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PUČKO OTVORENO UČILIŠTE NOVSKA

Trg dr. Franje Tuđmana 3

Novska

SKRIPTA

PREDMET : ENGLESKI JEZIK

PROGRAM: KUHARI I KONOBARI

( ZA INTERNU UPOTREBU UČILIŠTA )

AUTORICA SKRIPTE : Kornelija Hafner Balgač

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ORDERING FOOD IN A RESTAURANT

Take a look at this Menu

Starters Chicken Soup £2.50 Salad £3.25 Sandwiches - Main Course Ham and cheese £3.50 Tuna £3.00 Vegetarian £4.00 Grilled Cheese £2.50 Piece of Pizza £2.50 Cheeseburger £4.50 Hamburger deluxe £5.00 Spaghetti £5.50 Drinks Coffee £1.25 Tea £1.25 Soft Drinks - Coke, Sprite, Root Beer, etc. £1.75

Read this dialogue

Waiter: Hello, Can I help you? Kim: Yes, I'd like to have some lunch. Waiter: Would you like a starter? Kim: Yes, I'd like a bowl of chicken soup, please. Waiter: And what would you like for a main course? Kim: I'd like a grilled cheese sandwich. Waiter: Would you like anything to drink? Kim: Yes, I'd like a glass of Coke, please. Waiter... After Kim has her lunch.: Can I bring you anything else? Kim: No thank you. Just the bill. Waiter: Certainly. Kim:I don't have my glasses. How much is the lunch? Waiter: That's £6.75. Kim: Here you are. Thank you very much. Waiter: You're welcome. Have a good day. Kim: Thank you, the same to you.

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MENU Study the examples below and compose your own menu for dinner. Ask your friends: what’s on the menu today/ what was on the menu yesterday.

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SERVING THE CLIENT CONVERSATIONS : 1) In a Restaurant Waiter: Good evening, sir... madam. Shall I take your coats?

Mr Brown: Thank you. Where shall we sit, Jane?

W: Oh, would you like to sit over here, sir? Near the window!

Mr B: Ah, yes... Could we see the menu?

W: Yes, certainly. Here it is.

Mr B: What would you like for a starter?

Mrs B: Mm....I think I'll have the prawn salad. I'm very fond of prawns. What about

you?

Mr B: I'm not sure. I can't decide.

Mrs B: Oh, I'd have the trout, if I were you. You always say that you like trout, and you

haven't had it for a long time.

W: Are you ready to order, sir?

Mr B: Yes... a prawn coctail for my wife and the trout for me.

W: And the main course, sir?

Mr B: Veal for my wife. I can't decide between the veal and the chicken. What do you

recommend?

W: Oh, if I were you, I'd have the veal.

Mr B: OK! I'll take it. And two mixed salads, please.

W: Any vegetables, sir?

Mr B: Yes. Some cauliflower, some tomatoes and some boiled potatoes, please.

W: Anything to follow?

Mr B: Yes, we'd like a bottle of dry white wine.

W: May I suggest something?

Mr B: Of course.

W: Why don't you try a bottle of English wine? You'll be surprised... it's very good.

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2) Today's Special

(in a restaurant)

Waiter: Good afternoon, how can I help you today? Jennifer: I'd like a table for one, please.

Waiter: Right this way. (walks to table) Here you are. Jennifer: Thank you. Can I have a menu?

Waiter: (hands a menu) Here you are. My name's Alan and I'm your waiter today. Would you like to hear today's specials? Jennifer: Certainly.

Waiter: Well, we have a wonderful mushroom soup to start off with. Today's main course is fish and chips. Jennifer: Fish and chips? Is the fish fresh?

Waiter: Certainly, madam. Fresh off the docks this morning. Jennifer: Alright, I'd like the fish and chips.

Waiter: Would you like to have a starter? Jennifer: hmmm, I'm not sure.

Waiter: Our salads are excellent, madam. Jennifer: I'd like a green salad.

Waiter: Very good. Would you like something to drink? Jennifer: Oh, I'd like some mineral water, please.

Waiter: OK. So that's a green salad, fish and chips and mineral water. Jennifer: Yes, that's right.

Waiter: Thank you and enjoy your lunch. Jennifer: Thank you.

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BASIC RULES FOR TABLE SETTING

1. Napkin 2. Salad fork 3. Dinner fork 4. Dessert fork 5. Bread-and-butter plate, with spreader 6. Dinner plate 7. Dinner knife 8. Teaspoon 9. Teaspoon 10. Soup spoon 11. Cocktail fork 12. Water glass 13. Red-wine glass 14. White-wine glass 15. Coffee cup and saucer* * For an informal meal, include the coffee cup and saucer with the table setting. Otherwise, bring them to the table with the dessert.

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ESSENTIAL ENGLISH FOR KITCHEN STAFF

Most food services and drinking places workers spend most of their time on their feet-preparing meals, serving diners, or transporting dishes and supplies throughout the establishment. Upper body strength often is needed to lift heavy items, such as trays of dishes, platters of food, or cooking pots. Work during peak dining hours can be very hectic and stressful.

Employees who have direct contact with customers, such as waiters and waitresses or hosts and hostesses, should have a neat appearance and maintain a professional and pleasant manner. Professional hospitality is required from the moment guests enter the restaurant until the time they leave. Sustaining a proper demeanor during busy times or over the course of a long shift may be difficult.

Kitchen staff also needs to be able to work as a team and to communicate with each other. Timing is critical to preparing more complex dishes. Coordinating orders to ensure that an entire table's meals are ready at the same time is essential, particularly in a large restaurant during busy dining periods.

Kitchen staff includes:

Chefs Cooks Food preparation workers Dishwashers

Speaking about what you are doing

Examples:

I'm preparing the fillets, can you get the salad ready? I'm washing those dishes right now. Tim's boiling the broth and slicing the bread.

Speaking about what you can do / need to do / have to do

Examples:

I have to finish these orders first. I can refill the ketchup jars. We need to order more eggs.

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Speaking about quantities

Examples:

How many bottles of beer should we order? There's a little rice left in that container. There are a few bananas on the counter.

Speaking about what you have done and what is ready

Examples:

Have you finished the soup yet? I've already prepared the vegetables. Frank has just taken the potatoes out of the oven.

Giving / following instructions

Examples:

Turn the oven up to 450 degrees. Slice the turkey breast with this knife. Do not microwave the bacon!

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KITCHENWARE, CROCKERY AND CUTLERY

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KITCHEN UTENSILS

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FOOD

NAMES OF FOOD

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MEAT

FLOUR

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VEGETABLES

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FRUITS

NUTS

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CHEESE

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HERBS

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DRINKS

We usually say: A cup of tea, coffee, cocoa, hot chocolate A glass of juice, mineral water, soda water, coke, lemonade, beer, wine, whisky, champagne

METHODS OF COOKING AND PREPARING FOOD

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RECIPES

Christmas Pudding

Ingredients: 225g (8oz) plain flour 1 tspn cinnamon 1/2 tspn grated nutmeg 1/2 tspn ground all spice (mixed spice) 150g (60oz) candied peel, chopped finely 50g (2 oz) blanched almonds, chopped 225g (8 oz) soft dark brown sugar 225g (8 oz) shredded suet 4 eggs 220ml (6fl. oz) milk 100ml (4fl. oz) brandy (or use milk in non-alcoholic version) Pinch of salt

Begin the day before you plan to steam the pudding. Sift the flour, spices and salt into a large mixing bowl. Stir in the breadcrumbs, dried fruits, peel, almonds and sugar. Then add the suet and mix well. Beat together the eggs, milk and brandy separately and then add to the main mixture and ensure that all the ingredients are thoroughly mixed. Usually at this time the family gathers around to stir the pudding and make a secret wish. The mixture should have a sloppy consistency and should be covered and left overnight. When you are ready to steam the pudding, pack the mixture into a lightly greased basin and cover with a non-stick baking paper and then enclose the entire basin in foil and tie with string. Traditionally unbleached calico or muslin was used. Place the pudding on a steam rack or upturned saucer in a saucepan of simmering water for five hours to steam. The water should come half way up the basin. Remember to top up the water in the saucepan as needed during the steaming process. Once the cooking time is over allow the pudding to cool completely. When this is done remove the foil and the nonstick baking paper and replace with fresh ones. The pudding should then be stored in a cool dry place to mature until Christmas day.

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Roast leg of lamb

Ingredients: 1 k (2 lbs) leg of lamb; 1 carrot, cut finely 1 onion, cut finely; 1 parsnip, cut finely 6 garlic cloves, 3 cut in half, 3 minced seasonings, bay leaves, salt and pepper to taste 1 l (4 cups) sour milk or buttermilk 30 g (2 tablespoons) fat Soak meat in sour milk or buttermilk for 4 hours. Blot dry, rub with minced garlic, poke 6 small holes in meat and insert the remaining garlic halves into the meat. Place seasoned meat into greased baking pan, sprinkle meat with pepper and powdered bay leaves, add aromatic vegetables and bake in preheated oven at 350F/180C, basting with pan juices. Bake for about 1 hour. Serve hot with potatoes and dill pickles.

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INDICATING TIME

All events are usually connected with certain dates, seasons and daytimes. On every special occasion we should be able to provide our clients with necessary information about our working hours as well as other events taking place at our restaurant or café. E.g. The café opens at 9 o’clock each morning and closes at 7 o’clock in the evening. We do not usually work on Sundays and the café is never open on the first Christmas day. So to be ready to give our clients all the necessary information we should revise the names of weekdays, holidays, months as well as ordinal and cardinal numbers. We will also have a look and remember how to indicate what time it is. Look at the tables below. Remember the usage of prepositions.

The clock

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analogue digital normal use timetables, TV, etc.

6:00 It's 6 o'clock.

6:05 It's 5 past 6.

past and the previous hour (here: 6)

It's six oh five.

6:15 It's quarter past 6. It's six fifteen.

6:30 It's half past 6. It's six thirty.

6:35 It's 25 to 7.

to and the following hour (here: 7)

It's six thirty-five.

6:45 It's quarter to seven. It's six forty-five.

6:55 It's 5 to 7. It's six fifty-five.

7:00 It's 7o'clock.

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Tips: 1) In English there is no 24-hour-system (sometimes it is used on TV and in timetables). 15.00 is 3 o'clock (p.m.) (on TV: fifteenhundred). That's why you use a.m. (Latin: ante meridiem) and p.m. (post meridiem) in situations where it's necessary to point out that you want to say "in the morning" or "in the evening". In other situations (or when it's clear that school starts in the morning and the party in the evening) it's left out.

The calendar

Months January (Jan) April (Apr) July October (Oct) February (Feb) May August (Aug) November (Nov) March (Mar) June September (Sept) December (Dec)

Days of the week Monday (Mon) Tuesday (Tue) (Tues) Wednesday (Wed) Thursday (Thur) (Thurs) Friday (Fri) Saturday (Sat) Sunday (Sun)

Note: The months and the days of the week begin with a capital letter.

PREPOSITIONS

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COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

THERE IS/ARE

When we describe places where we find things we use There is. …/ There are ….. like in the example below:

NOTE! * When we use some, we are not interested in the exact number. I have ten fingers (NOT I have some fingers). I have some friends in Great Britain. * We use any in questions and negatives. Are there any photographs? There aren’t any people.

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NUMBERS IN ENGLISH

Cardinal numbers Ordinal numbers

0 oh, zero, nil, love, nought * --- 1 one 1st first 2 two 2nd second 3 three 3rd third 4 four 4th fourth 5 five 5th fifth 6 six 6th sixth 7 seven 7th seventh 8 eight 8th eighth 9 nine 9th ninth 10 ten 10th tenth 11 eleven 11th eleventh 12 twelve 12th twelfth 13 thirteen 13th thirteenth 14 fourteen 14th fourteenth 15 fifteen 15th fifteenth 16 sixteen 16th sixteenth 17 seventeen 17th seventeenth 18 eighteen 18th eighteenth 19 nineteen 19th nineteenth 20 twenty 20th twentieth 21 twenty-one 21st twenty-first 30 thirty 30th thirtieth 40 forty 50 fifty 60 sixty 70 seventy 80 eighty 90 ninety 100 a/one hundred 1,000 a/one thousand 10,000 ten thousand 100,000 a/one hundred thousand 1,000,000 a/one million 1,000,000,000 a/one billion

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PERSONAL PRONOUNS,POSSESSIVE DETERMINES,POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS

Personal pronouns

Possessive determiners Possessive pronouns as subject (nominative)

as object (accusative and

dative) I me my mine you you your yours he him his his she her her hers it it its its we us our ours you you your yours they them their theirs 1 2 3 4 We have some books.

The books are for us. These are our books. The books are ours.

NOUNS -SUMMARY

singular + -s

singular plural a car two cars a cassette two cassettes a lamp two lamps a hat two hats a cup two cups

Add -es after sibilants:

singular plural a box two boxes a sandwich two sandwiches a suitcase two suitcases a rose two roses a garage two garages

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Substitute y after consonant with -ies:

singular plural a city two cities a lady two ladies

Add -s after vowel + y:

singular plural a boy two boys a day two days

There are two forms of the plural of the word penny: pennies -> You refer to the coins. pence -> You refer to the price (how much sth. is).

Nouns on -f or -fe:

add -s substitute with -ves singular plural singular plural a roof two roofs a thief two thieves a cliff two cliffs a wife two wives a sheriff two sheriffs a shelf two shelves

There are two forms possible:

scarf - scarfs/scarves hoof - hoofs/hooves

Add -s for words ending in -ff.

Always use a dictionary if you are not sure.

Nouns on -o form the plural by adding -s or -es.

add -s substitute with -ves singular plural singular plural

a disco two discos a tomato two tomatoes a piano two pianos a potato two potatoes a photo two photos a hero two heroes

Some nouns can have two plural forms:

buffalo - buffalos/buffaloes mosquito - mosquitos/mosquitoes tornado - tornados/tornadoes

There is no rule when to use -s or -es. We often add -s with technical words.

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Irregular plural forms:

singular plural a man two men a woman two women

a child two children

a mouse two mice a tooth two teeth a goose two geese a foot two feet an ox two oxen

Comparison of adjectives

There are three forms of comparison:

- positive - comparative - superlative

A - Comparison with -er/-est

clean - cleaner - (the) cleanest

We use -er/-est with the following adjectives:

1) adjectives with one syllable clean cleaner cleanest new newer newest cheap cheaper cheapest

2) adjectives with two syllables and the following endings:

2 - 1) adjectives with two syllables, ending in -y

dirty dirtier dirtiest easy easier easiest happy happier happiest pretty prettier prettiest

2 - 2) adjectives with two syllables, ending in -er

clever cleverer cleverest

2 - 3) adjectives with two syllables, ending in -le

simple simpler simplest

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2 - 4) adjectives with two syllables, ending in -ow

narrow narrower narrowest

Spelling of the adjectives using the endings -er/-est

large larger largest leave out the silent -e big bigger biggest

Double the consonant after short vowel sad sadder saddest dirty dirtier dirtiest Change -y to -i (consonant before -y)

shy shyer shyest Here -y is not changed to -i. (although consonant before -y)

B - Comparison with more - most

difficult - more difficult - (the) most difficult

all adjectives with more than one syllable (except some adjectives with two syllables - see 2 - 1 to 2 - 4)

C - Irregular adjectives good better best bad worse worst much more most uncountable nouns many more most countable nouns little less least little smaller smallest

D - Special adjectives

Some ajdectives have two possible forms of comparison.

common commoner / more common commonest / most common likely likelier / more likely likeliest / most likely pleasant pleasanter / more pleasant pleasantest / most pleasant polite politer / more polite politest / most polite simple simpler / more simple simplest / most simple stupid stupider / more stupid stupidest / most stupid subtle subtler / more subtle subtlest sure surer / more sure surest / most sure

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Difference in meaning with adjectives:

far farther farthest distance

further furthest distance or time

late later latest latter x x last

old older oldest people and things elder eldest people (family)

near nearer nearest distance x next order

VERB TO BE

Positive

I am from Seattle. He She It

is from Toronto.

We You They

are from Japan.

Negative

I am not (I'm not) from Seattle. He She It

is not (isn't) from Toronto.

We You They

are not (aren't) from Japan.

Questions

Where am I from?

Where is he she it

from

Where are we you they

from?

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Simple Present - Use

The Simple Present is frequently used in English. It is also called Present Simple. Have a look at the following examples:

1) repeated actions (every day, always, often, sometimes or never)

My friend often draws nice posters. I never drink milk.

2) things in general

The sun rises in the East.

3) fixed arrangements, scheduled events (e.g. timetable)

The plane flies to London every Monday.

4) actions in the present - one follows after the other (first - then, after that)

First I get up, then I have breakfast.

5) instructions

Open your books at page 34.

6) after special verbs, which are normally not used with the Present Progressive (These verbs express states, possessions, feelings etc.) be, believe, belong, hate, hear, like, love, mean, prefer, remain, realize, see, seem, smell, think, understand, want, wish

I understand English. He doesn't like fish.

Simple Present - Diagram

We use the Simple Present when we talk about something which happens repeatedely.

We use the Simple Present to describe a series of actions in the present.

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Simple Present - Signal words

These words tell you what tense you have to use. For the Simple Present these are adverbs of frequency:

always often usually sometimes seldom never

Other phrases of time can occur, like: every day every week every year on Mondays after school

Form of the Simple Present

We use the infinitive of the verb. In the 3rd person Singular (he, she, it - or a name) we put an -s at the end of the infinitive.

infinitive - 3rd person Singular (he, she, it) infinitive + -s

Affirmative sentences:

I/we/you/they play football. He/she/it plays football.

NOTE: he, she, it - Do not forget the -s.

Negative sentences:

We use the auxiliary do. I/we/you/they do not play football. He/she/it does not play football.

NOTE: We often use short forms in negative sentences in the Simple Present: I/we/you/they don't play football. He/she/it doesn't play football.

Questions:

Do I/we/you/they play football? Does he/she/it play football?

Simple Present - Spelling

Be careful with some words when using the 3rd person singular.

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1) verbs ending in a sibilant [s] [z] [ʃ] [ʒ] [ʧ] [ʤ] or verbs ending in -o preceded by a consonant

We add -es to the infinitive.

Examples: I watch - he watches I pass - he passes I go - he goes I do - he does

2) verbs ending in -y

verbs ending in 'y' preceded by a vowel (a, e, i, o, u): Add -s.

Example: I play - he plays

verbs ending in 'y' preceded by a consonant: Change 'y' to 'i' and add 'es'.

Example: I hurry - he hurries

Special verbs in the Simple Present

1) have as a full verb affirmative sentence negative sentence question I, we, you, they: I have a book. I do not have a book. Do I have a book? he, she, it: He has a book. He does not have a book. Does he have a book?

2) be as a full verb affirmative sentence negative sentence question I am from Britain. I am not from Britain. Am I from Britain? he, she, it: He is from Britain. He is not from Britain. Is he from Britain? we, you, they: We are from Britain. We are not from Britain. Are we from Britain?

We often use the short forms with this verb.

3) do as a full verb affirmative sentence negative sentence question I, we, you, they: I do an exercise. I do not do an exercise. Do I do an exercise? he, she, it: He does an exercise. He does not do an exercise. Does he do an exercise?

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4) modal auxiliaries can, could, may, must, need, will etc. affirmative sentence negative sentence question every time regardless the subject (I, he, she, it, we, you, they): I can play tennis. I cannot play tennis. Can I play tennis?

NOTE: We can subtitute don't (can't) for do not (cannot).

Modals have the same form every time regardless the subject. We do not add an -s to the infinitive.

Long forms and short forms in the Simple Present

We often use short forms of the auxiliaries. The Simple Present is formed with a full verb. Short forms are only used in negative phrases.

affirmative long form short form

I, we, you, they: - I read - he, she, it: - he reads -

negative (do not) long form short form

I, we, you, they: I, we, you, they: I do not read I don't read he, she, it: he, she, it: he does not read he doesn't read

Simple Past - Use

The Simple Past is used to talk about actions or situations in the past. It is also called Past Simple. Have a look at the following examples:

1) action finished in the past (single or repeated)

I visited Berlin last week. Andrew watched TV yesterday.

2) series of completed actions in the past

First I got up, then I had breakfast.

3) together with the Past Progressive/Continuous - The Simple Past interrupted an action which was in progress in the past.

They were playing cards when the telephone rang. 1st action: Past Progressive were playing 2nd action: Simple Past rang

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Simple Past - Diagram

We use the Simple Past when we talk about something which started and finished in the past.

We use the Simple Past to describe a series of actions in the past.

We use the Simple Past (red) together with the Past Progressive (grey). The action in the Simple Past interrupted the action in the Past Progressive (the one which was in progress).

Signal words

yesterday, last week, a month ago, in 2002

Form

- with regular verbs: infinitive + -ed - with irregular verbs: 2nd column of the table of the irregular verbs

Affirmative sentences:

Use the same form of the verb every time regardless the subject.

regular verbs irregular verbs I played football. I went to the supermarket.

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Negative sentences:

Use the auxiliary did (Simple Past of do) every time regardless the subject.

regular verbs irregular verbs I did not play football. I did not go to the supermarket.

NOTE: Short forms in negative sentences in the Simple Past are used quite often.

regular verbs irregular verbs I didn't play football. I didn't go to the supermarket.

Questions:

Use the auxiliary did (Simple Past of do) every time regardless the subject.

regular verbs irregular verbs

Did you play football? Did I go to the supermarket?

Simple Past - Spelling

You have to know all forms of the irregular verbs very well. For the Simple Past you need the form of the verb which can be found in the 2nd column of the table of the irregular verbs. go - went - gone

Add -ed with regular verbs.

regular verbs infinitive + -ed

Sometimes the are exceptions in spelling when adding -ed.

1) consonant after short, stressed vowel at the end of the word

Double the consonant. stop – stopped swap - swapped

If the consonant is not stressed, we do not double it: benefit - benefited (Here we stress the first 'e', not the 'i'.) In British English we double one -l at the end of the word: travel - travelled

2) one -e at the end of the word

Add only -d. love – loved save – saved

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3) verbs ending in -y

verbs ending in 'y' preceded by a vowel (a, e, i, o, u): Add -ed.

Example: I play - he played

verbs ending in 'y' preceded by a consonant: Change 'y' to 'i' Then add -ed.

Example: I hurry - he hurried

Special verbs in the Simple Past

Many frequently used verbs are irregular. You find these words in the appendix of a dictionary or in your English book. You must learn these words by heart.

1) have as a full verb affirmative sentence negative sentence question every time regardless the subject (I, he, she, it, we, you, they): I had a book. I did not have a book. Did I have a book?

2) be as a full verb affirmative sentence negative sentence question I, he, she, it: I was in Rome. I was not in Rome. Was I in Rome? we, you, they: We were in Rome. We were not in Rome. Were we in Rome?

3) do as a full verb affirmative sentence negative sentence question every time regardless the subject (I, he, she, it, we, you, they): I did an exercise. I did not do an exercise. Did I do an exercise?

Pronunciation of the ending -ed in the Simple Past

In the Simple Past we add -ed to regular verbs. Be careful pronuncing the verbs:

1) verbs ending in -ed preceded by a voiceless consonant [p, k, f, ʃ, ʧ, s, θ] -> speak [t].

The -e is silent. Example: I stop - I stopped [stɒpt]

2) verbs ending in -ed preceded by a voiced consonant [b, g, v, ʒ, ʤ, z, ð, l, m, n] or a vowel -> speak [d]. The -e is silent. Example: I clean - I cleaned [kli:nd]

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3) verbs ending in -ed preceded by [t] or [d] -> speak [ɪd]. The -e changes to [ɪ]. Example: I visit - I visited [vɪzɪtɪd]

Future tenses-contrasted

1) Use

Present Progressive going to-future will-future Future

Progressive Simple Present

planned action in the near future

planned action in the future; logical consequence (sth. is going to happen)

prediction, assumption; spontaneous action

action will definitely happen (it usually happens)

future action is fixed (e.g. timetable)

There is often very little difference between the future tenses. It often depends where you live (in Britain or the USA) and when you use the sentence (in spoken or written communication).

In newsapapers we often use the will-future, when the going to-future is used in oral communication.

newspaper: The headmaster will close the old gym.

oral: The headmaster is going to close the old gym.

We can substitute the going to-future with the Present Progressive when using an expression of time.

She is going to see Frank at the airport at 8.30. She is seeing Frank at the airport at 8.30.

2) Signal words

There are no unambiguous signal words for the future tenses. That's why watch the actions carefully and then define the tense.

3) Form

Present Progressive going to-future will-future Future

Progressive Simple Present

to be (am, are, is) + infinitive + -ing

to be (am, are, is) + going to + infinitive

will + infinitive will + be + infinitive + -ing

infinitive 3rd person singular (he, she, it) infinitive + -s

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4) Examples Present

Progressive going to-future will-future Future Progressive Simple Present

4-1 Affirmative sentences

I am going to a party tonight.

We are going to fly to Leeds in summer.

He will carry this bag for you.

They will be playing football on Sunday afternoon.

The train leaves at 6.45.

Present

Progressive going to-future will-future Future Progressive Simple Present

4-2 Negative sentences

I am not going to a party tonight.

We are not going to fly to Leeds in summer.

He will not carry this bag for you.

They will not be playing football on Sunday afternoon.

The train does not leave at 6.45.

Present

Progressive going to-future will-future Future Progressive Simple Present

4-3 Questions

Am I going to a party tonight?

Are we going to fly to Leeds in summer?

Will he carry this bag for you?

Will they be playing football on Sunday afternoon.

Does the train leave at 6.45?

5) Spelling Present

Progressive going to-future will-future Future Progressive Simple Present

sitting (double consonant after short vowel)

nothing special

sitting (double consonant after short vowel)

watches (-es after sibilant)

writing (leave out one -e at the end)

writing (leave out one -e at the end)

goes (-es after -o)

lying (change -ie to -y)

lying (change -ie to -y)

hurries (-y to -ie after consonant)

Present Progressive/Continuous - Use

The Present Progressive is used when we talk about something which is happening now. It is also called Present Continuous. Have a look at the following examples:

1) actions happening at the moment of speaking (now, at the moment)

Peter is reading a book now. She’s listening to the radio.

2) fixed plan in the near future

She is going to Basel on Saturday.

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3) temporary actions

His father is working in Rome this month.

Note: We do use verbs which express states and are normally not used with the Present Progressive. Watch the difference in meaning.

They love being together. (They are not together now.) They are loving being together. (They are together now.)

4) actions happening around the moment of speaking (longer actions)

My friend is preparing for his exams.

5) trends

More and more people are using their computers to listen to music.

6) repeated actions which are irritating to the speaker (with always, constantly, forever)

Andrew is always coming in late. (I don't like it.)

Simple Present: Andrew always comes late. (Here I don't give a comment.)

Present Progressive - Diagram

We use the Present Progressive when we talk about something which is happening at the moment of speaking.

Present Progressive - Signal words

Signal words tell you what tense you have to use. In the Present Progressive these words are used in situations which happen at the time of speaking.

now at the moment Look! Listen!

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Form of the Present Progressive/Continuous

We use a form of to be (am, are or is), the infinitive of the verb and the ending –ing.

to be (am, are, is) + infinitive + -ing

Affirmative sentences:

I am playing volleyball. He/she/it is playing volleyball. We/you/they are playing volleyball.

NOTE: Use am with I - is with he, she, it - and with all other pronouns are.

We often use short forms in affirmative sentences in the Present Progressive.

Negative sentences:

I am not playing volleyball. He/she/it is not playing volleyball. We/you/they are not playing volleyball.

NOTE: We often use short forms in negative sentences in the Present Progressive.

Questions:

In the Present Progressive we put the auxiliary (am, are or is) before the subject (Auxiliary - Subject - Verb - Rest).

Am I playing volleyball? Is he/she/it playing volleyball? Are we/you/they playing volleyball?

Present Progressive - Spelling

Be careful with some words when adding -ing to the infinitive.

1) consonant after a short, stressed vowel at the end of the word Double the consonant.

sit – he is sitting put - he is putting

If the consonant is not stressed, we do not double it: benefit - benefiting (Here we stress the first 'e', not the 'i'.)

In British English we double one -l at the end of the word: travel - travelling

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2) one -e at the end of the word

Leave out the -e. write – he is writing take – he is taking

BUT: double –e: add -ing see – he is seeing

3) verbs ending in -ie

Change 'ie' to 'y'. lie - he is lying

4) verbs ending in -c

Change 'c' to 'ck'. picnic - he is picnicking

Special verbs in the Present Progressive

There are verbs which are normally not used in the Present Progressive, like: be, believe, belong, hate, hear, like, love, mean, prefer, remain, realize, see, seem, smell, think, understand, want, wish

We sometimes use these words in the Present Progressive in the following situations:

He's seeing his father tomorrow. (fixed date)

The group is seeing the sights of Paris. (see in connection with tourists)

They are having a great time in London. (have as an activity verb)

What's the matter with you? What are you thinking? - (to be worried about sth.)

If you are not sure with these verbs, use a good dictionary.

1) have as a full verb affirmative sentence negative sentence question

I am having a bath. I am not having a bath. Am I having a bath? he, she, it: He is having a bath. He is not having a bath. Is he having a bath? we, you, they: We are having a bath. We are not having a bath. Are we having a bath?

1) do as a full verb affirmative sentence negative sentence question

I am doing an exercise. I am not doing an exercise. Am I doing an exercise? he, she, it: He is doing an exercise. He is not doing an exercise. Is he doing an exercise? we, you, they:

We are doing an exercise. We are not doing an exercise. Are we doing an exercise?

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We often use the short forms with these verbs.

Long forms and short forms in the Present Progressive

We often use short forms of the auxiliaries. The Present Progressive is formed with the auxiliary to be (am, are, is), so short forms are very frequent.

affirmative long form short form

I am reading I'm reading he, she, it: he, she, it: he is reading he's reading we, you, they: we, you, they: we are reading we're reading

negative (not after to be) long form short form

I am not reading I'm not reading he, she, it: he, she, it:

he is not reading he isn't reading or he's not reading

we, you, they: we, you, they:

we are not reading

we aren't reading or we're not reading

Past Progressive/Continuous - Use

The Past Progressive is used when we talk about something which was happening at a special time in the past. It is also called Past Continuous. Have a look at the following examples:

1) action was in progress at special time in the past

Peter was reading a book yesterday evening. She was listening to the radio.

2) two actions were happening at the same time (the actions do not influence each other)

Anne was writing a letter while Steve was reading the New York Times.

3) together with the Simple Past

While we were sitting at the breakfast table, the telephone rang.

Note: Past Progressive: were sitting at the table Simple Past: the telephone rang.

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The action in the Simple Past interrupted the action in the Past Progressive.

4) repeated actions irritating the speaker (with always, constantly, forever)

Andrew was always coming in late. (I don't like it.)

Simple Past: Andrew always came late. (Here I don't give a comment.)

Past Progressive - Diagram

We use the Past Progressive when we talk about something which was happening around a period of time in the past.

We use the Past Progressive (blue) together with the Simple Past (pink). The Past Progressive is used for the action in the past which was in progress when a new action (Simple Past) happened.

Two actions which were in progress in the past do not influence each other.

Past Progressive/Continuous - Signal words

Signal words tell you what tense you have to use. In the Past Progressive we often use a period of time. A typical signal word is while. The Past Progressive is frequently used in sentences together with the Simple Past.

while (In this part of the sentence we usually use Past Progressive.)

While we were watching TV, Andy was surfing the internet.

when (In this part of the sentence we usually use Simple Past. The Past Progressive is used in the other part of the sentence.)

The ladies were talking when the accident happened.

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Form of the Past Progressive/Continuous

We use a form of to be (was or were), the infinitive of the verb and the ending –ing.

to be (was, were) + infinitive + -ing

Affirmative sentences:

I/he/she/it was playing football. We/you/they were playing football.

NOTE: Use was with I, he, she, it - and were with all other pronouns.

In affirmative sentences we do not use short forms in the Past Progressive.

Negative sentences:

I/he/she/it was not playing football. We/you/they were not playing football.

We use short forms in the Past Progressive in negative sentences:

I/he/she/it wasn't playing football. We/you/they weren't playing football.

Questions:

In the Past Progressive we put the auxiliary (was or were) before the subject (Auxiliary - Subject - Verb - Rest).

Was I/he/she/it playing football? Were we/you/they playing football?

Past Progressive - Spelling

Be careful with some words when adding -ing to the infinitive.

1) consonant after a short, stressed vowel at the end of the word Double the consonant.

sit – he was sitting put - he was putting

If the consonant is not stressed, we do not double it: benefit - benefiting (Here we stress the first 'e', not the 'i'.)

In British English we double one -l at the end of the word: travel - travelling

2) one -e at the end of the word Leave out the -e.

write – he was writing take – he was taking

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BUT: double –e: add -ing see – he was seeing

3) verbs ending in -ie

Change 'ie' to 'y'. lie - he was lying

4) verbs ending in -c

Change 'c' to 'ck'. picnic - he was picnicking

Special verbs in the Past Progressive

1) have as a full verb affirmative sentence negative sentence question

I was having a bath. I was not having a bath. Was I having a bath? he, she, it: He was having a bath. He was not having a bath. Was he having a bath? we, you, they: You were having a bath. We were not having a bath. Were we having a bath?

2) do as a full verb affirmative sentence negative sentence question

I was doing an exercise. I was not doing an exercise. Was I doing an exercise? he, she, it: He was doing an exercise. He was not doing an exercise. Was he doing an exercise? we, you, they: We were doing an exercise. We were not doing an exercise. Were we doing an exercise?

We often use the short forms with these verbs.

Long forms and short forms in the Past Progressive

We use short forms of the auxiliaries. The Past Progressive is formed with the auxiliary to be (was, were), so short forms are only possible in negative sentences.

affirmative long form short form

I was reading

can't be formed he, she, it: he was reading we, you, they: we were reading

negative (not after to be) long form short form

I was not reading I wasn't reading he, she, it: he, she, it:

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he was not reading he wasn't reading we, you, they: we, you, they: we were not reading we weren't reading

Present Perfect - Use

The Present Perfect is not easy to understand for ESL learners. It is a combination of past and present. An actions in the past has something to do with the present.

1) Result of an action in the past is important in the present (It is not important when this action happened. When we use a specific time in the past - e.g. yesterday - then we use the Simple Past.)

I have cleaned my room. (It is clean now.) Has Peggy ever been to Tokyo? (Has Peggy been there or not?)

2) Recently completed actions

He has just played handball. (It is over now.)

3) Actions beginning in the past and still continuing - mostly with since (point of time) or for (period of time)

We have lived in Canada since 1986. (We still live there.)

4) together with lately, recently, yet

I have been to London recently. (no specific point of time) He has not written the e-mail yet. (He has not done it.)

Present Perfect - Diagram

We use the Present Perfect for actions in the past which have a connection to the present. The time when these actions happened is not important.

We use the Present Perfect for recently completed actions.

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We use the Present Perfect for actions beginning in the past and still continuing.

Present Perfect - Signal words

These words tell you what tense you have to use. For the Present Perfect the following words are used frequently:

just yet never already ever so far up to now recently since for

Form of the Present Perfect

We form the Present Perfect with have and the past participle (regular verbs: infinitive + -ed; irregular verbs: 3rd column of the table of the irregular verbs)

have/has + past participle

has: 3rd person singular (he, she, it)

have: all other forms

past participle: - regular verbs: infinitive + -ed - irregular verbs: 3rd column of the table of the irregular verbs

Affirmative sentences regular verbs irregular verbs I/we/you/they have played football. I/we/you/they have gone to the supermarket. He/she/it has played football. He/she/it has gone to the supermarket.

NOTE: We use has in the 3rd person singular (he, she, it).

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Negative sentences regular verbs irregular verbs I/we/you/they have not played football. I/we/you/they have not gone to the supermarket.

He/she/it has not played football. He/she/it has not gone to the supermarket.

NOTE: We use has in the 3rd person singular (he, she, it).

Questions regular verbs irregular verbs Have I/we/you/they playedfootball? Have I/we/you/they gone to the supermarket? Has he/she/it played football? Has he/she/it gone to the supermarket?

NOTE: We use has in the 3rd person singular (he, she, it).

Present Perfect - Spelling

You have to know all forms of the irregular verbs very well. For the Present Perfect you need the form of the verb which can be found in the 3rd column of the table of the irregular verbs. go - went - gone

Add -ed with regular verbs.

regular verbs infinitive + -ed

Sometimes the are exceptions in spelling when adding -ed.

1) consonant after a short, stressed vowel at the end of the word Double the consonant.

stop – stopped swap - swapped

We do not double the consonant if it is not stressed: benefit - benefited (Here we stress the first 'e', not the 'i'.)

In Britsh English we double one -l at the end of the word: travel - travelled

2) one -e at the end of the word

Leave out the -e. Add -d. love – loved save – saved

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3) verbs ending in -y

verbs ending in 'y' preceded by a vowel (a, e, i, o, u):Add -ed. play - played

Change 'y' to 'i' after a consonant. Then add -ed. worry - worried

irregular verbs 3rd column of the table of the irregular verbs

Special verbs in the Present Perfect

1) have as a full verb affirmative sentence negative sentence question

I, we, you, they: I have had a book. I have not had a book. Have I had a book? he, she, it: He has had a book. He has not had a book. Has he had a book?

2) be as a full verb affirmative sentence negative sentence question

I, we, you, they: I have been to Britain. I have not been to Britain. Have I been to Britain? he, she, it: He has been to Britain. He has not been to Britain. Has he been to Britain?

3) do as a full verb affirmative sentence negative sentence question

I, we, you, they: I have done an exercise. I have not done an exercise. Have I done an exercise? he, she, it: He has done an exercise. He has not done an exercise. Has he done an exercise?

NOTE: We sometimes use short forms for have (has) with affirmative or negative sentences.

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Long forms and short forms in the Present Perfect

We often use short forms of the auxiliaries. The Present Perfect is formed with the auxiliary have. So short forms are used frequently with the Present Perfect.

affirmative long form short form

I, we, you, they: I, we, you, they: I have gone I've gone he, she, it: he, she, it: he has gone he's gone

negative (have not) long form short form

I, we, you, they:

I, we, you, they:

I have not gone

I haven't gone or I've not gone

he, she, it: he, she, it:

he has not gone

he hasn't gone or he's not gone

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IRREGULAR VERBS

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ENGLISH MEMO