

6 T-214 G 51 A-129

I, T.

A G v fi -

- fl v S O A 2008. G-

v 20042008

19992003. T G U,

65 v 20042008.

D 20042008 E 211

- , v 1300.

Transfers of major conventional weapon

systems to China in 2007 and 2008 were

less than half their average annual volume

in 20022006


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D 2008 10 E -

q. Hv,

, fi .

The Middle East

M E v 18 j

v 20042008. T

38 20042008 19992003. D 2004

2008, 34 M E UAE,

I v 22 E 14 . D fi -

I , 5

M E 20042008 27 -

j v .

D 20042008 UAE j

v .

I 80 F-16E

USA 50 M-2000-9 F. T UAE

fi 2008 -

fi .

D 20042008 Iq 28

j v , 40

USA. I 2008 Iq 140 M1A1 USA

v v.

I 20042008 102 F-16I

-- -- . T v

j I

USA, . I

v ,

EU .

Figure 3. The financial value o the global arms trade, 19982007

Source: The data is based on published inormation or direct communication with governments or o cial industry bodies. For a ull

list o sources and all available financial data on arms exports see .

60

50

40

30

20

10

01998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Value

($

b

.)


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The financial value of the arms trade

I fi v

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x , v

.3A v , - fi v

2007, v, $51.1 -

, 0.3 .4 T

fi fi

fi x, C,

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2001 ( fi 3).

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x 2007, x $12.8 ; R , $7.4 ; F , $6.2 ; I

, $4.4 ; UK fi , $4.1

.5

C SIPRI

fi v x v

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, SIPRI A T D. T

x I fiv x -

fi v SIPRI -

. M, fi G x - q. S

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( TIV), ,

v SIPRI

G fi v x. T

x G fiv x

SIPRI TIV, fiv

fi v.

3 There are significant limitations on using o cial national data or assessing the financial value

o the international arms trade. First, there is no internationally agreed definition o what consti-

tutes arms, and so governments use diferent lists when collecting and reporting data on the

financial value o their arms exports. Second, there is no standardized methodology concerning

how to collect and report such data, with some states reporting on licences issued or used and other

states using data collected rom customs agencies. Third, a number o states produce more than one

data set based on diferent lists o goods or diferent methodologies.4 Exports o goods and services in 2007 amounted to $17 130 billion. International Monetary

Fund, International Financial Statistics online, .5 The figure or Israels arms exports reers to contracts signed. Unlike previous years, Israel did

not release a figure or the value o actual exports in 2007, only contracts signed. All other figuresreer to actual exports as declared by the governments o those countries.

The international arms trade in 2007

represented 0.3 per cent of world trade


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International transfers of small arms and light weapons

S -1990

SALW, v v-

. 6

Gv SALW

v v -

, v v . F x,

D 2003 UN G A v v

SALW UN R Cv A

(UNROCA), v v j v

, 2006 v

.7

A 31 D 2008, 56 UNROCA

SALW 2003. T j

UNROCA 5 6. H-

v, UNROCA v -

SALW fi x (.. C,

R USA) v .8 I , -

E v SALW UNROCA,

v- x. (F UNROCA

V .)

T

SALW UN C T

S D (C). T N Iv S A

T (NISAT) C

SALW ( 7). 9

6 See UN General Assembly Resolution A/RES/50/70, 15 Jan. 1996.7 UN General Assembly Resolution A/RES/58/54, 8 Dec. 2003; UN General Assembly Resolution

61/77, 6 Dec. 2006; and United Nations, O ce o Disarmament Afairs, Standardized orm or

reporting international transers o conventional arms, .8 See Holtom, P., Transparency in Transers o Small Arms and Light Weapons: Reports to the

United Nations Register o Conventional Arms, 20032006, SIPRI Policy Paper no. 22 (SIPRI: Stock-

holm, July 2008); and Holtom, P., Reporting transers o smal l arms and light weapons to the United

Nations Register o Conventional Arms, 2007, SIPRI Background Paper, Feb. 2009, .9 On NISATs annual register o internationa l SALW transers see .

Table 5. Significant exporters o small arms and light weapons based on UNROCA submissions, 2007

State Croatia Italy UK Ukraine Romania

SALW units exported 653 378 462 497 255 812 167 151 118 241

Share o all units transerred (%) 29 20 11 7 5

Table 6. Significant importers o small arms and light weapons based on UNROCA submissions, 2007

State USA Iraq Mexico UK France

SALW units imported 1 548 253 98 877 72 664 60 557 44 134

Share o all units transerred (%) 68 4 3 3 2

Source: UNROCA online database, .


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Hv, . F x,

x C -

x.10

10 On the strengths and weaknesses o the Comtrade data see Haug, M. et al.,Shining a Light on

Small Arms Exports: The Record o State Transparency, Small Arms Survey Occasional Paper no. 4

(Small Arms Survey: Geneva, Jan. 2002), pp. 2223; and Marsh, N., Accounting guns: the methodol-

ogy used in developing data tables or the Small Arms Survey, Memorandum by Nicholas Marsh,

Norwegian Initiative on Small Arms Tra nsers (NISAT) project at the International Peace ResearchInstitute, Oslo (PRIO), 14 Nov. 2005.

Table 7. Major exporters o small arms and light weapons, 2005

Countries listed are estimated to have exported more than $10 m. worth o small a rms and light weapons in 2005.

Country Value o exports o small arms and light weapons ($ m.)

Austria >130

Belgium >192Bosnia and Herzegovina Medium exporter, but little is reported about its exports

Brazil >122

Bulgaria >12

Canada >67

China >32

Croatia 19

Czech Republic >60

Finland >48

France >30

Germany >304

Iran Previously a major exporter, but little is reported about its exports

Israel >25Italy >390

Japan >85

Korea, North Medium exporter, but little is reported about its exports

Korea, South 21

Mexico 18

Netherlands 14

Norway 34

Poland 22

Portugal 17

Romania Medium exporter, but little is reported about its exports

Russia >61

Serbia and Montenegro 29Singapore Medium exporter, but little is reported about its exports

Slovakia >18

South Arica Medium exporter, but little is reported about its exports

Spain >56

Sweden >28

Switzerland 57

Thailand Medium exporter, but little is reported about its exports

Turkey 48

Ukraine >11

United Kingdom >79

United States 426

Source: Based onSmall Arms Survey 2008: Risk and Resilience (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2008), annexe 4.1.


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III. Recent trends in world military expenditure

T ,

v v . Mv

v . F x, j

, q-

q. A N A T

O (NATO),

q 17.6 2008.11 A,

, R USA, q j

q ,

. I , , -

v , x q-

. S

-

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q ,

fl .

N, x

x , - -. I ,

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11 NATO, Financial and economic data relating to NATO deence, Press Release (2009)009,

19 Feb. 2009, . The proportion o military

spending allocated to equipment purchases varies greatly among NATO states, ranging rom 9.3%

in Belgium to 32.2% in Luxembourg. Reliable data on the proportion o military spending allocated

to equipment acquisitions in other parts o the world is harder to come by. However, according to

responses to the SIPRI questionnaire on military spending, which is sent to 168 states every year, the

proportion is generally lower in the developing world than it is in the West.12 E.g. see Ball, N.,Security and Economy in the Third World(Princeton University Press: Prince-

ton, NJ, 1988), pp. 107108; Hendrickson, D. and Ball, N., Of-budget Military Expenditure and Reve-

nue: Issues and Policy Perspectives or Donors, Conflict, Security and Development Group Occasional

Papers no. 1 (Kings College: London, Jan. 2002), p. 18; and Omitoogun, W. and Hutchul, E. (eds),

SIPRI,Budgeting or the Military Sector in Arica: The Processes and Mechanisms o Control(OxordUniversity Press: Oxord, 2006).

Figure 4. World military expenditure, 19982007

Source: SIPRI Military Expenditure Database, .

1200

1000

80

60

40

20

01998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Expenditure($

b.

)


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recent trends in the arms trade 13

. W v v v,

2001 v -- SIPRI x

( fi 4 8).

Ov fi (198998),

-.13 M

. T R

W T O;

A, A W E. Hv,

A ( 27 ) M E ( 17 ).

S 1998 v. G

45 v 10- 19982007, $1339 2007. T

2.5 (GDP) $202

. T 2001,

v 5.3 , 2.2

19982001.14

T v 2001

x jv, v , fl

13 Omitoogun, W. and Skns, E., Military expenditure data: a 40-year overview,SIPRI Yearbook

2006: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security (Oxord University Press: Oxord,

2006), p. 280.

14 Stlenheim, P., Perdomo, C. and Skns, E., Militar y expenditure,SIPRI Yearbook 2008 Arma-ments, Disarmament and International Security (Oxord University Press: Oxord, 2008).

Table 8. Military expenditure by region in constant (2005) US dollars, 19982007

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

World total 834 843 875 892 947 1 013 1 071 1 113 1 145 1 214

Arica 11.1 11.9 12.3 13.5 14.3 14.1 15.8 16.0 15.8 16.8

North Arica 4.3 4.0 4.1 5.2 5.2 5.4 5.9 6.2 6.0 6.6

Sub-Saharan Arica 6.8 7.9 8.3 8.4 9.1 8.7 9.9 9.8 9.7 10.1

Americas 367 367 382 387 431 481 522 548 559 598

North America 340 341 354 357 399 453 493 516 525 562

Central America 3.5 3.7 3.9 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.4 3.4 3.6 4.0

South America 23.3 22.1 23.9 26.7 27.5 24.6 25.8 28.1 30.1 32.0

Caribbea n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Asia and Oceania 132 135 139 146 153 160 166 176 186 200

Central Asia 0.6 0.5 . . 0.6 . . 0.8 . . . . . . . .

East Asia 100 101 104 110 116 122 127 132 140 152

South Asia 19.6 21.9 22.8 23.5 23.6 24.2 25.0 28.2 29.7 30.7

Oceania 11.4 11.9 11.8 12.2 12.7 13.2 13.8 14.3 15.1 16.4Europe 276 280 287 288 295 302 306 306 311 319

Western Europe 245 250 251 249 253 258 261 257 258 261

Eastern Europe 15.6 15.9 21.4 23.3 25.8 27.6 28.9 32.0 35.6 40.8

Central Europe 15.1 14.7 14.8 15.5 15.8 16.2 16.3 16.8 17.1 18.0

Middle East 48.8 48.1 54.3 56.7 54.3 56.0 60.3 67.2 73.9 79.0

Source: SIPRI Military Expenditure Database, .


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.15 H-

v, v USA,

63 -2001

45 2007. W

A Iq,

fi.16 M v

2001. A -

v

2001 2006. O 121

v, 88

2007 2001. T

v.

I E E x 162 v

19982007, . I

2007, 15 . R,

13 2007, 86

.

I N A x 59 v

19982007. T v xv

US . B 2007, US

W W II.

I M E x 62 v

19982007. T v G C C

UAE. T v fi

I, J L.

I S A x 57 v

19982007. T -

64 I .

I A x 51 v 1998

2007. T v 97 A

. W A

, -

. F x, 2005 A B -

5.7 6.2 GDP, v,

. A B v

v .17

I E A x 51 v

19982007. T

50 : C, 202 , I, 100

, M, 153 . W C

v , ,

, 2.1

GDP 2006.

15 Stlenheim, Perdomo and Skns (note 14), pp. 205206.16 Stlenheim, Perdomo and Skns (note 14), 17985.

17 Stlenheim, P., Perdomo, C. and Skns, E., Military expenditureSIPRI Yearbook 2007: Arma-ments, Disarmament and International Security (Oxord University Press: Oxord, 2007), pp. 28384.

Global military spending increased by

45 per cent in real terms over the 10-year

period 19982007


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T v

19982007 W E (6 ) C A

(14 ).

IV. Recent trends in world arms productionT , j

, N A W

E, fi x A-

, C, I, J, S K R. T

v v

. Hv, SIPRI

100 - ( SIPRI T 100),

j fi v .18

T v (-fi v)

T 100 $315 2006, 60

2002 v ( 9). T US

x. US- 63.5

2006 W E- 29.2

. T v v .19

F -

fi x

NATO W T O.

I USA W E, j

, -

. I USA

N G 1994

B MD-D 1997. I E

BAE S UK, T F,

F I, -E EADS. T

-US 10

. I , UK USA, -

q x

v .20

T - W

2000, US

x fi,

USA 11 S 2001. T US

x v

US q US . B ,

UK USA, v

q US . L BAE S,

10 US D D, B

18 On the SIPRI Top 100 see . The list does not include

companies based in China due to a lack o accessible data.19 Perlo-Freeman, S. and Skns, E. , Arms production,SIPRI Yearbook 2008 (note 14), pp. 256.

20 On the transormation o the Western arms industries ollowing the end o the cold war seeDunne, J. P. and Surry, E., Arms production,SIPRI Yearbook 2006 (note 13).

The global arms industry is dominated by

North America and Western Europe


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USA UK.21 C-

E v q

USA, 2008 I q-

$5.2 DRS T, US .22

I R, Sv v R

j 6 Sv v. W

R vv ,

x , v j -

, v q-

.23 T R

j , -

-

. T U A C, U S

C R.24

A j v

v . T

j , , q v

.25 Hv,

v , -

.

C -

, - ,

v .26

I v . I

, v (UAV),

j W .27 S K

21 See Perlo-Freeman and Skns(note 19), pp. 254277. Company inormation extracted rom

annual corporate reports.22 DRS Technologies, Finmeccanica completes acquisition o DRS Technologies or 5.2 billion

US dollars, Press release, 22 Oct. 2008, .23 On the state o the Russian arms industry ater the cold war see Cooper, J., Developments in

the Russian arms industry,SIPRI Yearbook 2006 (note 13).24 On the reorganization o the Russian arms industry see Perlo-Freeman and Skns(note 19),

pp. 27577.25 See e.g. Brzoska, M. and Ohlson, T. (eds), SIPRI,Arms Production in the Third World(Taylor &

Francis: London, 1986).26 See e.g. Medeiros, E. et al.,A New Direction or Chinas Deense Industry (RAND Corporation:

Arlington, VA, 2005).27 E.g. Israeli UAV technology is a key component o the UKs Watchkeeper UAV programme.

Table 9. The total value o arms sales by the SIPRI Top 100 arms-producing companies, 20022006

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 20022006

Arms sales at current prices and exchange rates

Total ($ b.) 197 236 275 292 315

Change (%) 20 16 6 8 60

Arms sales at constant (2006) prices and exchange rates

Total ($ b.) 240 268 292 302 315

Change (%) 12 9 3 4 32

Source: SIPRI Arms Industry Database.


17/24


. I 2007 T

$459 40 KT-1 W-B

S K, fl fi

x. I -

, v .

I j .28 B

L A 1980

11 198488. I

1990, B Gv -

v . S A v

fi

. A 2008, D G, S A

- , 7300 .29

W

, - q

v ,

SALW . A

, 1249 90

vv SALW .30 T

, -

SALW, -

.

T v -

v. I

fi -

,

.

A , 6080 fl,

fl q -

.31 Ex fi-

, v SALW

, C, I, J, N

S.

V. Recent trends in export control mechanisms

A x v T v

, q (

) .32

A - - , v

v

xv v . S v

28 On Indias ofsets policy see Indian Ministry o Deence (MOD), Deence Procurement Proce-

dure: Capital Procurement (MOD: New Delhi, 2009).29 Denel,Annual Report 2008 (Denel: Irene, n.d.), p. 4.30 Continuity and change: products and producers, Small Arms Survey 2004: Rights at Risk

(Oxord University Press: Oxord, 2004), p. 7.31 Multiplying the sources: licensed and unlicensed military production, Small Arms Sur vey

2007: Guns and the City (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2007), p. 7.

32 Davis, I., SIPRI, The Regulation o Arms and Dual-Use Exports: Germany, Sweden and the UK(Oxord University Press: Oxord, 2002), p. xiv.

The means of producing weapons has

spread through the licensed and

unlicensed transfer of production

facilities


18/24


v x , x

, v v

.33

N, v v

v . S v fi

. W v

O S C- E (OSCE)

EU, UN xv - . N

UN S C G A v x -

. F x, 2001 P A Pv,

C E I T S A L W

A I A (POA), v v q

, v

SALW.34

Transfer prohibitions and guidelines

A , UN S C

, . UN - C VII,

A 41, UN C. L S C , -

q v v 15

S C, fiv (C, F,

R, UK USA; P5) v. A 1 J 2009

33 See Davis (note 32).34 United Nations, Programme o Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in

Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects, A/CONF.192/15, 20 July 2001, section II, para. 2.

The POA was agreed during the UN Conerence on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light

Weapons in All Its Aspects, which took place in New York on 920 July 2001. On the 2001 conerence

and the 2006 review conerence see UN Department o Disarmament Afairs, Small arms and lightweapons, .

Table 10. Mandatory United Nations arms embargoes in orce, as o 1 January 2009

Target Instrument establishing embargo Date passed

Al-Qaeda , Taliban and associated individuals and entities Security Council Resolution 1390 16 Jan. 2002

Cte dIvoire Security Council Resolution 1572 15 Nov. 2004

Democratic Republic o the Congo (NGF) Security Council Resolution 1493 28 July 2003Iran (technology related to nuclear weapon delivery systems) Security Council Resolution 1737 23 Dec. 2006

Iraq (NGF) Security Council Resolution 1483 22 May 2003

Lebanon (NGF) Security Council Resolution 1701 11 Aug. 2006

Liberia Security Council Resolution 1521 22 Dec. 2003

North Korea Security Council Resolution 1718 14 Oct. 2006

Sierra Leone (NGF) Security Council Resolution 1171 5 June 1998

Somalia Security Council Resolution 733 23 Jan. 1992

Sudan (Dar ur) Security Council Resolution 1591 29 Mar. 2005

NGF = non-governmental orces.

Source: United Nations, UN Security Council Sanctions Committees, .


19/24


11 UN ( 10). Hv,

x

, UN v v,

v v.35

T v v

1920. I 1925

L N v ,

v . W v v -

, ,

qv, v

v .36

D -

v v

fl. A v,

x v -

. F x, 1949 W

C C M Ex C (COCOM)

E . COCOM 1994.

I 1990 j v-

Iq 1990 v K

Iq v. P ,

-1990 v v

. R fi

, -

v , ( x 2).

I O 1991 P5 v

P5 x x v-

-

.37 I

x fl

, v -

, , v. I

Nv 1993 OSCE -

v v .38

35 On the impact o UN arms embargoes see Fruchart, D. et al., United Nations Arms Embargoes:

Their Impact on Arms Flows and Target Behaviour (SIPRI/Uppsala University: Stockholm, Nov.2007).

36 The transer o nuclear weapons is prohibited by the Treaty on the Non-prolieration o

Nuclear Weapons (Non-Prolieration Treaty, NPT), which was opened or signature on 1 July 1968

and entered into orce on 5 Mar. 1970; the transer o biological weapons is prohibited by the Conven-

tion on the Prohibition o the Development, Production and Stockpiling o Bacteriologica l (Biologi-

cal) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction (Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention,

BTWC), which was opened or signature on 10 Apr. 1972 and entered into orce on 26 Mar. 1975; and

the transer o chemical weapons is prohibited by the Convention on the Prohibition o the Develop-

ment, Production, Stockpiling and Use o Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction (Chemical

Weapons Convention, CWC), which was opened or signature on 13 Jan. 1993 and entered into orce

on 29 Apr. 1997.37 See Goldblat, J.,Arms Control: The New Guide to Negotiations and Ag reements (PRIO, SIPRI

and Sage Publications: London, 2002), pp. 24146.

38 OSCE, Principles governing conventional arms transers, FSC Journal no. 49, DOC.FSC/3/96,Vienna, 25 Nov. 1993.

Many UN arms embargoes have been

repeatedly violated, by both states and

private individuals


20/24


O -

v -, -

v fl, .Hv, , -

v . C

v fi v-

. A 2006 UN G

A -

, x v -

fl, , .39

Export control regimes and other regional mechanisms

T - v

. T vv -

, v

vv v -

. O v x (.. M T-

C R), (.. N S

G) (.. A G).

T W A Ex C Cv A

D-U G T 1996

fi COCOM -v-

. I 40 , R, USA, NATO W

T O. T W A

-

v .40 P

x x

.

39 United Nations, General Assembly, First Committee, Towards an arms trade treaty: establish-

ing common international standards or the import, export and transer o conventional arms,

Drat resolution, A/C.1/61/L.55, 12 Oct. 2006.40 Wassenaar Arrangement, Introduction, .

Box 2. Internationally-agreed commitments to prevent destabilizing accumulations o conventional arms

Five Powers Communiqu, 89 July 1991a

Five Power Guidelines or Conventional Arms Transers, 1718 October 1991a

OSCE Principles Governing Conventional Arms Transers, 23 November 1993b

United Nations Guidelines or International Arms Transers, 1996c

European Union Common Rules Governing Control o Exports o Military Technology and Equipment, 1998/2008d

OSCE Document on Small Arms and Light Weapons, 24 November 2000b

a Goldblat, J.,Arms Control: The New Guide to Negotiations and Agreements, 2nd edn (Sage: London, 2002), pp. 24243.b Organization or Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), .c United Nations, General Assembly, Report o the Disarmament Commission, A/51/42(SUPP), 22 May 1996, annex I.dCouncil Common Position 2008/944/CFSP o 8 Dec. 2008, O cial Journal o the European Union, L335, 13 Dec. 2008.


21/24


T EU C R Gv C Ex M T-

Eq ( C C A Ex

2008) fi J 1998.41 I -

EU x -

, fl v,

v. U EU C R, v

x, fi, x

, . I

x v

v ,

v

.

I 1998 E C W A S

(ECOWAS) ,

x SALW.42 A 2002 v

.43 I , ECOWAS Cv S A

L W, T A O R M

J 2006. T v

SALW , ECOWAS C

x ,

.44 T v

q v

ECOWAS C SALW .

Transparency mechanisms

A 1991 UN :

T

. T

v v-

. S :

() S ; () F ; () D /

v: () T , , v :

() B ;

41 Council Common Position 2008/944/CFSP o 8 Dec. 2008 defining common rules governingcontrol o exports o military technology and equipment, O cial Journal o the European Union ,

L335, 13 Dec. 2008; and Council o the European Union, EU Code o Conduct on Arms Exports,

8675/2/98 Rev. 2, Brussels, 5 June 1998. See also Bromley, M., The Impact on Domestic Policy o the EU

Code o Conduct on Arms Exports: The Czech Republic, the Netherlands and Spain, SIPRI Policy Paper

no. 21 (SIPRI: Stockholm, May 2008).42 ECOWAS, Declaration o a Moratorium on Importation, Exportation, and Manuacture o

Light Weapons in West Arica, Abuja, 31 Oct. 1998. The moratorium came into efect on 1 Nov. 1998

or an initial period o 3 years.43 Berkol, I., Analysis o the ECOWAS convention on small arms and light weapons and recom-

mendations or the development o an Action Plan, Note dAnalyse, Groupe de recherche et

dinormation sur la paix et la scurit (GRIP), 1 Apr. 2007, .44 The ECOWAS Convention on Small Arms, Light Weapons, Their Ammunition and Other

Related Materials was adopted by on 14 June 2006; as o 1 Apr. 2009 it had not been ratified by the 9states required or it to enter into orce.


22/24


() Q ; () F ; () T-

.45

S 1990 , -

fi x v

v. A v P5 -

v fl ( v), 1991 G W UN G A

.46 M,

v , E, v

v x

v x.

T UN R Cv A D 1991

v xv . . .

-

[ ] fi, , x

,

.47

E q UNROCA - x j v

. F 20052007, 23 A, 27

A, 39 A Pfi 44 E

( 11). A 1 J 2009, 90

x 2007,

E.

A 1 J 2008, 31

x, 6 J 1998.48 F ,

45 United Nations, General Assembly, Study on ways and means o promoting transparency in

international transers o conventional arms, Report o the Secretary-General, A/46/301, 9 Sep.

1991, para. 116.46 Wagenmakers, H., The UN Register o Conventional Arms: the debate on the uture issues,

Arms Control Today, Oct. 1994, p. 8.47 UN General Assembly Resolution A/RES/46/36L, 6 Dec. 1991. Several studies have analysed

the rationale or and developments surrounding the establishment o UNROCA. See e.g. Chalmers,

M., Donowaki, M. and Greene, O. (eds),Developing Arms Transparency: The Future o the UN Regis-

ter, Bradord Arms Register Studies no. 7 (University o Bradord: Bradord, 1997); Laurance, E. J.,

Wezeman, S. T. and Wul, H.,Arms Watch: SIPRI Report on the First Year o the UN Register o Con-

ventional Arms, SIPRI Research Report no. 6 (Oxord University Press: Oxord, 1993); and Wul, H.,

The United Nations Register o Conventional Arms,SIPRI Yearbook 1993: World Armaments and

Disarmament (Oxord University Press: Oxord, 1993). Records o the documents and discussions on

UNROCA in the UN General Assemblys First Committee can be ound in Miller, C. D., The United

Nations Register o Conventional Arms: Origins and Evolution 19881994 (Monterey Institute o

International Studies: Monterey, CA, [1995]).

48 Links to national report s on arms exports to UNROCA are ava ilable at .

Table 11. Reporting to the UN Register o Conventional Arms, by region, 20052007

Region 2005 2006 2007 20052007

Arica 17 16 9 23

Americas 23 21 13 27

Asia and Oceania 35 33 25 42Europe 42 43 43 44

Total 117 113 90 136

Source: UNROCA online database, .


23/24


-v v

v x . T

x

1970, 1980 1990.49 T q

v,

, v.

U EU C R ( v)

fi v x x,

EU M L . T

x, , v

. F 10 , 2008, 16

27 EU q .50

VI. Conclusions

N v -

x q. T

x -

v

v fl -

. Hv,

,

, fi . 51 T

v

.

W

, v v fi-

.

M, , ,

- q v

, SALW . T v-

q

v .

O vv ATT v

v v . I -

, j

x v

. C v v fi

v v ,

. Hv, v

v fi ,

E.

49 Marriano, B. and Urquart, A., Transparency and accountability in European arms export

controls: towards common standards and best practices (Saerworld: London, Dec. 2000), p. 3.50 Council o the European Union, Tenth Annual Report according to Operative Provision 8 o

the European Code o Conduct on Arms Exports, O cial Journal o the European Union, C300,

22 Nov. 2008.

51 See e.g. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, The Arms Trade with the ThirdWorld(Almqvist and Wiksell: Stockholm, 1971), pp. 1741.

The prevention of illicit and destabilizing

arms transfers is a global concern


24/24

sipri background paper

RECENT TRENDS INTHE ARMS TRADEmar k bromley, paul holtom, sam perlo -freema n and

pieter d. wezeman

Signalistgatan 9

SE-169 70 Solna, Sweden

Telephone: +46 8 655 97 00

Fax: +46 8 655 97 33

SIPRI is an independent

international institute or

research into problems o peaceand conflict, especially those o

arms control and disarmament.

It was established in 1966 to

commemorate Swedens

150 years o unbroken peace.

The Institute is financed

mainly by a g rant proposed by

the Swedish Government and

subsequently approved by the

Swedish Parliament. The staf

and the Governing Board are

international. The Institute alsohas an Advisory Committee as

an international consultative

body.

GOVERNING BOARD

Ambassador Rol Ekus,

Chairman (Sweden)

Dr Willem F. van Eekelen, Vice-

Chairman (Netherlands)

Dr Alexei G. Arbatov (Russia)

Jayantha Dhanapala(Sri Lanka)

Dr Nabil Elaraby (Egypt)

Proessor Mary Kaldor

(United Kingdom)

Proessor Ronald G. Sutherland

(Canada)

The Director

DIRECTOR

Dr Bates Gill (United States)

CONTENTS

I. Introduction 1

II. Recent trends in international arms transers 1

Arms exporters 2Arms importers 4

The financial value o the arms trade 9

International transers o small arms and light weapons 10

III. Recent trends in world military expenditure 12

IV. Recent trends in world arms production 15

V. Recent trends in export control mechanisms 17

Transer prohibitions and guidelines 18

Export control regimes and other regional mechanisms 20

Transparency mechanisms 21

VI. Conclusions 23

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Mark Bromley (United Kingdom) is a Researcher with the SIPRI Arms Transers

Programme.

Dr Paul Holtom (United Kingdom) is Leader o the SIPRI Arms Transers Programme.

Dr Sam Perlo-Freeman (United Kingdom) is a Senior Researcher with the SIPRI

Military Expenditure and Arms Production Programme.

Pieter D. Wezeman (the Netherlands) is a Senior Researcher with the SIPRI Arms

Transers Programme.

sipri - background paper april 2009

Documents