six plant families of economic importance · 2015-04-10 · six top agricultural crop families •...
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Six Plant Families of Economic Importance
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Six Top Agricultural Crop Families
• Grass family (Poaceae)—rice, wheat, corn, etc.
• Bean family (Fabaceae)—soybeans, peas, beans
• Tomato family (Solanaceae)—tomatos, potatoes, peppers, eggplants
• Mustard family (Brassicaceae)—cabbage, mustard, turnips, broccoli
• Squash family (Cucurbitaceae)—watermelon, honeydews, squash, zucchini
• Carrot family (Apiaceae)—carrots, celery, parsnips, cilantro
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Poaceae (=Gramineae)
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Poaceae—Grass family
• Named for genus Poa
• Crops called cereal crops (Greek god of agriculture was Ceres)
• Monocots
• Old family name: Graminae (=grains)
• Of the total food produced by the World's top 30 crops (based on dry matter), about 23.4% comes from wheat, followed by maize (21.5%) and rice (16.5%) (Harlan, 1995).
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Poaceae
• ~70% of all farmland dedicated to this group
• 9,000 species worldwide
• 35 species domesticated, 5 important today
• Only 1 from New World—which one?
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Grass vegetative structure
• Fibrous roots
• Leaves wrap
around stem
• Produces
clones (tillers)
from runners
(stolons) or
from rhizomes
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Grass reproductive structures
• Highly modified flower—no sepals, no petals
• Protective leaves (glumes) around flower stem base
• 2 more protective leaves: lemmas, paleas around flower
• 1 carpel, 2 stigma lobes, 3 stamens
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Grass seeds:
• As seed matures, fuses completely to ovary wall=caryopsis (kernel)
• Ovary wall + seed coat = bran
• Interior to seed coat is oil-rich layer called aleurone layer
• Lots of endosperm
• 1-cotyledon = monocot
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Wheat
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Rice
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Corn
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Sorghum, Millet
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Sugar Cane
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Oats, Rye
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Fabaceae (= Leguminosae)
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Bean family - Fabaceae
• 2nd to grasses in economic importance
• Major crops: soybeans, peanuts, beans, peas, alfalfa, clover, chickpeas, lentils
• Old family name = Leguminosae because fruit type is legume
• 1-carpel flowers with many seeds; dehiscent at maturity
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Fabaceae – Papilionoid Flowers, wings like butterfly
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Legumes
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Soybeans consists of more than 36% protein, 30% carbohydrates, and excellent amounts of dietary fiber, vitamins, and minerals. It also consists of 20% oil, which makes it the most important crop for producing edible oil.
Soybeans
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Soybean Products
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Peanuts – Arachis hypogea indehiscent legumes, develop underground
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Nineteen varieties of beans: Northern, pinto, large lima, blackeye, garbanzo, baby lima, green split pea, kidney, cranberry bean, small white, pink bean, small red, yellow split pea, lentil, navy, white kidney, black bean, pearl barley and scarlet runner.
Garden Beans – Phaseolus vulgaris
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Carob - Ceratonia siliqua
Carat is derived from the word "carob," in reference to the carob seed. One carat is precisely 200 milligrams. The diamond in the engagement ring shown above is 1.09 carats or 218 milligrams.
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Fabaceae • Rhizobium bacteria form symbiotic relationships with roots
• Produce nodules. Nitrogen in atmosphere “fixed” by bacteria
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Solanaceae
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Tomato Family - Solanaceae • Flowers radially
symmetrical with
• 5 united sepals and
• 5 petals united at base
• Stamens are usually 5
• Superior ovary
• Leaves are alternate, simple or lobed.
• Fruit is a berry or 2-chambered capsule
capsule berry
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Tomato Family - Solanaceae Edible Genera:
Capsicum
bell peper
chilies, all kinds
paprika
Physalis
tomatillo
strawberry tomato
Solanum
tomato, roma, cherry, heirloom
eggplant
potato
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Tomatos
• Solanum lycopersicum
• Domesticated in Central America
• Nahuatl tribes called them ‘tomatl’
• First record in Europe is 1544 in Italy
• Not eaten for centuries in Europe because it looked like local toxic cousins
• Ketchup popularized in early 1900s, salsa in the 1980s
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Potatoes
• Solanum tuberosum
• Domesticated in mountains of Argentina
• Good crop for cool, moist, country,
• Tuber = modified stem, produced underground
• Biennial crops
• „eyes‟ = axillary buds
• Native name „batatas’
• Scrape away any sprouts or green spots, since they might contain a mildly toxic compound called solanine
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Potatoes & history
• Irish potato famine—1840s—killed 1-6 million people—caused by potato fungus Phytophthora
• Russians used potatoes as fermentation source vodka
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Eggplant
• Solanum melongena
• Native to India
• Domesticated about 3,000 yrs ago
• Original plants produced egg-like fruit
• Modern varieties have thicker, purple skin
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Peppers
3 main species, each with many varieties:
Capsicum annuum
Capsicum frutescens
Capsicum chinense
The name “Capsicum” could arise from the Latin capsa (box) or the Greek kapto (to bite).
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Alkaloids of Solanaceae plants:
Atropine from belladonna
Hyosciamine
from Henbane
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Tobacco - Nicotine
• 2 main species: Nicotiana rusticum & N. tabacum
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Brassicaceae (= Cruciferae)
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Mustard Family - Brassicaceae • Leaves are alternate and
simple.
• Flowers in raceme
• sepals 4
• petals 4, separate
• Stamens 6 , inner 4 long, outer 2 short (tetradynamous)
• Ovary divided by a replum or false partition.
• Fruit a narrow silique or a short silicle
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various silicles
silique
raceme
Mustard Family - Brassicaceae
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• Crops: cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, turnips, kale, collards, mustard, brussel sprouts, rutabagas
Mustard Family - Brassicaceae
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Edible Genera:
Brassica
kohlrabi
mustard
canola oil (rape seed oil)
cabbage, head of leaves
kale, without a head
cauliflower, flower buds
brussels sprouts, axillary buds
broccoli, flower buds
rutabaga
turnip
chinese cabbage
bok choy
Mustard Family - Brassicaceae
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Brassica oleracea – Wild Species Cultivars all selected from different parts
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Other Edible Genera:
Armoracia rusticana
horseradish, root used to flavor foods
Eruca stiva
arugula
Nasturtium officinale
watercress
Raphanus sativus
radish
daikon
Mustard Family - Brassicaceae
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Cucurbitaceae
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• Leaves palmately veined or lobed.
• Monoecious - separate male and female flowers (imperfect)
• Inferior ovary
• Ovary 3 carpels, single locule with parietal placentation.
• Fruit is a pepo, a berry with a hard rind.
Squash Family - Cucurbitaceae
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female
male
Squash Family - Cucurbitaceae
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Cucumbers, melons, squashes, zucchini, gourds, pumpkins, loofahs
Fruit type - pepo
3 carpels
Parietal placentation
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Edible Genera:
Citrullus lanatus
watermelon
Cucumis
cantaloupe
honey-dew
cucumber
Cucurbita
pumpkin
squashes
Squash Family - Cucurbitaceae
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Squash, Pumpkins, and Gourds – Cucurbita
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Apiaceae = Umbelliferae
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• Carrots,
parsnips, celery
• Herbs: chervil,
angelica, dill,
caraway,
coriander,
cumin, fennel,
parsely,
aniseed,
cilantro, rhubarb
• Old name:
Umbelliferae
Carrot Family - Apiaceae
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Carrot Family - Apiaceae
• Compound leaves, petioles sheathing
• Flowers borne in dense, flat-topped umbel.
• sepals, petals and stamens of an individual flower are each five.
• ovary inferior made up of 2 carpels, 1 ovule in each.
• Fruit develops into a schizocarp, splits in 2
• aromatic oils in leaves and fruit
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schizocarp
compound umbels
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Edible Genera:
Anethum graveolens
dill
Apium graveolens
celery (petiole, root)
Carum carvi
caraway, herb and spice with edible leaves a roots. Can be used medicinally as an antispasmodic
Coriandrum sativum
cilantro
coriander
Cuminum cyminum
cumin
Carrot Family - Apiaceae
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Edible Genera:
Daucus carota
carrot, cultivar of the wild variety, grows a tap root during its first growing season and then produces flowers and seeds during the next
Foeniculum vulgare
fennel, with edible petioles
Pastinaca sativa
parsnip
Petroselinum crispum
parsley
Pimpinella anisum
anise
Carrot Family - Apiaceae
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Other Notable Genera:
Cicuta maculata
water hemlock, the deadliest plant in North America affecting the central nervous system and causes paralysis of the lungs. A tiny piece is enough to kill a human, contains large amounts of cicutoxin
Conium maculatum
hemlock, also extremely deadly and is said to be the plant that killed Socrates
Heracleum mantegazzianum
giant hogweed, causes painful blisters on contact with human skin
Carrot Family - Apiaceae
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Carrot Family - Apiaceae
![Page 56: Six Plant Families of Economic Importance · 2015-04-10 · Six Top Agricultural Crop Families • Grass family (Poaceae)—rice, wheat, corn, etc. • Bean family (Fabaceae)—soybeans,](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022043009/5f9a197c5e7836561e6dbaef/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
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