Skill 1: A sentence in English must have at least one subject and one verb. The subject must agree with the verb and vice-versa.

Exercises:Last week went fishing for trout at the nearby mountain lake.

A schedule of the day’s events can be obtained at the front desk.

A job on the day shift or the night shift at the plant available.

The new computer program has provides a variety of helpful applications.

The box can be opened only with a special screwdriver.

Skill 2: A preposition is followed by a noun or a pronoun, which is called an object of the preposition. If a word is an object of a preposition, it is not the subject.

Exercises:The interviews by radio broadcasters were carried live by the station.

In the last possible moment before takeoff took his seat in the airplane.

At the neighborhood flower shop, flowers in quantities of a dozen or half a dozen can be delivered for free.

The progressive reading methods at this school are given credit for the improved test scores.

For the last three years at various hospitals in the county has been practicing medicine.

Skill 3: An appositive is a noun that comes before or after another noun and is generally set off from the noun with commas.

If a word is an appositive, it is not the subject.S, APP, V - Tom, a really good mechanic, is fixing the car.APP, S V - A really good mechanic, Tom is fixing the car.

Exercises:The son of the previous owner, the new owner is undertaking some fairly broad changes in management policy.

Last semester, a friend, graduated from the university.

Valentine’s Day, February 14, is a special holiday for sweethearts.

At long last, the chief executive officer, has decided to step down.

Tonight’s supper, leftovers from last night, did not taste any better tonight than last night.

Skill 4: A present participle is the –ing form of the verb. The present participle can be part of the verb: it is accompanied by some form of the verb be.

The boy is standing in the corner. The present participle can be an adjective: it is not accompanied by some form of the verb be. The boy standing in the corner was naughty.

Exercise:The companies offering the lowest prices will have the most customers.

Those travelers are completing their trip on Delta should report to Gate Three.

The artisans were demonstrating various handicrafts at booths throughout the fair.

The fraternities are giving the wildest parties attract the most new pledges.

The first team winning four games is awarded the championship.

Skill 5: A past participle often ends in –ed, but there are also many irregular past participles. For many verbs, including –ed verbs, the simple past and the past participle are the same and can

be easily confused. The –ed form of the verb can be the simple past: She painted this picture.

The –ed form of the verb can be the past participle: She has painted this picture.

The –ed form of the verb can be an adjective: The picture painted by Karen is now in a museum.

Exercises:The money was offered by the client was not accepted.

The car listed in the advertisement had already stalled.

The chapters were taught by the professor this morning will be on next week’s exam.

The loaves of bread were baked in a brick oven at low temperature for many hours.

The ports were reached by the sailors were under the control of a foreign nation.

Skill 6: Coordinate Connectors: and, but, or, so, yet Usage: S + V, Connector + S + V She laughed, but she wanted to cry.

Exercises:The software should be used on a laptop computer, and this computer is a laptop.

The rain can be seen in the distance, but no has fallen.

They are trying to sell their house, it has been on the market for two months.

So the quality of the print was not good, I changed the typewriter ribbon.

The lifeguard will warn you about the riptides, or she may require you to get out of the water.

Skills 7 + 8: Adverb Connectors: Time: after, as, as long as, as soon as, before, by the time, once, since, until, when, whenever, while.

Cause: as, because, inasmuch as, now that, since. Condition: if, in case, provided, providing, unless, whether.Contrast: although, even though, while, whereas.Manner: as, in that.Place: where, wherever.

Usages: S + V + Connector + S + V Teresa went inside because it was raining. Connector + S + V, S + V Because it was raining, Teresa went inside.

Exercise: Since the bank closes in less than an hour, the deposits need to be tallied immediately.

Their backgrounds are thoroughly investigated before are admitted to the organization.

The citizens are becoming more and more incensed about traffic accidents whenever the accidents occur at that intersection.

The ground had been prepared, the seedlings were carefully planted.

We can start the conference now that all the participants have arrived.

Skill 9: Noun Clause Connectors as objects and as subjects: - what, when, where, why, how, whatever, whenever, whether, if, that Usages: Noun clause as object

S + V + Connector + S + V I know what you did.

Noun clause as subject Connector + S + V + V What you did was wrong.

Exercises:When the seasons starts is determined by the weather.

The manual how the device should be built.

The schedule indicated if the teams would be playing in the final game.

He refused to enter a plea could not be determined by the lawyer.

Talked about where we should go for lunch.

Skill 10: Noun Clause Connectors as subjects – who, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever Usages: Noun clause as object

S + V + Connector + V I know what happened.

Noun clause as subject Connector + V + V

What happened was great.

Exercises:The game show contestant was able to respond to whatever was asked.

You should find out which the best physics department.

The employee was unhappy about what was added to his job description.

Whoever wants to take the desert tour during spring break signing up at the office.

The motorist was unable to discover who he had struck his car.

Skill 11: Adjective Clause Connectors – whom (for people), which (for things), that (for people or things)

Usage: S + V + Connector + S + V I liked the book which you recommended.

S + Connector + S + V + V The book which you recommend was interesting.

Exercises:

It is important to fill out the form in the way that you have been instructed.

The car which I have been driving for years for sale at a really good price.

I just finished reading the novel whom the professor suggested for my book report.

The plane that he was scheduled to take to Hawaii was delayed.

The movie which we watched on cable last night it was really frightening.

Skill 12: Adjective Clause Connectors – whom, who (for people), which (for things), that (for people or things)

Usage: Adjective Connectors as Subject: S + V + Connector + V She needs a secretary who types fast. S + Connector + V + V A secretary who types fast is invaluable.

Exercises:The ice cream that is served in the restaurant has a smooth, creamy texture.

The cars are trying to enter the freeway system are lined up for blocks.

I have great respect for everyone who on the Dean’s List.

It’s going to be very difficult to work with the man which just began working here.

The door that leads to the vault it was tightly locked.

Skill 13: Reduced Adjective Clause: - to reduce an adjective clause, omit the adjective clause connector/subject and the be-verb;

- if there is no be-verb, omit the connector/subject and change the main verb to the –ing form;- only reduce and adjective clause if the connector/subject is directly followed by the verb;- if an adjective clause is set off with commas, the reduced clause can be moved to the front of the sentence.

Usage: be-verb in the adjective clause: who, which, that + BE

The pitcher that is on the table is full of iced tea.The letter which was written last week arrived today.The woman who is waving to us is the tour guide.

no be-verb in the adjective clause: who, which, that + verb + ing I don’t understand the article which appears in today’s paper. I don’t understand the article appearing in today’s paper.

NOTE: a. Do not reduced adjective clauses when: the connectors that and which are not directly followed by verbs. I don’t understand the article which they presented in today’s newspaper. that is directly followed by the subject I. The woman that I just met is the tour guide. which is directly followed by the subject you. The letter which you sent me arrived yesterday.b. When the adjective clause is set off with commas, the reduced clause can appear at the front of the sentence:

The White House, which is located in Washington, is the home of the president.or

The White House, located in Washington, is the home of the president.or

Located in Washington, the White House is the home of the president.

Exercises:We will have to return the merchandise purchased yesterday at the Broadway.

The children sat in the fancy restaurant found it difficult to behave.

Serving a term of four years, the mayor of the town will face reelection next year.

The brand new Cadillac, purchasing less than two weeks ago, was destroyed in the accident.

The fans who supporting their team always come out to the games in large numbers.

Skill 14: - to reduce an adverb clause, omit the subject and the be-verb from the adverb clause; - if there is no be-verb, then omit the subject and change the verb to the –ing form.

Reduced Adverb ClauseWith a be-verb in the adverb clause

(Adverb Connector) + (Subject) + (be)

With no be-verb in the adverb clause

(Adverb Connector) + (Subject) + (verb + ING)

Time Condition Contrast Place Manner

Reduces in active

afterbeforesincewhile

ifunlesswhether

althoughthough

Reduces in passive

onceuntilwhenwhenever

ifunlesswhether

althoughthough

wherewherever

as

Exercises:If not completely satisfied, you can return the product to the manufacturer.

Steve has had to learn how to cook and clean since left home.

The ointment can be applied where needed.

Tom began to look for a job after completing his master’s degree in engineering.

Although not selecting for the team, he attends all of the games as a fan.

Skill 15: Inverted subjects and verbs with question words: who, what, when, where, why, how.Usage: Question word + V + S + ?

What are they ?S + V + question word + S + V.I know what they are.

Exercises:The phone company is not certain when will the new directories be ready.

The professor does not understand why so many students did poorly on the exam.

How new students can get information about parking ?

Where is it cheapest to get typeset copies printed ?

Only the pilot can tell you how far can the plane go on one tank of fuel.

Skill 16: Inverted subjects and verbs with place expressions:when a place expression at the front of the sentence is necessary to complete sentence, the subject and the verb that follow are inverted:Place (necessary) + V + SIn the classroom were some desks.When a place expression at the front of the sentence contains extra information that is not needed to complete the sentence, the subject and verb that follow are not inverted:Place (extra) + S + VIn the classroom, I studied very hard. Exercises:In front of the house were some giant trees.

There a big house is on the corner.

In the cave was a vast treasure of gems and jewels.

To the north the stream is that the settlers will have to cross.

Around the corner are the offices that you are trying to find.

Skill 17: Inverted subjects and verbs with negatives: no, barely, not hardly, never, only, neither, rarely, nor scarcely, seldom. When a negative expression appears in front of a subject and verb (at the beginning of a sentence or in the middle of a sentence) the subject and verb are inverted.Negative Expression + V + SRarely were they so happy.

Exercises:Never the boy wrote to his sister.

On no occasion did they say that to me.

Steve did not win the prize, nor did he expect to do so.

Only once in my life gone I have to New York City.

Did he go out of the house at no time.

Skill 18: Invert subjects and verbs with conditionals: - when the verb in the conditional clause is HAD, SHOULD, WERE, it is possible to omit IF and invert the subject and verb:

(omit IF) + V + SWere he here, he would help.

- it is also possible to keep IF. Then the subject and verb are not inverted:IF + S + VIf he were here, he would help.

Exercises:Were our neighbors a bit more friendly, it would be somewhat easier to get to know them.

There are plenty of blankets in the closet if should you get cold during the night.

Has he enough vacation days left this year, he will take two full weeks off in December.

Had we been informed of the decision, we might have had something to say about it.

I would like to know could you help me pack these boxes.

Skill 19: Inverted subjects and verbs with comparisons: - the subject and verb may invert after a comparison. The following structures are both possible:

S + V + COMPARISON + S + VWe were more prepared than the other performers were.

S + V + COMPARISON + V + S We were more prepared than were the other performers.

Exercises:This candidate has received more votes than has any other candidate in previous years.

Obviously we were much more impressed with the performance than did the other members of the audience.

The film that we saw last night at the festival was far better than any of the other films.

The vegetables at the market this morning were far fresher than were those at the market yesterday.

I am afraid that is the condition of these tires as bad as the condition of the others.

Skill 20: Subject/verb agreement with prepositional phrases:- when a prepositional phrase comes between the subject and the verb, be sure that the verb agrees with the subject:

S + (Prepositional Phrase) + V Singular Singular

The key to the door is in the drawer. Plural Plural The keys to the door are in the drawer.

Exercises:The climbers on the sheer face of the mountain need to be rescued.

The interrogation, conducted by three police officers, have lasted for several hours.

The tenants in the apartment next to mine is giving a party this evening.

The president, surrounded by secret agents, is trying to make this way to the podium.

The buildings destroyed during the fire are being rebuilt at the taxpayers’ expenses.

Skill 21: Subject/verb agreement after expressions of quantity:

- when an expression of quantity is the subject, the verb agrees with the object:all, most, some, half + OF THE (Object) + V

All of the books were interesting. All of the book was interesting.

Exercises:The witnesses saw that the most of the fire in the hills was extinguished.

Some of the animals from the zoo was released into the animal preserve.

All of the students in the class taught by Professor Roberts is required to turn in their term paper next Monday.

Half of the food that we are serving to the guests are still in the refrigerator.

We believe that some of the time of the employees is going to be devoted to quality control.

Skill 22: Subject/verb agreement after inverted verbs:QuestionsNegativePlace + V (Sing./Plural) + S (Sing./Plural)Condition (no if)Comparison

Exercises:Only once this morning were the letters delivered by the campus mail service.

Around the corner and to the right is the rooms that have been assigned to that program.

What in the world is the children trying to do ?

John would be studying the chapters were he able to get hold of the book.

This chapter has many more exercises than do the next one.

Skill 23: after some words (list above) are grammatically singular, so they take singular verbs:AnybodyAnyoneAnything

EverybodyEveryoneEverything

NobodyNo oneNothing

SomebodySomeoneSomething

Each + (Noun)Every + (Noun)

Everybody is going to the theater.

Exercises:It is possible to believe that somebody actually admire that man.Each of the doctors in the building needs to have a separate reception area.

The president felt that no one were better suited for the position of the chief staff advisor.

Everybody participating in the fund-raiser are to turn in the tickets by 8:00.

Because of the low number of orders, nothing has to be done now.

Skill 24: Parallel Structure I:

(same structure)and butor

(same structure)

(same structure), (same structure),and butor

(same structure)

My boss is nice and sincere.They are not interested in what you say or what you do.She invites us to her home but never talks to us.

Exercises:She held jobs as a typist, a housekeeper, and in a restaurant.

The report you are looking for could be in the file or on the desk.

She works very hard but usually gets low-average grades.

The speaker introduced himself, told several interesting anecdotes, and finishing with an emotional plea.

You should know when the program starts and how many units you must complete.

Skill 25: Parallel Structure II: both eitherneithernot only

(same structure)

and or norbut also

(same structure)

I know both where you went and what you did.He is not only an excellent student but also an outstanding athlete.

Exercises:According to the syllabus, you can either write a paper or you can take an exam.

It would be both noticed and appreciated if you could finish the work before you leave.

She would like neither to see a movie or to go bowling.

Either the manager or her assistant can help you with your refund.

She wants not only to take a trip to Europe but she also would like to travel to Asia.

Skill 26: Parallel Structure III:

(same structure)

more ... than-er ... thanless ... thanas ... asthe same ... assimilar ... to

(same structure)

My school is farther than your school.What is written is more easily understood than what is spoken.

Exercises:His research for the thesis was more useful than hers.

Dining in a restaurant is more fun than to eat at home.

I want a new secretary who is as efficient as the previous one.

What you do today should be the same as did yesterday.

This lesson is more difficult than we had before.

Skill 27: Comparatives and superlatives (Structure)

ComparativeMore + (long adjective) + than(short adjective) + er* + than

SuperlativeThe + most + (long adjective)The + (short adjective) + est**

* Short adjectives ending in: e + R = large – larger than consonants + ER = small – smaller than y: - y + IER = ugly – uglier than

** Short adjectives ending in: e + ST = large – the largest consonants + EST = small – the smallest y: - y + IEST = ugly – the ugliest

Exceptions: Adjective Comparative Superlative Good better than the best

Bad worse than the worst Far farther than / further than the farthest / the furthest Fun more fun than the most fun

Exercises:

Oxygen is abundanter than nitrogen.

The directions to the exercise say to choose the most appropriate response.

The lesson you are studying now is the most importantest lesson that you will have.

Fashions this year are shorter and more colorful than they were last year.

The professor indicated that Anthony’s research paper was more long than the other students’ papers.

Skill 28: Comparative and Superlative (Usage) - the comparative is used to compare two equal things.

The history class is larger than the math class. - the superlative is used to show which one of many is in some way the most outstanding.

Mary is the most intelligent of all the students in the class.

Exercises: Harvard is probably the most prestigious university in the United States.

Rhonda is more hardworking of the class.

The engineers hired this year have more experience than those hired last year.

The graduate assistant informed us that the first exam is the most difficult of the two.

He bought the more powerful stereo speakers that he could find.

Skill 29: -ER, -ER Structure.The –ER (same structure), the –ER (same structure)

The greater the experience, the higher the salary.The more (same structure), the more (same structure)

The more children you have, the more time you need.

Exercises:The hotter the food is, harder it is to eat.

The warmer the weather, the greater the attendance at the outdoor concert.

The more you say, the worst the situation will be.

The more time they have to play, the happier the children are.

The thicker the walls, the noise that comes through is less.

Skill 30: Verb form after HAVE: HAVE + Past Participle They had walked to school.

We have seen the show.

Exercises:The young girl drunk a glass of milk.

Before she left, she had asked her mother for permission.

Having finished the term paper, he began studying for the exam.

The secretary has broke her typewriter.

The installer should have completes the task more quickly.

Skill 31: Verb forms after BE: BE + Present Participle ( - ING) We are doing our homework nowBE + Past Participle (passive voice)

Our homework is done everyday.

Exercises:At 12:00 Sam is eating his lunch.

We are meeting them later.

The message was took by the receptionist.

Being heard was extremely important to him.

The Smiths are build their house on some property that they own in the desert.

Skill 32: Verb forms after modals: MODALS + base form of the verbThe doctor may arrive soon

MODALS + BE + Present Participle (-ING) (deduction of present action)

The doctor may be leaving the hospital.

MODALS + HAVE + Past Participle (deduction of past action)

The doctor may have arrived at the hospital.Exercises:The salesclerk might lower the price.

The television movie will finishes in a few minutes.

You could have going there before.

The method for organizing files can be improved.

Mary must be getting to Europe now.

Skill 33: Using Past with Present: - if you see a sentence with one verb in the past and one verb in the present, the sentence is probably incorrect:

He took the money when he wants wanted it.- it is possible for a correct sentence to have both past and present together:

I know that he took the money yesterday.- if you see the past and present together, you must check the meaning to determine whether or not the sentence is correct:

I understand that you were angry yesterday.

Exercises:I tell him the truth when he asked me the question.

When he was a child, he always goes to the circus.

Last semester he reads seven books and wrote five papers.

Steve wakes up early every morning because he went to work early.

Mark studied at the American University when he is in Washington, D.C.

Skill 34: Use of HAVE + Past Participle and HAD + Past Participle:Tense Form Meaning UsePresent Perfect HAVE + Past Participle Past up to now NOT with a past tense*Past Perfect HAD + Past Participle Before past up to past NOT with a present tense

* Except when the time expression since is part of the sentence.Sue has lived in Los Angeles for ten years.Sue had lived in Los Angeles for ten years when she moved to San Diego.Sue has lived in Los Angeles since she graduated from High School.Exercises:I have always liked the designs that are on the cover.

Because her proposal had been rejected, she is depressed.

The students have registered for classes before the semester started.

When she had purchased the car, she contacted the insurance agent.

He said that he had finished the typing when you finish the reports.

Skill 35: Past Perfect Simple Past Present Perfect

by (1920)(two years) agolast (year)in (1920)

since (1920)lately

We had left there by 1990. She got a job two years ago.They have lived in Brazil since 1999.

Exercises:The phone rang incessantly last night.

They have finished contacting everyone by 4:00 yesterday.

The Pilgrims have arrived in the New World in 1612.

Since the new law was passed, it has been difficult to estimate taxes.

The cashier put the money into the account two hour ago.

Skill 36: Verb Meaning UseWILL after the present do NOT use with pastWOULD after the past do NOT use with presentThere is a different modal WOULD that is used to make polite requests. This type of WOULD is often used with the present tense.I would like to know if you have a pencil that I could borrow.

Exercises:He knew that he will be able to pass the exam.

I think that I will leave tomorrow.

Paul did not say when he will finish the project.

Jake doubts that he would have time to finish the project.

I know that I will go is I can afford it.

Skill 37: Passive Voice (structure): BE + Past Participle + (BY + object) The portrait was painted (by a famous artist).

ACTIVE PASSIVEHe writes many letters. Many letters by him.He wrote many letters. Many letters by him.He has written many letters. Many letters by him.He had written many letters. Many letters by him.He would write many letters. Many letters by him.He would have written many letters. Many letters by him.He is writing many letters. Many letters by him.He was writing many letters. Many letters by him.He will write many letters. Many letters by him.He will have written many letters. Many letters by him.He is going to write many letters. Many letters by him.He should write many letters. Many letters by him.

Exercise:The boy had never be stung by a bee.

The suits were hung in the closet when they were returned from the cleaners.

Money is lending by the credit union to those who want to buy homes.

The record had been chose by dancers near the jukebox.

The topic for your research paper should have been approved by your advisor.

Skill 38: Passive Voice (meaning)

ActiveThe subject DOES the action of the verb.We mailed the package at the post office.

PassiveThe subject RECEIVES the action of the verb.The package was mailed at the post office.

Exercises:The car parked in a no-parking zone.

The physics exam began just a few minutes ago.

Everything to organize the picnic has already done.

The police investigated him because of his unusual actions.

The package containing the necessary samples has just sent.

Skill 39: Words for plural and singular nouns:For Singular Nouns Each every Single one aOn the table there were many dishes.For Plural Nouns Both two Many several variousThe lab assistant finished every test.

Exercises:The automotive shop stocked many part for the various types of Honda.

Every receipt must be removed from the cashier’s drawer and tallied.

The salesclerk demonstrated various additional way that the machine could be used.

The woman found it difficult to believe that both of he piece of jewelry had disappeared.

The unhappy man became more and more discouraged with each passing days.

Skill 40: Words for plural and singular nouns:

For Countable Nouns many number few fewerHe has seen many foreign films.For Uncountable Nouns much amount little lessHe didn’t have much fun at the movies.

Exercises:He received little notice that the bill would have to be paid in full.

The police had few opportunities to catch the thief who had committed a large amount of crimes.

You will have fewer problems with your income taxes if you get professional help.

After the strike, the company dismissed many employees.

Because the bottom corner of the pocket was torn, much coins fell out.

Skill 41: Plural of Nouns

Vowel Changeman / menwoman / men

foot / feettooth / teeth

goose / geesemouse / mice

Add –EN child / children ox / oxen

Same as singulardeer / deerfish / fish

salmon / salmonsheep / sheep

trout / trout

-IS - ESanalysis / analysesaxis / axescrisis / crises

diagnosis / diagnoseshypothesis / hypothesesparenthesis / parentheses

synthesis / synthesesthesis / theses

Ends in – Abacterium / bacteriacurriculum / curricula

datum / dataphenomenon / phenomena

criterion / criteria

- US - Ialumnus / alumnicactus / cactibacillus / bacilli

fungus / funginucleus / nucleiradius / radii

stimulus / stimulisyllabus / syllabi

Exercises:Parentheses is needed around that expression.

He wants to go on a fishing trip this weekend because he has heard that the fish are running.

The syllabi for the courses is included in the packet of materials.

The diagnosis that he heard today were not very positive.

The crisis is not going to be resolved until some of the pressure is relieved.

Skill 42: Noun-person X Noun-thing

Noun-thing endings Noun-person endings-ism-nce-ness-ion

-ment-ty-age-ship

-er-or

-ist-cian

Socialism GovernmentExcellence Beauty Employer TouristSadness Marriage Actor MusicianInformation Friendship

Exercises:In the evening he relaxes in front of the fire and writes long poets.Service in the restaurant was slow because one cook had called in sick.

The sculpture worked from sunrise until sunset on his new project.

She has received several awards for her research in engineer.

The economist’s radical views were printed in a column in the Sunday newspaper.

Skill 43: Pronouns: Subject X Object

Subject Pronouns Object PronounsI

YouHeSheIt

WeThey

MeYouHimHerItUs

Them Sally gave the book to John. She gave it to him.

Note: Me, myself, and IA million well-meaning parents are to blame for the rampant abuse of the letter I. "It's Adam and I, not Adam and me." How many times have you heard that? The thing is, sometimes "Adam and me" is correct. It depends on whether you are the subject or object of the sentence. Are you glazing over yet? I understand and sympathize. But don't worry. There's an easier way to remember whether you should say I or me: Leave Adam out of the equation. If you're asking yourself, Hmmm, is it "Adam and I went to the store," or "Adam and me went to the store," just try thinking of the problem without Adam. You wouldn't say "Me went to the store," would you? So "Adam and I" it is. Nor would you say "Lucy gave I the ball." Which is why "Lucy gave Adam and me the ball" is correct.

Exercises:The worst problem with it is that he cannot afford it.

They saw Steve and I at the movies last night after class.

Perhaps you would like to go to the seminar with they and their friends.

The mother took her son to them doctor’s office because he was feeling sick.

I did not know that you and her were working together on the project.

Skill 44: Adjective Possessive X Pronouns

Adjective Possessive PronounsMy

YourHisHerIts

OurTheir

MineYours

HisHers

-ours

Theirs They lent me their book. They lent me theirs.

Exercises:If she borrows your coat, then you should be able to borrow her.

Each pot and pan in her kitchen has its own place on the shelf.

Mary and Mark invited theirs parents to see their new apartment.

When my roommate paid her half of the rent, I paid mine.

All students need to bring their own pencils and answer sheets to the exam.

Skill 45: Pronoun agreement: be sure that every pronoun and possessive agrees with the noun it refers to.The boys will cause trouble if you let them.You generally check back in the sentence for agreement.Everyone must give his or her name.

Exercises:If a person really wants to succeed, they must always work hard.

If you see the students from the math class, could you return their exam papers to them ?

Some friends and I went to see a movie, and afterwards we wrote a critique about them.

If you have a problem, you are welcome to discuss it with me before you try to resolve them

I know you had a terrible time last week, but you must try to forget about it.

Skill 46: Basic use of adjectives and adverbs: Adjectives describe nouns and pronouns.

She is a beautiful woman.She is beautiful.

Adverbs describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. She sings beautifully.She is a beautifully dressed woman.She is truly beautifully dressed woman.

Exercises:The mother was pleasant surprised when her daughter came to visit.

The salespeople frequently visit the East Coast for trade shows.

He was driving an expensively sports car.

There is a special program on television this evening.

She was chosen for the leading part because she sings so well.

Skill 47: Adjectives after linking verbs

(subject) + (regular verb) + (adverb)She spoke nicely.A regular verb is followed by an adverb. The adverb describes the verb.(subject) + (linking verb*) + (adjective)She looks nice.A linking verb is followed by an adjective. The adjective describes the subject.(subject) + (linking verb*) + (adverb) + (adjective)He seems unusually nice.It is possible that a linking verb is followed by an adverb and an adjective. The adverb describes the adjective, and the adjective describes the subject.*Linking Verb: appear feel seem be look smell become prove taste

Exercises:The parents seem angrily about the child’s report card.

The speaker talked knowingly about prehistoric fossils.

After she drank the lemonade, the cake tasted too sweetly to her.

Throughout dinner we were bored because he spoke incessantly.

Sam felt terribly depressed after the accident.

Skill 48: Position of Adjectives and Adverb

AdjectivesA one-word adjective comes before the noun it describes. I does not come directly after.The important information is on the first page.

Adverbs

An adverb can appear in many positions. It cannot be used between a verb and its object.Recently he has taken an English course.He has recently taken an English course.He has taken an English course recently.

Exercises:The store opened with a sale fantastic.

The pharmacist has always expressed their filled our order quickly.

The political candidates expressed their opposing views.

The lawyer has selected carefully a new case.

Frequently the coffee has tasted bitter.

Skill 49: Adjectives ending in –LYcostlyearlyfriendlykindly

likelylivelylonelymanly

dailyhourlymonthlynightly

quarterlyweeklyyearlylovely

northerlyeasterlysoutherlywesterly

The manager turned in his weekly report.

Exercises:Federal taxes are yearly taxes which must be every April.

At the fashion show, the new seasonally fashions will be shown.

Do you want to go to the early movie or the lately movie ?

She offered me some friendly advice about how to deal with the terribly problem.

The quarterly reports need to be turned in at the next weekly meeting.

Skill 50: Predicate Adjectives

Predicate adjective Forms used in front of a nounalikealivealoneafraidasleep

like, similarlive, living

lonefrightenedsleeping

A predicate adjective appears after a linking verb such as BE. It cannot appear directly in front of the noun that it describes. The snake on the rock was alive.

Exercises:The two brothers do not look at all alike.

My friend brought the alive lobster to my house and expected me to cook it.

Are you going to be lone ion the house tonight ?

The afraid child cried for his mother.

Everyone else was asleep by the time I arrived home.

Skill 51: –ED and –ING Adjectives

Type Meaning Use Example-ING Active It does the action of the verb. ... the happily playing children ...

(The children play.)-ED Passive It receives the action of the action. ... the frequently played record ...

(Someone plays the record.)

Exercises:The teacher gave a quiz on the just completing lesson.

There is a fascinating movie at the theater.

They thought that it had been a very satisfied dinner.

The empty bottles are to the left, and the filling bottles are to the right.

For lunch at the restaurant she ordered a mixed salad.

Skill 52: Articles

Articles Countable Singular Nouns Countable Plural Nouns Uncountable Nounsindefinite(general)

a dollaran apple

_____ dollars_____ apples

______ money______ juice

definite(specific)

the dollarthe apple

the dollarsthe apples

the moneythe juice

A singular noun must have an article (a, an, the) or some other determiner such as my or each. (A plural noun or an uncountable noun may or may not have an

I have money. (uncountable – no article needed)I have books. (plural – no article needed)I have a book. (countable singular – article needed)

Exercises:She is taking trip with friends.

In my yard there are flowers, tress, and grass.

The manager sent memo to his employees.

There is car in front of the building.

The child and his friends are having milk and cookies.

Skill 53: Articles: A and AnA A is used in front of a singular noun with a consonant sound.

a book a hospitala man a heart

a page a universityAn AN is used in front of a singular noun with a vowel sound.

an orange an unhappy manan illness an understanding

an herb an honor

Exercises:The dishwasher quit his job because he was making only four dollars a hour.

It was an unexpected disappointment to receive a rejection letter from the university.

It is raining, so you should bring a umbrella.

He bought a half gallon of milk and a box of a hundred envelopes.

An objection was raised because it was such a unacceptable idea.

Skill 54: Agreement of articles with nouns: you should never use A or An with a plural noun.

I saw a new movie.He saw new movies.

Exercises:She went to school in a local community.

The doctor used an other pills.

It is necessary to have a farm or land of your own.

He must contact a members of the club.

You will need a pen or a pencil.

Skill 55: Specific and General IdeasArticle Meaning Uses

A or AN General idea

Use when there are many, and you do not know which one it is.Tom will bring a book tomorrow.Use when there are many, and you do not care which one it is.He will arrive on a Tuesday in July.

THE Specific idea

Use when it is the only one.Tom will bring the book tomorrow.Use when there are many, and you know which one it is.He sailed on the Pacific Ocean.

Exercises:He took a trip on a Snake River.

I’ll meet you at the library later.

The ball hit a child on a head.

He had a best grade in the class on the exam.

The people who came here yesterday were here again today.

Skills 56 and 57: Prepositions:aboutaboveacrossafteragainstalongamongaroundasat

behindbelowbeneathbesidebetweenbeyondbydespitedownduring

ExceptForFromInInsideIntoLikeNearOfOff

onontooutsideoverpastsincethroughthroughouttotoward

underunderneathunlikeuntilupuponversuswithwithinwithout

OFaccuse convince be/get rid warn (or against)approve cure Smell tiredassure despair Suspect think (or about)beware dream (or about) hear (or from)expect(or from) boast (or about) complain (or about)

FROMborrow emerge prohibit Suffer separatedefend (against) escape protest (against) Draw hinderdiffer excuse (for) receive Prevent dismiss

INbelieve engage(d) Include interest(ed)encourage help(with) Invest delightinvolve(d) employ(ed) Fail instructpersist experience(d) Indulge share

ONwrite (about) act Decide operatelive base(d) Concentrate dependvote (on a motion for someone )

call Economize perform (in)

experiment comment Embark countinsist consult (about) Relylean (against) congratulate pride (oneself)

Exercises:If you take this job, it will be necessary to deal other department.

Each child took cookie from the plate.

In the discussion, Rob sided the rest.

The board turned his suggestion for the project because it was too costly.

He can always depend his friend.

Skill 58: MAKE x DO“To do something” generally means to perform or to execute some activity. It often means, as well, to fulfill or to carry out the requirements of a procedure or activity. It is the most general verb in the English language to express action. Some special use of DO:to do for ( = to be adequate for) to do a business with ( = to trade)to do without ( = to get alone without) to do someone a favorto do damage to ( = to injure) to do up ( = to decorate)

to do one’s part ( = to contribute)to do one’s best ( = to perform to the best of one’s abilities)

to do someone good ( = to help)to do a good / bad job ( = to perform well / poorly on a certain task)

to do justice to ( = to give the attention that is deserved)

to do research ( = to investigate)

to do work ( = to perform or be involved in a certain kind of work or business)

“To make something” basically means to construct, to perform, or to prepare something. It can also mean to cause to behave, cause to happen or cause to be. Therefore, the activity represented by this verb is more precise than that of the verb do. to make a face ( = to form or create an unusual (and often unpleasant) expression on one’s face)

To make a choice ( = to choose)

to make room for ( = to find a place for) To make an effort ( = to try)to make use of ( = to use something or someone) To make a suggestion ( = to suggest)to make an offer ( = to offer something) To make a discovery ( = to discovery)

to make inquiries ( = to ask questions)To make a complaint ( = to complain about something specific)

to make an escape ( = to escape from a danger) To make sure ( = to be certain)Do the gardening Do something interesting Make a phone call Make an effortDo someone a favor Do puzzles Make a scene Make someone miserableDo someone’s best Do someone’s hair Make a shopping list Make plansDo the dishes Do the cleaning Make a suggestion Make a scandalDo the shopping Do something well / bad Make an appointment Make a profitDo gymnastics Make an excuse Make money

Do homeworkMake any difference to someone

Make noise

Do exercises Make dinner Make decisionsDo business Make fun of someone Make someone happy

Do housework Make mistakesMake a fuss about something

Do a good jobMake someone feels nervous

Make an offer

Make the bed

Exercises:The biology student did several mistakes in the lab report.

I hope that you will be able to do me a favor this afternoon.

No matter what job she has, she always makes her best.The runner did a strong effort to increase her speed in the mile race.

It is comforting to think that your work can make a difference.

Skill 59: LIKE, ALIKE, UNLIKELIKE / ALIKE / UNLIKE

Grammar Meaning UseLIKE

ALIKE

Adjective

Adjective

Similar

Similar

As an adjective, LIKE is used before a noun.John and Tom worked in a like manner.As an adjective, ALIKE is used after a linking verb.John and Tom are alike.

LIKEUNLIKE

PrepositionPreposition

SimilarDifferent

Both prepositions are followed by objects. They can both be used in many positions, including at the beginning of the sentence.Like Tom, John is tall. (Tom is tall, too.)Unlike Tom, John is tall. (Tom is short.)

Exercise:The two routes have chose for the trip are like.

The science books this semester are like the books used last semester.

Alike the restaurant where we usually eat, this new restaurant has early-bird specials.

Unlike the traditional red fire engines, the new fire engines are yellow.

The two girls were embarrassed because they were wearing alike dresses.

Skill 60: OTHER / ANOTHER / OTHERS

Singular Plural

IndefiniteI have another book. (adjective)I have another. (pronoun)

I have other books. (adjective)I have others. (pronoun)

DefiniteI have the other book. (adjective)I have the other. (pronoun)

I have the other books. (adjective)I have the others. (pronoun)

Exercises:It is essential to complete the first program before working on the others.

The waitress will bring you the another bowl of soup if you want.

You should pack another pair of shoes in case that pair gets soaked.

It is difficult to find others workers who are willing to work such long hours.

Since the lamp you wanted is out of stock, you must choose another.