PROGRAM PENINGKATAN PRESTASI AKADEMIK

PEPERIKSAAN AKHIR TAHUN TINGKATAN 4 2012

PERATURAN PEMARKAHAN

BIOLOGI

KERTAS 2

1

JABATAN PELAJARAN NEGERI SELANGOR

MAJLIS PENGETUA SEKOLAH MENENGAH (MPSM)

ANSWER SCHEME

PEPERIKSAAN AKHIR TAHUN TINGKATAN 4 2012Question 1Ques Criteria Marks

1(a)(i) Able name structure Q

Answer:

Q : Epithelial tissue 1

1

1(a)(ii ) Able to state on adaptation of QSample answer

P1 : consists of many / a group of epithelial cells P2 : has cilia

Any 1

11

1

1( b ) Able to state two functions of structure Q in the trachea.Sample answer:P1 : build the lining wall of the tracheaP2 : Cilia to sweep dustP3 : Secrete mucus that traps dust particles

Any 2

111

2

1( c )(i) Able to state the cell organization of level 4Answer : System 1

1

(c)(ii) Able to explain one function of trachea in respiratory systemSample answer:.P1: Allows oxygen intake / carbon dioxide eliminationP2; during inhalation/exhalation P3 : as trachea does not collapseP4 : made up of rings of cartilage

Any 2

1111

2

1( d ) Able to explain one adaptation of the lung.Sample answer:

P1: has many alveoliP2 : increase total surface areaP3 : efficiency of gases exchangeP4 : surface moist

1111

2

2

P5: easy for respiratory gases to dissolveAny 2

1

1( e ) Able to explain one difference in structure of the lung in individual M and NSample answer

P1 : surface area of the lung in M is larger than NP2 : lung M has more smaller ( rounded ) structures/ alveolus /air sacs compare to NP3 : as( more ) alveolus/ (rounded) structures/air sacs in N have been damagedP4:by cigarette smoke in NP5: N alveolus shows symptom of emphysemaP5 : decrease rate of gases exchangeAny three

11

1

11

3

Total 12

Question 2Num Criteria Marks

2 ( a ) ( i ) Able to name ways of transport X and Y and give reasons

Sample answer

X : Active transport t/ Passive transport

Reason : Transportation molecules is against concentration gradient //lower molecules to higher molecules concentration

Y : Facilitated diffusion

Reason : Transportation is following concentration gradient

//higher molecules concentration to lower molecules concentration

1

1

1

1

4

2( a )( ii ) Able to state two differences between way of transport X and Y .

Sample Answer

2

3

2( b )

X YNeeds energy ATP Does not need energy

Against concentration gradient

Follows concentration gradient

Occurs in living cells Occurs in living and non living cell

Any 2

Able to explain how amino acids molecules are transported by Y

Sample answer

P1 : Concentration of amino acids molecules is higher in outside cell compare to inside cellP2 : amino acids molecules binds to the binding site of carrier proteinP3 :carrier protein changes shapeP4 :allow molecules to pass through to the other side of plasma membrane P5 : carrier proteins change back to its original shape

Any 3

1

1

1

1

1

11

1

3

2( c ) Able to explain the effect of cyanide in the transport of minerals

Sample answer

P1 : Active transport cannot be carried outP2 : Active transport needs energyP3 : cyanide disrupts respirationP4 : no energy is producedP5 : less/no mineral intake

Any 3

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3

Total 12

4

Question 3Num Criteria Marks

3(a) Able to name the type of cell division and stage M and N.Answer

Type of cell division: Meiosis Stage M : Metaphase I Type of cell division : Mitosis Stage N : Metaphase

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4

3(b) Able to state the chromosomal behaviour of cell N.Sample Answer

P1: the chromosome /sister chromatids line up at the metaphase plate /equatorP2: the spindle fibre holds on the chromosome at the centromere

Any 1

1

1

1

3(c)(i) Able to name structure P. AnswerCentriole 1

1

3(c)(ii) Able to explain what happen to the daughter cell formed if there is no structure P in the cellSample answer

P1: no spindle fibres formedP2 : chromosomes are not held at the centromere during metaphase P3: (sister) chromatids are not separatedP4 ( sister ) chromatids not able to move to the opposite polesP5 : daughter cell with unequal number of chromosomes formed P5: may lead to genetic disorder disease//any suitable name of the genetic disorder disease

Any 3

11

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3

3(d) Able to explain the importance of process Q to an organismSample answer

P1: process P is crossing over// exchange of genetic materialP2 : leads to variationP3 : better adaptation to the environment P4 : better chance of survival of the speciesP5 : better adaptation to the environment

Any 3

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3

Total 12

5

Question 4Num Criteria Mark

s4(a) Able to identify organ R and S

Answer:S : StomachT : Pancreas

11

2

4(b)(i) Able to state the function of S/ stomach in the digestion process.Sample answer

P1 : Gastric glands in S produced / secrete gastric juiceP2 : Consists of pepsin / rennin / hydrochloric acidP3 : Pepsin hydrolyses protein to polypeptidesP4 : Rennin coagulates soluble milk / caseinogens to casein. P5 : Hydrochloric acid provides an acidic medium// kill bacteria//stops the action of amylase

Any 2

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1

2

4(b) (ii) Able to state the effect of taking meal at irregular time.Sample answer:

P1 ( Having meals at irregular times ) result in the absence of food in the stomach at certain period.P2 : gastric juice (secreted by gastric gland) act on (the epithelial lining of) the stomach wallP3 : result to gastric ulcer / gastritis// pain in the stomach

Any 2

1

1

1

2

4(c) Able to state the function of pancreas and effect of cancer of pancreas to the process of lipid digestion

Sample answer

P1: Cancer of pancreas prevents the pancreas from releasing the pancreatic juice into duodenumP2 : Lipase not secreated P3 : Lipids not hydrolysed by lipase P4 :to produce fatty acid and glycerol.

Any 2

1

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2

6

4(d) Able to state two adaptations of vilii in absorption process.

Sample answer

P1 : Has dense network of blood capillaries / lactealP2 : Has a very thin wall / one cell thick wallP3 : Has moist surfaceP4 : Has large number of villus P5 : to increase the rate of absorption of nutrient.

Any 2

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2

4(e) Able to explain the how amino acids is assimilated by liver

Sample answer:

P1 : Excess amino acid will be transported to liver/RP2 : By deamination processP3 : Liver /R hydrolysed amino acid into glucose and urea.P4 : This will lower the concentration of amino acid in the bloodP5: Liver /R synthesized plasma proteins// forms enzymes/hormones

Any 2

111

1

1

2

Total 12

7

Question 5No. Criteria Mark

5(a) ( i ) Able to name species in zone R , S and TAnswer

Zone R : Avicenia / SonneratiaZone S : RhizophoraZone T : Brugeira

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3

5(a)( ii) Able to explain two adaptations of species in zone R to survive in the ecosystem. Sample answer

P1 : Has (long)cable rootP2 :To give support in muddy soil/ traps the mud/soilP3 : Has viviparity seed /seed germinate while still being attached to parent treeP4 : To float / avoid sink in sea water / stands upright in the mudP5 : Has pneumatophores / breathing rootsP6 : To obtain oxygen during high tideP7 : Leaves have thick cuticle// sunken stomataP8 : Reduce transpiration/water loss

Any 4

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4

5(b) Able to explain the changes in the ecosystem that will happen to zone S after 10 years Sample answer

P1 : Zone S has prop rootsP2 : trapped mud/sedimentsP3 : hardened the soilP4 : increase the soil levelP5 : soil more fertileP6 : condition no more favorable for species in zone SP7 : Species in zone T replace species in zone S

Any 3

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3

5(c) Able to explain one importance of mangrove swamp to maintain biodiversitySample answer

P1 : Provides habitat to organismsP2 : Provides breeding places for organisms P3 : Avoid from extinctionP4 : Balanced the carbon cycleP5 : Maintain a balanced ecosystem Any 2

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2

Total 12

8

Question 6Num Criteria Marks

6 ( a ) Able to explain the adaptations of alveolus in gaseous exchange.

Sample answer

P1: the wall of alveolus is only one cell thickP2: enables rapid diffusion of gasesP3: inner surface of each alveolus is lined with a layer of moist epithelial cellsP4: enables respiratory gases to dissolve in the fluid before diffusing across alveolar wallP5: outer surface is covered by a dense network of blood capillariesP6 : which provides a large surface area for rapid diffusion of gases to and from the alveoli.

Any 4

111

1

11

4

6( b ) Able to explain inhalation process in human

Sample answer

P1: the external intercostal muscles contractP2: internal intercostal muscles relaxP3: rib cage move outwards / upwardsP4: diaphragm contracts and flattensP5: volume of thoracic cavity increasesP6: causing air pressure within alveoli to decreaseP7: higher atmospheric pressure outside causes air to rush in

Any 4

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4

6( c ) ( i ) Able to explain the need for anaerobic respiration.

Sample answer

P1: oxygen in muscle cells is insufficientP2: causes oxygen debtP3: lactic acids accumulates in muscle cellsP4: may lead to muscle crampP5 : panting/deep breathP6 : to pay “oxygen debt ”

Any 2

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2

6( c )( ii ) Able to state 5 differences between aerobic respiration and 5

9

anaerobic respiration

Sample answer

P1: Oxidation of glucose is complete in aerobic respiration but oxidation of glucose is incomplete in anaerobic respirationP2: Oxygen is used in aerobic respiration but oxygen is not used in anaerobic respiration.P3: Large amount of energy (2898 kJ)is released during aerobic respiration but a small amount of energy (150 kJ in muscle cells, 210 kJ in yeast fermentation)is released during anaerobic respiration.P4: 38 molecules of ATP is released during aerobic respiration but 2 molecules of ATP is released during anaerobic respiration.P5: Anaerobic respiration occurs in the cytoplasm and mitochondria but anaerobic respiration occurs in in the cytoplasm only.P6: The products of aerobic respiration are carbon dioxide, water and energy but the products of anaerobic respiration are ethanol, carbon dioxide and energy in yeasts /lactic acid and energy in muscle cells.

Any 5

1

1

1

1

1

1

6( d ) Able to explain the regulation of oxygen and carbon dioxide by his body.

Sample answer

P1: when the oxygen level in the blood is lowP2: the carbon dioxide level increases due to cellular respirationP3: carbon dioxide reacts with water in blood to form carbonic acidP4: causing blood pH to dropP5: the peripheral chemoreceptors are stimulatedP6: and send nerve impulses to the respiratory centreP7: this stimulates the respiratory muscles to contract and relax fasterP8: breathing and ventilation rates increase more oxygen inhaled and oxygen level in blood returns to normal.

Any 5

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1

1

5

Question 7Num Criteria Marks

10

7(a) Able to explain how extracellular enzyme is produced and transported out of a cell.Sample Answer

P1: Nucleus contain genetic information (of protein synthesis in) / DNAP2: Ribosome is the site of protein synthesis P3: the synthesized proteins in the ribosomes are transported through (the spaces between the) rough endoplasmic reticulum.P4: Proteins (depart from the rough endoplasmic reticulum) wrapped in transport vesicles.P5: The transport vesicles bud off from the sides of the rough endoplasmic reticulum.P6: The transport vesicles travel to Golgi apparatus.P7:Transport vesicles fuse with the membrane of the Golgi apparatus P8: and empty their contents into (the membranous space of the) Golgi apparatus.P9: The proteins are processed, modified, and repackaged in the Golgi apparatus.P10: Secretory vesicles containing these protein/modified proteins/extracellular enzyme bud off from the Golgi apparatus membraneP11: and transported to the plasma membrane.P12: these vesicles will then fuse with the plasma membraneP13: Before releasing the protein/modified proteins outside the cell as enzymes.

Any 6

1

11

1

1

11

1

1

1

111

6

7(b) Able to explain the mechanism of lock and key hypothesis. Sample Answer

P1: Enzyme has active site P2: the active site has distinctive shapeP3: enzyme highly specificP4: Substrate binds to the active site of the enzymeP5: to form enzyme – substrate complexP6: the enzyme catalyses the substrate to form productP7: the enzyme is now free to bind with another substrate

Any 4

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4

7(c) Able to explain the effect of temperature on the rate of enzyme reaction.Sample Answer

6

11

P1: At low temperature rate of enzyme reaction is slowP2: Rate of enzyme reaction is maximum at their optimum temperatureP3: as temperature increase, the chances of substrate to bind to the active site of enzyme increaseP4: for every 10 C rise in temperature, the rate of reaction increaseP5: above the optimum temperature, any increase in temperature will no longer increase the rate of reactionP6:At temperature above 60 C, enzyme is denatured so the rate of enzyme reaction is zero.P7: bond that hold the enzyme molecules begin to breakP8: alter the three dimensional shape of enzymeP9: substrate no longer fit into the active site of enzymeP10: the enzyme lose their activities

Any 6

11

1

1

1

1

1111

7(d) Able to explain the uses of enzyme technology in wine industrySample Answer

P1 : Zymase is use as a catalystP2 : to convert glucoseP3 : to ethanolP4 : a type of alchohol / wineP5 : during fermentation

Any 4

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4

Total 20

Question 8Num Criteria Marks

12

8(a) Able to explain the good and bad effects of spraying fertilizers on agriculture and River S.Sample Answer

Good ImpactP1: Crops grow healthy P2: Increase crop yieldP3: Supplying minerals such nitrates and sulphates

Any 2Bad ImpactP3 :nitrates/sulfates dissolved in rain waterP4: washed away / leached into River SP5: river water rich in nitrates/sulphates P6: resulting in the rapid growth of algae on the surface of the riverP7: eutrophication /algal bloomP8 : block/prevent sunlight to penetrate into the river waterP9: alga used oxygen for decomposition / higher rate of decompositionP10: decrease the oxygen content (of the River S)P11 : increased BOD level of waterP12: cause the death of aquatic organisms ( in the River S )

Any 8

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111

10

8(b) Able to explain the bad effects of the presence of industries to of the environment and health of the residents in the town areaSample Answer

P1: (Burning of coal and oil )in factories releases harmful gases /sulphur dioxide/ nitrogen dioxide/carbon dioxide/smoke/ dust /dirt.P2 : increase excess particles/pollutants to the environmentP3 : leads to air pollutionP4: sulphur dioxide/ nitrogen dioxide cause acid rainP5: which destroys buildings/ sculpture of stone /vehiclesP6: acid rain reduces the pH of soil / waterP7: causes death of organismsP8 : (excess) carbon dioxide cause Green House effectP9: increase temperature of the environmentP10 : cause disease to the residents / difficulty in breathing/coughing/skin cancer /any suitable disease P11 : disaster / droughtP12: Smoke/ dust / soot cause hazeP13 :irritates the eyes/ sight difficulty

Any 10

1

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111

10

Total 20Question 9

No Criteria Mark

13

9(a) Able to explain the mechanism of photosynthesis.Sample Answer:

Light reaction

P1: Light reaction occurs in the presence of lightP2: Light reaction occurs in the grana in the chloroplastP3 :During light reaction chlorophyll captures light energy which excites the electron of the chlorophyllP4: The electron leaves the chlorophyll moleculeP5 : Energy from the excited electron is used to form ATP P6: Light energy is also used to split water molecules into hydrogen ions and hydroxyl ions/photolysis of waterP7: The hydrogen ions combine with the electron to form hydrogen atomsP8 : The hydroxyl ions loses an electron to form a hydroxyl groupP9 : The hydroxyl groups then combine to form water and oxygen

Dark reaction

P7 : Dark reaction occurs in the absence of lightP8 : Dark reaction takes place in the stroma in the chloroplastP9 : Hydrogen atoms are used to fix carbon dioxide during reduction of carbon dioxideP10: Carbon dioxide is reduced into glucose and water P11 : The glucose undergoes condensation to form starchP12 : Starch is stored in chloroplast as starch grains Any 10

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1

11

11

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1 1

10

(b) Able to explain the effect of the lacking of micronutrients and macronutrients in plants. Sample Answer:

P1: Ferum is a micronutrientP2 : Lacking/deficiency of ferum cause yellowing of young leaves P3 : Copper is a micronutrientP3 : Lacking/deficiency of copper cause death of tips of young shoots and stunted growthP4 : Zinc is a micronutrientP5 : Lacking/deficiency of zinc cause stunted growthP6 : Boron is a micronutrientP7 : Lacking/deficiency of boron cause leaves become thick/curledP8 : Nitrogen is a macronutrientP9 : Plant cannot synthesise chlorophyll/enzymes for photosynthesisP10 : Lacking/deficiency of nitrogen cause stunted growth/chlorosis/yellow leafP11 : Phosphorus is a macronutrientP12 : Plant cannot synthesise ATP needed for photosynthesisP13 : Lacking/deficiency of phosphorus cause poor root growthP14 : Potassium is a macronutrient

11

1

11

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10

14

P15 : Plant cannot synthesise protein and cofactor of enzymesP16 : Lacking/deficiency of potassium cause yellow leaves

Any 10

11

Total 20

END OF MARK SCHEME

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