skin senses - henderson state universityfac.hsu.edu/ahmada/3 courses/3 physiological/1...

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1 Touch and Pain Touch and Pain Chapter 8 Chapter 8 Majority of illustrations in this presentation are from Biological Psychology 4 th edition (© Sinuer Publications) Majority of illustrations in this presentation are from Biological Psychology 4 th edition (© Sinuer Publications) 2 Skin Senses Skin Senses Human skin is the largest sensory organ (1020 sq. ft.) and can be stimulated by a number of physical stimuli. These include: 1. Mechanical Stimuli 2. Thermal Stimuli 3. Chemical Stimuli 3 Skin Senses Skin Senses Touch Mechanical Pressure Mechanical Vibration Mechanical Tickle Mechanical Pins and needles Mechanical Wetness Chemical Smoothness Mechanical Cold Thermal Warm Thermal

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Page 1: Skin Senses - Henderson State Universityfac.hsu.edu/ahmada/3 Courses/3 Physiological/1 PhysioNotes/Skin...Skin Senses Touch Mechanical ... different parts of the skin ... ability to

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Touch and PainTouch and Pain

Chapter 8Chapter 8

Majority of illustrations in this presentation are from Biological Psychology4th edition (© Sinuer Publications) 

Majority of illustrations in this presentation are from Biological Psychology4th edition (© Sinuer Publications) 

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Skin SensesSkin Senses

Human skin is the largest sensory organ (10‐20 sq. 

ft.) and can be stimulated by a number of physical stimuli. These 

include: 

1. Mechanical Stimuli2. Thermal Stimuli3. Chemical Stimuli

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Skin SensesSkin Senses

Touch Mechanical

Pressure Mechanical

Vibration Mechanical

Tickle Mechanical

Pins and needles Mechanical

Wetness Chemical

Smoothness Mechanical

Cold Thermal

Warm Thermal

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Distribution of ReceptorsDistribution of Receptors

Five different kinds of receptors are embedded in two layers of the skin. Some are close (epidermis) to the surface of the skin and others are deeper (dermis) in 

the skin.

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Merkel’s DisksMerkel’s Disks

Merkel’s disks have small receptive fields with 

antagonistic surrounds making them responsive to edges and points (Braille 

characters).

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Meissner’s CorpusclesMeissner’s Corpuscles

Meissner’s corpuscles closer to epidermis have small receptive fields and respond to changes in 

stimuli giving information about texture.

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Pacinian CorpusclesPacinian Corpuscles

Pacinian corpuscles deep in the skin, respond to 

stimuli vibrating at 200Hz or more, giving texture 

information.

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Ruffini’s CorpusclesRuffini’s Corpuscles

Ruffini Corpuscles are sensitive to stretching of skin when fingers and limbs are moved.

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SummarySummary

Surface Receptor

(Small RF)

Deep Receptor

(Large RF)

RapidAdaptation

Meissner's Corpuscles (Texture)

Pacinian Corpuscles (Vibration)

SlowAdaptation

Merkel’s Disk (Edges)

Ruffini’s Corpuscles (Stretch)

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Receptor ResponseReceptor Response

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Touch, Vibration and StretchTouch, Vibration and Stretch

Touch (and pain) are close to the surface of the skin and vibration and stretch are deep in the skin.

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Hot, Cold and PainHot, Cold and Pain

Free nerve endings are sensitive to hot, cold and pain. The are close to the surface of the skin.

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Axon Size, Touch, Pain and TemperatureAxon Size, Touch, Pain and Temperature

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Touch PathwayTouch Pathway

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DermatomesDermatomesSkin surface can be divided into patches (dermatomes), 

innervated by spinal nerves.

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Body Surface RepresentationBody Surface Representation

Spinal and facial nerves innervate S1 and S2 

somatosensory cortices. Skin in S1 cortex is 

topographically mapped four times (Areas 1, 2, 3a 

and 3b). As seen homunculus represents different parts of the skin 

disproportionately.

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Columnar OrganizationColumnar Organization

Fingers 2,3 & 4 are represented on the somatosensory 

cortex. Each finger is represented in a 

different column and within each column different touch sensations. 

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Plasticity in Sensory MapsPlasticity in Sensory Maps

Sensory maps can change with experience even in adulthood. Three experiments with monkeys show 

such plasticity.

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DenervationDenervation

In experiment 1, nerves from the thumb and the forefinger were severed. Maps of the thumb and 

forefingers shrunk and were taken over by the back of the hand (dorsal surface) after a few weeks.

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Finger RemovedFinger Removed

In experiment 2, middle digit was surgically removed, leading to reorganizing of the second and fourth 

digit’s sensory map.

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ExperienceExperience

In experiment 3, monkey was trained to keep his second and third digits in contact with a rotating disk in order to obtain food rewards. Maps of these digits 

increased.

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Cortical LesionsCortical Lesions

Specific cortical lesions in area 3b can impair animal’s ability to sense texture (fast adapting, purple) or 

edges (slow adapting, dark blue).

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PET ScansPET Scans

PET scans require measuring brain activity during control and experimental conditions and finding their difference. Averaging PET scans across participants 

gives us a composite picture.

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Posterior Parietal CortexPosterior Parietal Cortex

In humans, posterior part of the parietal cortex 

activates during exploration of solid objects 

by touch (Roland and Larson, 1976).

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PainPain

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PainPain

An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or 

described in terms of such damage.

Pain experience is adaptive in nature. Gives us clues about bodily and mental suffering. What if there was no 

pain?

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Congenital Insensitivity to PainCongenital Insensitivity to Pain

Ashley Blocker (right) feels neither painnor extreme hot or cold. Human pincushion

In a rare congenital disease (congenital analgesia) a person may feel no pain. Such people die young, 

because of trauma to the body.

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Purposes of PainPurposes of Pain

1. Short‐term pain leads to quick withdrawal from the source escaping further damage.

2. Long‐lasting pain results in inactivity, grooming, feeding, drinking that promotes recuperation.

3. The expression of pain serves as a social signal to others – elicits caregiving behavior from others.

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Measurement of PainMeasurement of Pain

McGill Pain Questionnaire (Melzak, 1984) outlines sensory, motivational and cognitive components of 

pain, and measure it quantitatively.

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Pain Due to InjuryPain Due to Injury

Pain caused by injury to the skin causes release of chemicals which affect receptors in free nerve endings 

to relay pain messages to the brain.

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CapsaicinCapsaicin

Best evidence about pain receptors come from 

capsaicin (vanilloid) found in chili peppers. Vanilloid receptor 1 (VR1) and vanilloid receptor‐like protein 1 (VRL1) bind 

capsaicin to register pain.

C‐fibers Aδ‐fibers

VR‐1  receptors

VRL1 receptors

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Cool ReceptorsCool Receptors

Cool‐menthol receptor 1 (CMR1) was likewise 

discovered that registered “coldness” on the skin. These receptor also 

connect to small C‐fibers.

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Pain PathwayPain Pathway

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Pain ReliefPain Relief

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Pain ReliefPain Relief