skeletal system functions support - provides hard framework for soft tissue protection of underlying...
TRANSCRIPT
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Skeletal System Functions
• Support - provides hard framework for soft tissue
• Protection of underlying organs• Brain, Eyes, Inner ear structures, heart & lungs,
kidneys
• Movement - skeletal muscles use bones as levers
• Storage. • Calcium and Phosphorous
• Stored then released as needed.
• Fat stored in marrow cavities
• Blood cell production (Hematopoiesis). Bone marrow that gives rise to blood cells and platelets
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Bone Shapes
• Long• Ex. Upper and
lower limbs• Short
• Ex. Carpals and tarsals
• Flat• Ex. Ribs, sternum,
skull, scapulae• Irregular
• Ex. Vertebrae, facial
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Classification of Bones
· Long bones
· Typically longer than wide
· Have a shaft with heads at both ends
· Contain mostly compact bone
• Examples: Femur, humerus
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Classification of Bones
Slide 5.4bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
· Short bones
· Generally cube-shape
· Contain mostly spongy bone
· Examples: Carpals, tarsals
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Classification of Bones
Slide 5.5aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
· Flat bones
· Thin and flattened
· Usually curved
· Thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone
· Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum
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Classification of Bones
Slide 5.5bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
· Irregular bones
· Irregular shape
· Do not fit into other bone classification categories
· Example: Vertebrae and hip
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• Axial skeleton• Skull• Vertebral column• Thoracic cage
• Appendicular skeleton
• Pectoral and pelvic girdles• Upper and lower limbs
Skeletal system includes both:
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The Axial Skeleton
Figure 7.1b
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Figure 7.2
Cranial and Facial Subdivisions of the Skull
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The Adult Skull(ant view)
Figure 7.3d
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The Adult Skull(sup & post view)
Figure 7.3a, b
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The Adult Skull(lateral view)
Figure 7.3c
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The Adult Skull( inf view)
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Skull(cranial fossa)
Figure 7.4b
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Newborn vs. Adult
Major Differences Fontanelles
Pos & sphenoidal=2-3month after birth
Mastoid=1year Ant=1-2 year
Unfused Structures Sutures
Unfused Structures frontal parietal occipital
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Paranasal Sinuses· Functions:
· lightening the weight of the head· Give resonance and amplification to voice· humidifying and heating inhaled air· serving as a crumple zone to protect vital structures in the
event of facial trauma
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Remember that the Axial skeleton includes:
SkullVertebral columnThoracic cage
Axial skeleton is shown in green
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Cervical Vertebrae (7)Thoracic Vertebrae (12)Lumbar Vertberae (5)SacrumCoccyx
Cervical Vertebrae (7)Thoracic Vertebrae (12)Lumbar Vertberae (5)SacrumCoccyx
The Vertebral Column
The Vertebral Column
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The Vertebral Column
• Fetus and infant: 33 separate bones, or vertebrae
• Adult: 24 vertebrae• Inferior 9 have fused
forming• The sacrum (5) and• The coccyx (4)
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• Four spinal curves• Primary
(accommodation) curves = thoracic and sacral
• Secondary (compensation) curves = lumbar and cervical
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Curvatures of the Spine• Scoliosis
side-to-side, lateral curve
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Lordosis
• Abnormal inward curve of the lumbar region
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Kyphosis
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Abnormal curvatures
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Structure of a typical vertebra
• Typically has a body and vertebral arch• Superior and inferior articular processes • Separated by intervertebral discs
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Vertebral Anatomy
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• Cervical• Has small body• Large relative size of vertebral foramen• Costal processes with transverse foramina• Notched spinous processes
Vertebral regions
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The Cervical Vertebrae
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C1 (atlas)
• Without body• Have lateral masses
with tow arc post and ant
• Have an post tubercle
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C2 (axis)
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Thoracic vertebrae
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The Thoracic Vertebrae• Heart-shaped body• Long slender spinous processes• Articulations for ribs
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Lumbar Vertebrae• Most massive• Least mobile• Subjected to great
stresses
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sacrum
• Fusion of 5 sacral vertebra• Surfaces:• Anterior(pelvic)• Posterior• Lateral
• Base• apex
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The Sacrum and Coccyx
• Protects reproductive, digestive and urinary organs
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• Thoracic vertebrae• Ribs• Sternum
• Ribs and sternum forms the rib cage
Thoracic cage
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Sternum
• Three parts• Manubrium• Body• Xiphoid process
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Ribs
• 12 Pairs• True ribs
• First 7 pairs• Attach to thoracic
vertebrae and sternum
• False ribs• Next 8,9,10 pairs• Attach to the cartilage
of the ribs above• Floating ribs
• Last 2 pairs of false ribs• Have no attachment in
the front
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The Thoracic Cage
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The Thoracic Cage
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Typical rib
• Has a head, neck, tubercle and a body
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Vertebral and Sternal Articulations
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Appendicular Skeleton
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Appendicular Skeleton: Pectoral Girdle (Shoulder)
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Appendicular Skeleton: Pelvic Girdle
• Hip bones• Composed of three pair of fused bones
• Ilium• Ischium• Pubic bone
• The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis
• Protects several organs• Reproductive organs• Urinary bladder• Part of the large intestine
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Hip Bone
Ilium
Pubis
Ischium
Next
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Back
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Appendicular Skeleton: Pelvic Girdle
The sacrum and coccyx are part of the axial skeleton not appendicular skeleton.
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Appendicular Skeleton: Pelvic GirdleCoxal Bone Structure
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Appendicular Skeleton: Pelvic GirdleMale and Female Pelvis Comparison
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Femur Bone
Proximal End
Distal End
Shaft or Body
Head and Neck
Trochanter (Greater & Lesser)
Intertrochanteric Line & Crest
3 Borders: Lateral, Medial &
Posterior (Linea Aspera)
3 Surfaces: Anterior, Lateral
& Medial
2 Condyle: Lateral & Medial
1 Notch: Intercondylar Notch
1 Surface: Patellar
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Appendicular Skeleton: Femoral Region
· The thigh has one bone
· Femur – thigh bone
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Proximal End
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Back
Proximal End
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Back
Shaft or Body
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Distal End
Review
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Next
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Appendicular Skeleton: Patellar and Crural Regions
· The leg has two bones
· Tibia
· Fibula
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Appendicular Skeleton: Tarsal, Pes, and Digits Regions
· The foot
· Tarsus – ankle
· Metatarsals – sole
· Phalanges – toes
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Articulations: Joints
• A joint is a location where two or more bones meet.
• Functions of joints• Hold bones together• Allow for mobility
• Ways joints are classified• Functionally• Structurally
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Types of Joints
• Fibrous joints• Generally immovable (sutures of skull)
• Cartilaginous joints• Immovable or slightly moveable (vertebral
disc)
• Synovial joints• Freely moveable (shoulder, pelvis, knee,
elbow, digits)• Articulating bones are separated by a joint
cavity• Synovial fluid is found in the joint cavity
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Structure of a Synovial Joint
Figure 5.28
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Type of Synovial Joints
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Types of Synovial Joints
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perpendicular plate of ethmoid
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Med part of labyrinth
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Appendicular Skeleton: Brachium Region
· The arm is formed by a single bone
· Humerus
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Appendicular Skeleton: Antebrachium Region
• The forearm has two bones
• Ulna (side adjacent to little finger)
• Radius (side adjacent to thumb)
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Appendicular Skeleton: Carpus, Manus, and Digits Region
· The hand
· Carpals – wrist
· Metacarpals – palm
· Phalanges – fingers