sks_water power studies
TRANSCRIPT
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PRESENTATION
ON
Hydrology and Water Power Studies
SK Singal
Principal Scientific officer, AHEC
ALTERNATE HYDRO ENERGY CENTRE
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, ROORKEE
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Small Hydro
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UNDP GEF Hilly Hydro Project Zonal Plan -Activity
AHEC/IITRoorkee/Se t.2002
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Power Potential and Energy
Power (kW) = 9.81 x Discharge (cumecs) x Head (m) x Efficiency
Energy (Units)= Power x 8760 (No of hours)
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PROJECT HYDROLOGY
• Hydrological data collection/assessment• Data analysis to establish a reliable water flow with time
variability
• Peak flood discharge
• Fixing the installed capacity and establishing energy generation
• Accurate assessment of the hydrology is important for planningof SHP schemes and design of various hydrological structures
• Over estimate of water availability may lead to higher
installation and larger investment lower estimate may result in
non-utilization of potential optimally• Water availability at the intake site decides the techno-
economic feasibility flood discharge is important for safe
design of the structures
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DATA REQUIREMENT• The basic data for hydropower development is the head and
discharge
• Generally observed long term stream flow data are not available
• Discharge is to be started measuring at the first possible opportunity
• The discharge data may also be assessed by use of indirect methods
with the help of the following data:
Catchment area with following characteristics:
o Altitudeo Raingauge locations and their long term rainfall data
o River system
o Shape
o Land use pattern
o Snow cover, if anyo Soil types
o Details of existing projects in the catchment, if any.
Stream flow and rainfall data of adjoining and/or similar
catchments.
Water utilization data from existing projects/facilities.
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SOURCES OF DATA
• Rain gauge locations, rainfall and snowfall data and other
climatological information such as temperature, wind velocity,
evaporation, cloud cover etc. are available with the IndiaMeteorological Department (IMD) Pune
• Major rivers and their tributaries are being gauged regularly by the
Central Water Commission and State Governments and long term
records of water levels, sediment load and daily discharges• Other sources
Survey of India
Irrigation/water resources Department of State Governments
Agriculture Department of State Governments
Forest Department of State Governments
District Revenue Department of State Governments
Water Year Books of State Governments
Snow and Avalanche Study Establishment (SASE)
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COLLECTION OF DATA
• The project developer should install gauging station near the intake
site
• The discharge measurements should be carried out for a minimum
of two years covering two lean seasons and one monsoon season
on daily basis.
• Two years discharge data though is short to develop a long term
series but it gives an idea about minimum discharge expected • In order to have longer period observed discharges, the gauging
site should be established at the earliest and the data till the
preparation of detailed project report (DPR) should be used in
hydrological studies.• For the SHP projects on existing dams and canal falls, a longer
time series 5-15 years normally be used depending on data
availability at existing facilities, which normally is available.
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QUALITY OF DATA
• For assessing the quality of data, details of methods of
measurement and observations, the instruments used and the
frequency of observations is essential.
• Adequate length of data is essential for any hydrologic analysis.
• The longer the length of data more is the confidence on the
reliability of the analysis.
• for small hydro power projects, a 10 years period may be adequate.However, planning may be initiated with minimum of two years
daily discharge data.
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FILLING-IN MISSING DATA
• It is generally observed that rainfall and discharge data in many
cases are found missing for some days and even for months.
• The following techniques are used for filling missing data:
Using values of observed discharges earlier or later of the
missing period
Using the observations of the adjoining stations. At least three
stations be used.
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FLOW ASSESSMENT FOR AN UNGAUGED
CATCHMENT
Long Term Data of Some Other Site
• When long term flow measurement data of a site on the same
stream or adjoining stream are available, they can be transposed
to the proposed site in proportion to the catchment areas of the
two sites.
2
2
11
2
1
2
1 Qi.e. Q A
A
A
A
Q
Q==
• 1 denotes ungauged site and 2 denotes the site for which flow
data is available.• In case the rainfall data are available for both the catchments,
the rainfall variability may also be considered.
Regional Model
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POWER EQUATION
P = 9.81ηQH
Where
η = Overall efficiency of turbine, generator and gear box
Q = Discharge in cumecH = Head available for power generation in m
P = Power in kW
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POWER POTENTIAL STUDIES AND
INSTALLED CAPACITY
• Prior to the determination of installed capacity, the followings areto be ensured:
Applicable efficiencies including part load efficiency of
equipment such as turbine, generator and gear box.
Accurate assessment of rated head. Minimum discharge as environmental flow to be released in
the river/stream at diversion structure as per regulations and
deducted from the water availability.
Provision has been made for silt flushing discharges and other
losses in the water conductor system. Other requirements of water use such as drinking, irrigation,
industrial, navigational, recreational, etc., if any are met and
deducted from the water availability as applicable.
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FIXATION OF INSTALLED CAPACITY
• Obtain daily/10-daily average hydrological inflow series (year-
wise) in m3
/sec for all hydrological years.• Deduct environmental flow to have water availability for power
generation.
• Arrange discharge data for each year in descending order.
• Calculate average discharge for all the year’s data
• Calculate % of time corresponding to average discharge values and plot flow duration curve
• Calculate power potential for each discharge value using power
equation given in para 2.0.
• Consider number of alternatives of installed capacities in suitablesteps say 100, 200, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, 3000, 4000……… kW
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• Compute incremental energy generation (Δ kWh) for every
incremental MW or so (Δ MW) and plot the curve between
installed capacity and corresponding annual energy
• Installed capacity is fixed at a value where the fall in the graph is
sharp.
• The alternative for installed capacity, which provides higher
energy generation with a acceptable / saleable generation cost ascompared to alternate source cost is selected.
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INSTALLED CAPACITY VS INCREMENTAL
ENERGYS. No. Inst
Cap.(MW)
Annual
Energy(GWh)
Load factor
(%)
Incremental
Benefit∆MU/∆MW
Potential
Exploited(%)
1 10 84.89 96.91 30.12
2 11 91.50 94.95 6.60 32.46
3 12 97.77 93.01 6.27 34.68
4 13 103.83 91.18 6.06 36.83
5 14 109.84 89.57 6.01 38.976 15 115.63 88.00 5.78 41.02
7 16 120.84 86.21 5.21 42.87
8 17 125.83 84.50 5.00 44.64
9 18 130.27 82.62 4.44 46.21
10 19 134.60 80.87 4.32 47.75
11 20 138.51 79.06 3.92 49.1412 21 142.39 77.40 3.88 50.51
13 22 146.01 75.76 3.62 51.80
14 23 149.60 74.25 3.59 53.07
15 24 152.83 72.69 3.23 54.22
16 25 155.94 71.21 3.12 55.32
17 26 159.06 69.84 3.11 56.43
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GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF INSTALLED
CAPACITY VS INCREMENTAL ENERGY
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SELECTION OF UNIT-SIZE & NUMBER OF
UNITS
Equal Sized Turbine Generating Unit Unequal Sized
Turbine Generating Unit
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DAILY DISCHARGE DATA (YEAR 2005)
Day \ Month JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
1 0 2150 0 0 0 0 1150 510 2500 1430 1015 1550
2 0 2000 0 0 0 0 1150 510 2500 1430 1015 1775
3 0 1350 0 0 0 0 570 0 2000 1390 980 1910
4 0 945 0 0 0 0 0 510 2000 1390 980 1775
5 0 750 0 0 0 0 0 510 2050 1350 945 15956 0 660 0 0 0 0 0 0 2050 1350 945 1510
7 0 630 0 0 0 0 0 0 1550 1310 910 1430
8 1150 630 0 0 0 0 0 510 1775 1310 880 1510
9 1150 630 0 0 270 0 0 510 1775 1310 880 1470
10 1550 600 0 0 1685 0 0 510 2000 1310 845 1510
11 1550 600 0 0 2150 0 0 510 2000 1270 845 1650
12 1775 570 0 0 1390 0 0 510 2250 1270 845 1730
13 1775 540 0 0 810 0 0 510 1775 1270 880 177514 1775 310 0 0 1470 0 0 510 1550 1230 880 1775
15 1775 460 0 0 1350 0 0 510 1550 1230 845 1775
16 1550 440 0 0 1190 0 0 0 1550 1230 810 1230
17 2000 440 0 0 1015 0 0 0 810 1230 810 1050
18 2000 415 0 0 570 0 0 0 1550 1190 810 1115
19 2000 415 0 0 270 0 0 0 2000 1190 0 1115
20 2000 0 0 0 270 0 0 0 2500 1190 0 945
21 2000 0 0 0 270 0 0 0 2500 1310 690 880
22 1550 0 0 0 270 0 0 0 2500 1310 690 78023 1150 0 0 0 235 0 0 0 2500 1310 660 570
24 1150 0 0 0 235 0 0 0 2500 1270 1190 440
25 1150 0 0 0 200 0 0 0 1595 1270 1470 340
26 1150 0 0 0 200 0 0 0 1550 1230 1150 295
27 1150 0 0 0 145 0 510 510 1550 1230 1150 250
28 0 0 0 0 90 0 510 950 1550 1190 1390 0
29 0 0 0 0 270 510 1550 1510 1115 1150 0
30 400 0 0 0 810 510 2000 1470 1080 1470 031 690 0 0 510 0 1050 0
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DAILY DISCHARGE DATA (YEAR 2006)
Day \ Month JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
1 0 2150 185 0 0 215 0 2250 2500 1550 390 0
2 0 2000 185 0 0 200 0 2250 2500 1775 270 0
3 0 1350 185 0 0 235 0 2500 2500 1550 270 0
4 0 945 185 0 0 235 0 2500 2500 1550 270 0
5 0 750 185 0 0 215 0 2500 2500 1550 180 0
6 0 660 185 0 0 200 510 2500 2500 1550 90 0
7 0 630 185 0 0 200 810 2500 2500 1350 90 0
8 0 630 185 0 270 200 1150 2500 2500 1150 90 0
9 0 630 0 0 810 200 1150 2500 2500 980 270 0
10 0 600 0 0 1550 200 1150 2400 2500 810 180 0
11 0 600 0 0 1150 200 1430 2400 2500 810 180 0
12 0 570 0 0 1470 200 880 2500 2000 810 660 0
13 0 540 0 0 1470 200 540 2500 2500 810 1150 014 0 490 0 0 1270 200 510 2500 2500 810 810 0
15 0 460 0 0 1080 200 1550 2500 2500 1350 660 0
16 0 440 0 0 910 0 1550 2500 2500 1775 390 0
17 0 440 0 0 750 0 1550 2500 2500 2000 270 0
18 0 415 0 0 600 0 1550 2500 2500 1550 180 0
19 0 415 0 0 490 0 1550 2500 2500 1350 0 0
20 0 390 0 0 440 0 1550 2500 2500 1115 0 0
21 270 390 0 0 390 0 1550 2500 2500 810 0 0
22 270 390 0 0 390 0 1550 2500 2500 630 0 0
23 270 390 0 0 390 0 1550 2500 2500 540 0 0
24 270 390 0 0 1190 0 1550 2500 2500 460 0 0
25 810 390 0 0 1650 0 1550 2500 2500 415 0 0
26 2400 370 0 0 1650 0 2250 2500 2500 415 0 0
27 2400 370 0 0 880 0 2250 2000 2500 415 0 0
28 2400 370 0 0 490 0 2250 2000 2500 390 0 0
29 2400 0 0 370 0 2250 2500 2500 390 0 0
30 2250 0 0 320 0 2250 2500 2500 390 0 031 2100 0 160 2250 2500 390 0
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DAILY DISCHARGE DATA (YEAR 2007)Day \ Month JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2500 2500 2500 1550 0
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 270 2500 2500 2000 0
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 270 2500 2500 2000 0
4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 270 2500 2000 1550 0
5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 810 2500 2250 1550 06 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1550 2500 2250 1470 0
7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2000 2500 2250 1550 0
8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2500 2500 2250 1550 0
9 0 0 0 0 270 0 0 2500 2500 2000 1350 0
10 0 0 0 0 270 0 0 2500 2500 1350 1150 0
11 270 0 0 0 390 0 0 2500 2500 1150 980 0
12 1150 0 0 0 980 0 0 2500 2500 1150 810 0
13 980 0 0 0 980 0 0 2500 2500 1150 510 0
14 270 0 0 0 980 0 0 2500 2500 1150 390 015 180 0 0 0 980 0 0 2500 2500 1150 270 0
16 90 0 0 0 810 0 270 2250 2250 980 270 0
17 90 0 0 0 390 0 510 2500 2500 980 270 0
18 90 0 0 0 320 0 1550 2500 2500 810 0 0
19 90 0 0 0 180 0 2000 2500 2500 810 0 0
20 180 0 0 0 90 0 2500 2250 2500 810 0 0
21 180 0 0 0 90 0 2500 2250 2250 660 0 0
22 180 0 0 0 90 0 2500 2500 2500 510 0 023 180 0 0 0 90 0 2350 2500 2500 390 0 0
24 270 0 0 0 90 0 2250 2500 2500 390 0 0
25 180 0 0 0 90 0 2000 2500 2500 0 0 0
26 90 0 0 0 0 0 1775 2500 2500 0 0 0
27 90 0 0 0 0 0 1775 2500 2500 0 0 0
28 90 0 0 0 0 0 2250 2500 2500 0 0 0
29 90 0 0 0 0 2250 2500 2500 0 0 0
30 90 0 0 0 0 2500 2500 2400 390 0 0
31 0 0 2500 2500 810 0
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DAILY DISCHARGE DATA (YEAR 2008)Day \
Month JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
1 0 0 0 0 270 0 2000 1910 1910 2500 510 0
2 0 0 0 0 110 0 2000 1910 1910 2500 510 0
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 270 1910 1910 2500 540 0
4 0 0 0 0 0 0 270 2000 1910 2500 1350 05 0 0 0 0 0 0 270 2000 1910 2500 1550 0
6 0 0 0 0 0 0 270 2000 1910 2500 1650 0
7 0 0 0 0 0 0 270 2150 1910 2500 1550 0
8 0 0 0 0 270 0 270 2250 1910 2500 1685 0
9 0 0 0 0 810 0 270 2250 1910 2500 1595 0
10 0 0 0 0 810 0 270 2250 1650 2500 1430 0
11 0 0 0 0 600 0 270 2250 1910 2500 1190 0
12 0 0 0 0 390 0 510 2250 1910 2500 1115 0
13 0 0 0 0 390 0 510 2000 2100 2500 1080 0
14 0 0 0 0 270 0 1150 2000 1775 2000 1150 0
15 0 0 0 0 180 0 2000 2000 2250 2500 1350 0
16 0 0 0 0 180 0 1550 1150 2400 2500 1190 0
17 0 0 0 0 90 0 1550 1150 2400 2500 1050 0
18 0 0 0 0 90 0 1550 1150 2400 2250 980 0
19 0 0 0 0 90 0 1550 1150 2400 2150 0 0
20 0 0 0 0 90 270 1775 1150 2400 2150 0 0
21 0 0 0 0 90 0 1775 1775 2400 2150 0 022 0 0 0 0 90 510 1775 1775 2400 2150 0 0
23 0 0 0 0 90 2000 1775 1775 2400 2000 0 0
24 0 0 0 0 90 2000 1775 1775 2400 2000 0 0
25 0 0 0 0 90 1550 1775 1775 2400 1270 0 0
26 0 0 0 0 90 1150 1775 1910 2400 1510 0 0
27 0 0 0 0 90 2000 1775 1910 2400 1230 0 0
28 0 0 0 0 90 2000 1775 1910 2400 1080 0 0
29 0 0 0 0 90 2000 1775 1910 2400 810 0 0
30 0 0 0 90 2000 1775 1910 2500 690 0 0
31 0 0 0 90 1910 1910 540 0
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DAILY DISCHARGE DATA (YEAR 2009)Day \ Month JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
1 0 180 0 0 0 0 0 2500 1910 1550 1550 0
2 0 90 0 0 0 0 0 270 1910 1775 2000 0
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 270 1910 1550 2000 0
4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 270 1910 1550 1550 0
5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 810 1910 1550 1550 06 0 0 0 0 0 0 510 1550 1910 1550 1470 0
7 0 0 0 0 270 0 810 2000 1910 1350 1550 0
8 0 0 0 0 810 0 1150 2500 1910 1150 1550 0
9 0 0 0 0 810 0 1150 2500 1910 980 1350 0
10 390 0 0 0 660 0 1150 2500 1650 810 1150 0
11 1150 0 0 0 510 0 1430 2500 1910 810 980 0
12 810 0 0 0 460 0 880 2500 1910 810 810 0
13 810 0 0 0 510 0 540 2500 2100 810 510 0
14 1150 0 0 0 370 0 510 2500 1775 810 390 0
15 1550 0 0 0 295 0 1550 2500 2250 1350 270 0
16 1550 0 0 0 235 0 1550 2250 2400 1775 270 0
17 1550 0 0 0 180 0 1550 2500 2400 2000 270 0
18 1550 0 0 0 145 0 1550 2500 2400 1550 0 0
19 1550 0 0 0 125 0 1550 2500 2400 1350 0 0
20 1550 0 0 0 110 0 1550 2250 2400 1115 0 0
21 1550 0 0 0 90 0 1550 2250 2400 810 0 0
22 1650 0 0 0 0 0 1550 2500 2400 630 0 023 1650 0 0 0 0 0 1550 2500 2400 540 0 0
24 1550 0 0 0 0 0 1550 2500 2400 460 0 0
25 1550 0 0 0 0 0 1550 2500 2400 415 0 0
26 1470 0 0 0 0 0 2250 2500 2400 415 0 0
27 980 0 0 0 0 0 2250 2500 2400 415 0 0
28 1150 0 0 0 0 0 2250 2500 2400 390 0 0
29 810 0 0 0 0 2250 2500 2400 390 0 0
30 390 0 0 0 0 2250 2500 2500 390 0 0
31 270 0 0 0 2250 2500 390 0
10 DAILY DISCHARGE (C sec)
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10-DAILY DISCHARGE (Cusec)
Month Year 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
JAN
I 385 0 0 0 39
II 1820 0 339 0 1322
III 945 1440 144 0 1184
FEB
I 1035 1035 0 0 27
II 419 476 0 0 0
III 0 383 0 0 0
MAR
I 0 148 0 0 0
II 0 0 0 0 0
III 0 0 0 0 0
APR
I 0 0 0 0 0
II 0 0 0 0 0
III 0 0 0 0 0
MAY
I 196 263 54 227 255
II 1049 963 610 237 294
III 150 716 41 90 8
JUN
I 0 210 0 0 0
II 0 100 0 27 0
III 108 0 0 1521 0
JUL
I 287 477 0 616 477
II 0 1266 683 1242 1266
III 232 1932 2241 1787 1932
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Month Year 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
AUG
I 357 2440 1517 2063 1517
II 255 2490 2450 1625 2450
III 455 2409 2477 1849 2477
SEP
I 2020 2500 2500 1884 1884
II 1754 2450 2475 2195 2195
III 1923 2500 2465 2410 2410
OCT
I 1358 1382 2185 2500 1382
II 1230 1238 1014 2355 1238III 1215 477 286 1403 477
NOV
I 940 210 1572 1237 1572
II 673 430 350 911 350
III 1101 0 0 0 0
DEC
I 1604 0 0 0 0
II 1416 0 0 0 0
III 323 0 0 0 0
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FLOW DURATION
% Time
Equalled
or
Exceeded
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Average
(cusecs)
Average
(cumec)
2.78 2020 2500 2500 2500 2477 2399 67.97
5.56 1923 2500 2477 2410 2450 2352 66.63
8.33 1820 2490 2475 2355 2410 2310 65.44
11.11 1754 2450 2465 2195 2195 2212 62.65
13.89 1604 2440 2450 2063 1932 2098 59.42
16.67 1416 2409 2241 1884 1884 1967 55.72
19.44 1358 1932 2185 1849 1572 1779 50.4022.22 1230 1440 1572 1787 1517 1509 42.76
25.00 1215 1382 1517 1625 1382 1424 40.34
27.78 1101 1266 1014 1521 1322 1245 35.26
30.56 1049 1238 683 1403 1266 1128 31.94
33.33 1035 1035 610 1242 1238 1032 29.23
36.11 945 963 350 1237 1184 936 26.51
38.89 940 716 339 911 477 676 19.16
41.67 673 477 286 616 477 506 14.33
44.44 455 477 144 237 350 333 9.42
47.22 419 476 54 227 294 294 8.33
50.00 385 430 41 90 255 240 6.80
52.78 357 383 0 27 39 161 4.56
55.56 323 263 0 0 27 123 3.47
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% Time
Equalled
or
Exceeded
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Average
(cusecs)
Average
(cumec)
58.33 287 210 0 0 8 101 2.86
61.11 255 210 0 0 0 93 2.63
63.89 232 148 0 0 0 76 2.15
66.67 196 100 0 0 0 59 1.67
69.44 150 0 0 0 0 30 0.85
72.22 108 0 0 0 0 22 0.61
75.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00
77.78 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00
80.56 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00
83.33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00
86.11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00
88.89 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0091.67 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00
94.44 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00
97.22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00
100.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00
10 Daily Average Data in Cumecs
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10 Daily Average Data in Cumecs
S. No. %Availability Qav. (Cumecs)
1 2.78 67.97
2 5.56 66.63
3 8.33 65.44
4 11.11 62.655 13.89 59.42
6 16.67 55.72
7 19.44 50.40
8 22.22 42.76
9 25.00 40.34
10 27.78 35.26
11 30.56 31.9412 33.33 29.23
13 36.11 26.51
14 38.89 19.16
15 41.67 14.33
16 44.44 9.42
17 47.22 8.33
18 50.00 6.8019 52.78 4.56
20 55.56 3.47
21 58.33 2.86
22 61.11 2.63
23 63.89 2.15
24 66.67 1.67
25 69.44 0.85
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S. No. %Availability Qav. (Cumecs)
26 72.22 0.61
27 75.00 0.00
28 77.78 0.00
29 80.56 0.0030 83.33 0.00
31 86.11 0.00
32 88.89 0.00
33 91.67 0.00
34 94.44 0.00
35 97.22 0.00
36 100.00 0.00
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 20 40 60 80 100
D i s c h a r g e ( i n c u m e c s )
% Time Equalled or Exceeded
FLOW DURATION CURVE
POWER POTENTIAL
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POWER POTENTIAL
S. No.% of
Time
Discha
rge
(cumec
s)
Net
Head
(m)
Power Potential
(kW)
Power Potential
at Installed
Capacity (2000
kW)
Power Potential
at Installed
Capacity (3000
kW)
Power Potential
at Installed
Capacity (4000
kW)
1 2.78 67.97 8.75 5093.41 2000.00 3000.00 4000.002 5.56 66.63 8.75 4992.82 2000.00 3000.00 4000.00
3 8.33 65.44 8.75 4903.75 2000.00 3000.00 4000.00
4 11.11 62.65 8.75 4694.65 2000.00 3000.00 4000.00
5 13.89 59.42 8.75 4453.00 2000.00 3000.00 4000.00
6 16.67 55.72 8.75 4175.20 2000.00 3000.00 4000.00
7 19.44 50.40 8.75 3776.72 2000.00 3000.00 3776.72
8 22.22 42.76 8.75 3203.90 2000.00 3000.00 3203.909 25.00 40.34 8.75 3022.92 2000.00 3000.00 3022.92
10 27.78 35.26 8.75 2642.51 2000.00 2642.51 2642.51
11 30.56 31.94 8.75 2393.81 2000.00 2393.81 2393.81
12 33.33 29.23 8.75 2190.13 2000.00 2190.13 2190.13
13 36.11 26.51 8.75 1986.20 1986.20 1986.20 1986.20
14 38.89 19.16 8.75 1436.04 1436.04 1436.04 1436.04
15 41.67 14.33 8.75 1073.60 1073.60 1073.60 1073.6016 44.44 9.42 8.75 706.17 706.17 706.17 706.17
17 47.22 8.33 8.75 624.11 624.11 624.11 624.11
18 50.00 6.80 8.75 509.87 509.87 509.87 509.87
19 52.78 4.56 8.75 341.99 341.99 341.99 341.99
20 55.56 3.47 8.75 260.34 260.34 260.34 260.34
21 58.33 2.86 8.75 214.48 214.48 214.48 214.48
22 61.11 2.63 8.75 197.42 197.42 197.42 197.42
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S. No.% of
Time
Dischar
ge
(cumec
s)
Net
Head
(m)
Power Potential
(kW)
Power Potential
at Installed
Capacity (2000
kW)
Power Potential
at Installed
Capacity (3000
kW)
Power Potential
at Installed
Capacity (4000
kW)
23 63.89 2.15 8.75 161.26 161.26 161.26 161.26
24 66.67 1.67 8.75 125.46 125.46 125.46 125.46
25 69.44 0.85 8.75 63.49 63.49 63.49 63.4926 72.22 0.61 8.75 45.85 45.85 45.85 45.85
27 75.00 0.00 8.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
28 77.78 0.00 8.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
29 80.56 0.00 8.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
30 83.33 0.00 8.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
31 86.11 0.00 8.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
32 88.89 0.00 8.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
33 91.67 0.00 8.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
34 94.44 0.00 8.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
35 97.22 0.00 8.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
36 100.00 0.00 8.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Average Power
(kW) 881.84 1165.91 1360.45
Annual Enegry
(MU) 7.72 10.21 11.92Load factor 0.44 0.39 0.34
ABSTRACT OF COST ESTIMATES
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ABSTRACT OF COST ESTIMATES
Items Cost (Rs. Lacs)
Alternate-I
(2x1000 kW)
Alternate-II
(2x1500 kW)
Alternate-III
(2x2000 kW)
Works A. Preliminary 7.00 8.00 10.00
B. Land 10.00 12.00 15.00
C. Civil Works 550.00 800.00 1050.00
D. Electrical and Mechanical
equipment
700.00 990.00 1300.00
(a) Freight, insurance,transportation, erection and
commissioning charges
(b) Transmission line upto grid
70.00 100.00 130.00
Total I-Works 1337.00 1910.00 2505.00
Establishment and other
indirect charges (12% of Iworks)
160.44 229.20 300.60
Total (I+II) 1497.44 2139.20 2805.60
Installation cost per kW ( Rs.) 74872 71307 70140
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GENERATION COST
Items Cost (Rs. Lacs)
Alternate-I
(2x1000 kW)
Alternate-II
(2x1500 kW)
Alternate-III
(2x2000 kW)(a) Annual Expenses
Operation and maintenance
cost 3% of project cost 44.92 64.18 84.17
Annual depreciation charges
3% of project cost 44.92 64.18 84.17
Interest charges 12% of
project cost 179.69 256.70 336.67
Total Annual expenses 269.53 385.06 505.01
(b) Energy Generation 7.30 9.65 11.26
(c) Cost of Generation(Rs. / kWh)
3.69 3.99 4.48
GENERATION COST CONSIDERING
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GENERATION COST CONSIDERING
SUBSIDY AND CDM BENEFITS
Installation cost Rs.2139.20 lacs
Subsidy Rs.330 lacs
Installation cost with subsidy Rs.1809.20 lacs
Annual expenses:
- Operation and maintenance cost (3% of project cost) Rs.54.28 lacs
- Annual depreciation charges (3% of project cost) Rs.54.28 lacs
- Interest charges (12% of project cost) Rs.217.10 lacs
Sub Total Rs.325.66 lacs
CDM benefits Rs.48.56 lacs
Annual expenses with CDM benefits Rs.277.10 lacs
Cost of generation with subsidy and CDM benefits Rs.2.87 per kWh
For recommended option of (2 x 1500 kW) for installation:
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ABSTRACT OF COST ESTIMATES
Sl. No. Items Cost (Rs. Lacs)
Alternate-I(2 x 2000 kW) Alternate-II(2 x 2500 kW)
I. Works
A. Preliminary 10.00 12.00
B. Land 15.00 20.00
C. Civil Works 1000 1200
D. Electrical and
Mechanical works
1440 1700
Total I-Works 2540 2990
II. Establishment and other
indirect charges (12% of I
works)
330 389.00
Total (I+II) 2870 3379
INSTALLATION COST
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INSTALLATION COST
Items Alternate-I
(2 x 2000 kW)
Alternate-II
(2 x 2500 kW)
Installation cost per kW ( Rs.) 71,750 67,574
GENERATION COST
Items Alternate-I
(2 x 2000 kW)
Alternate-II
(2 x 2500 kW)(a) Annual Expenses
Operation and maintenance cost
3% of project cost
Annual depreciation charges 3%
of project costInterest charges 12% of project
cost
Rs. 86.10 Lacs
Rs. 86.10 Lacs
Rs. 344.40 Lacs
Rs. 101.36 Lacs
Rs. 101.36 Lacs
Rs. 404.44 Lacs
Total Annual expenses Rs. 516.60 Lacs Rs. 608.16 Lacs
(b) Energy Generation 22.05 MU 26.57 MU
(c) Cost of Generation (Rs. / kWh) Rs. 2.34/kWh Rs. 2.29/kWh
10 D il Di h D t
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Month/Year 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993
I 1.12 * 1.12 1.13 1.15 1.17 1.16
January II 1.05 * 1.05 1.06 1.08 1.09 1.09
III 0.98 * 0.98 0.99 1.01 1.02 1.02
I 0.77 * 0.77 0.78 0.79 0.80 0.80
February II 0.75 * 0.75 0.76 0.78 0.79 0.79III 0.76 * 0.76 0.77 0.78 0.79 0.79
I 0.90 * 0.90 0.91 0.93 0.94 0.94
March II 0.93 * 0.93 0.94 0.96 0.97 0.97
III 1.01 * 1.01 1.02 1.04 1.05 1.05
I 1.02 * 1.02 1.03 1.06 1.07 1.07
April II 1.02 * 1.02 1.03 1.06 1.07 1.07
III 1.02 * 1.02 1.03 1.06 1.07 1.07
I 0.90 0.91 0.93 0.94 0.93 0.93 *
May II 0.92 0.93 0.95 0.96 0.96 0.95 *
III 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.99 0.99 0.97 *I 1.27 1.28 1.34 1.36 1.36 1.36 *
June II 1.52 1.53 1.61 1.62 1.62 1.62 *
III 2.59 2.61 2.74 2.77 2.77 2.77 *
I 3.00 * 3.20 * 3.30 * 3.35 * 3.35 * 3.35 *
July II 3.50 * 3.60 * 3.70 * 3.75 * 3.75 * 3.75 *
III 3.75 * 3.80 * 3.90 * 3.95 * 3.95 * 3.95 *
I 3.90 * 3.95 * 4.00 * 4.05 * 4.05 * 4.05 *
Aug. II 3.80 * 3.90 * 3.95 * 4.00 * 4.00 * 4.00 *
III 3.60 * 3.70 * 3.80 * 3.85 * 3.85 * 3.85 *
I 3.00 * 3.10 * 3.20 * 3.25 * 3.25 * 3.25 *
Sept. II 2.90 * 3.00 * 3.10 * 3.15 * 3.15 * 3.15 *
III 2.85 * 2.90 * 3.00 * 3.05 * 3.05 * 3.05 *
I 2.80 2.80 2.95 3.10 3.10 3.10 *
Oct. II 2.79 2.82 2.89 2.92 2.92 2.92 *
III 2.78 2.81 2.88 2.91 2.90 2.91 *
I 2.12 2.14 2.19 2.21 2.21 2.21 *
Nov. II 2.06 2.08 2.13 2.15 2.14 2.15 *
III 1.98 2.00 2.05 2.07 2.07 2.07 *
I 1.81 1.83 1.87 1.89 1.88 1.89 *
Dec. II 1.62 1.64 1.67 1.69 1.69 14.69 *
III 1.40 1.41 1.44 1.46 1.46 1.46 *
10 Daily Discharge Data
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Flow Duration
% of time
equalled or
exceeded
Discharge (Cumecs) 90% of
Av.Discharge
for power gen.
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993Average
2.78 3.90 3.95 4.00 4.05 4.05 4.69 4.107 3.70
5.56 3.80 3.90 3.95 4.00 4.00 4.05 3.950 3.56
8.33 3.75 3.80 3.90 3.95 3.95 4.00 3.892 3.50
11.11 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.85 3.85 3.95 3.792 3.41
13.89 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.75 3.75 3.85 3.692 3.3216.67 3.00 3.20 3.30 3.35 3.35 3.75 3.325 2.99
19.44 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.25 3.25 3.35 3.192 2.87
22.22 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.15 3.15 3.25 3.092 2.78
25.00 2.85 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.10 3.15 3.017 2.72
27.78 2.80 2.82 2.95 3.05 3.05 3.10 2.962 2.67
30.56 2.79 2.81 2.89 2.92 2.92 3.05 2.897 2.61
33.33 2.78 2.80 2.88 2.91 2.90 2.92 2.865 2.58
36.11 2.59 2.61 2.74 2.77 2.77 2.91 2.732 2.46
38.89 2.12 2.14 2.19 2.21 2.21 2.77 2.273 2.05
41.67 2.06 2.08 2.13 2.15 2.14 2.21 2.128 1.92
44.44 1.98 2.00 2.05 2.07 2.07 2.15 2.053 1.85
47.22 1.81 1.83 1.87 1.89 1.88 2.07 1.892 1.70
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50.00 1.62 1.64 1.67 1.69 1.69 1.891.700 1.53
52.78 1.52 1.53 1.61 1.62 1.62 1.621.587 1.43
55.56 1.40 1.411.44
1.46 1.46 1.461.438 1.29
58.33 1.27 1.28 1.34 1.36 1.36 1.361.328 1.20
61.11 1.12 1.12 1.131.15 1.17
1.161.142 1.03
63.89 1.05 1.05 1.061.08 1.09
1.091.070 0.96
66.67 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.06 1.07 1.071.045 0.94
69.44 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.06 1.07 1.071.045 0.94
72.22 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.06 1.07 1.071.045 0.94
75.00 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.04 1.05 1.051.030 0.93
77.78 0.98 0.98 0.99 1.01 1.02 1.021.000 0.9080.56 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.99 0.99 0.970.977 0.88
83.33 0.93 0.93 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.970.952 0.86
86.11 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.96 0.96 0.950.943 0.85
88.890.90
0.91 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.940.927 0.83
91.67 0.90 0.90 0.91 0.93 0.93 0.930.917 0.83
94.44 0.77 0.77 0.78 0.79 0.80 0.800.785 0.71
97.22 0.76 0.76 0.77 0.78 0.79 0.790.775 0.70
100.00 0.75 0.75 0.76 0.78 0.79 0.790.770 0.69
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Fig 4.1. : Flow Duration Curve
0.000
0.500
1.000
1.500
2.000
2.500
3.000
3.500
4.000
4.500
0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00 80.00 90.00 100.00
% of Time Equalled or Exc eeded
D i s c h a r g e
i n C u m e c s
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Power Potential and Energy Generation
% of time
equalled or
exceeded
Discharge Power Power Power Power Power
for power Potential Available Available Available Available
gen.
(Cumecs)
(kW) (kW) (kW) (kW) (kW)
2x750 kW 2x1000 kW 2x1500 kW 3x1000 kW
2.78 3.70 7750.10 1500.00 2000.00 3000.00 3000.00
5.56 3.56 7454.44 1500.00 2000.00 3000.00 3000.00
8.33 3.50 7344.35 1500.00 2000.00 3000.00 3000.00
11.11 3.41 7155.63 1500.00 2000.00 3000.00 3000.00
13.89 3.32 6966.91 1500.00 2000.00 3000.00 3000.00
16.67 2.99 6274.94 1500.00 2000.00 3000.00 3000.0019.44 2.87 6023.31 1500.00 2000.00 3000.00 3000.00
22.22 2.78 5834.59 1500.00 2000.00 3000.00 3000.00
25.00 2.72 5693.05 1500.00 2000.00 3000.00 3000.00
27.78 2.67 5589.25 1500.00 2000.00 3000.00 3000.00
30.56 2.61 5466.59 1500.00 2000.00 3000.00 3000.00
33.33 2.58 5406.82 1500.00 2000.00 3000.00 3000.00
36.11 2.46 5155.20 1500.00 2000.00 3000.00 3000.00
38.89 2.05 4290.23 1500.00 2000.00 3000.00 3000.0041.67 1.92 4016.59 1500.00 2000.00 3000.00 3000.00
44.44 1.85 3875.05 1500.00 2000.00 3000.00 3000.00
47.22 1.70 3569.95 1500.00 2000.00 3000.00 3000.00
50.00 1.53 3208.24 1500.00 2000.00 3000.00 3000.00
52.78 1.43 2994.36 1500.00 2000.00 2994.36 2994.36
55.56 1.29 2714.42 1500.00 2000.00 2714.42 2714.42
58.33 1.20 2506.83 1500.00 2000.00 2506.83 2506.83
61.11 1.03 2154.55 1500.00 2000.00 2154.55 2154.55
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63.89 0.96 2019.30 1500.00 2000.00 2019.30 2019.30
66.67 0.94 1972.12 1500.00 1972.12 1972.12 1972.12
69.44 0.94 1972.12 1500.00 1972.12 1972.12 1972.12
72.22 0.94 1972.12 1500.00 1972.12 1972.12 1972.12
75.00 0.93 1943.81 1500.00 1943.81 1943.81 1943.81
77.78 0.90 1887.20 1500.00 1887.20 1887.20 1887.20
80.56 0.88 1843.16 1500.00 1843.16 1843.16 1843.16
83.33 0.86 1795.98 1500.00 1795.98 1795.98 1795.98
86.11 0.85 1780.26 1500.00 1780.26 1780.26 1780.26
88.89 0.83 1748.80 1500.00 1748.80 1748.80 1748.80
91.67 0.83 1729.93 1500.00 1729.93 1729.93 1729.93
94.44 0.71 1481.45 1481.45 1481.45 1481.45 1481.45
97.22 0.70 1462.58 1462.58 1462.58 1462.58 1462.58
100.00 0.69 1453.14 1453.14 1453.14 1453.14 1453.14
Load Factor 99.80 95.85 82.80 82.80
Av. Power (kW) 1497 1917 2484 2484
Energy (MU) 13.11 16.80 21.76 21.76
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Month/Year 1999 2000
January 3.24 3.52
February 2.95 3.10
March 3.20 3.65
April 4.80 4.52
May 5.10 5.30
June 7.12 6.86
July 10.17 10.55
Aug. 9.239.00
Sept. 8.69 8.85
Oct. 7.84 7.50
Nov. 4.92 5.10
Dec. 4.10 3.90
Discharge (Cumecs)
Monthly Discharge Data
Flo D ration Po er Potential and Energ Generation
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90% of Power
1999 2000 Avera e0 10.17 10.55 10.360 9.32 12141.84
8.33 10.17 10.55 10.360 9.32 12141.84
16.67 9.23 9.00 9.115 8.20 10682.71
25.00 8.69 8.85 8.770 7.89 10278.37
33.33 7.84 7.50 7.670 6.90 8989.18
41.67 7.12 6.86 6.990 6.29 8192.23
50.00 5.10 5.30 5.200 4.68 6094.36
58.33 4.92 5.10 5.010 4.51 5871.68
66.67 4.80 4.52 4.660 4.19 5461.48
75.00 4.10 3.90 4.000 3.60 4687.97
83.33 3.24 3.65 3.445 3.10 4037.51
91.67 3.20 3.52 3.360 3.02 3937.89
100.00 2.95 3.10 3.025 2.72 3545.28
% of time
Potential (Kw Av.Discharge
Discharge in Cumecs
Flow Duration, Power Potential and Energy Generation
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Fig. 4.1 Flow Duration Curve
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Percent of time equalled or Exceeded
D i s c h a r g e i n c u m e c s
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90% of Power Power Power Power Power
Av.Discharge Potential Available Available Available Available
for power
gen.(cumecs)
( kW) ( kW) ( kW) ( kW) ( kW)
2x2000 2x2500 2x3000 3x2000
9.32 12141.84 4000.00 5000.00 6000.00 6000.00
8.20 10682.71 4000.00 5000.00 6000.00 6000.00
7.89 10278.37 4000.00 5000.00 6000.00 6000.00
6.90 8989.18 4000.00 5000.00 6000.00 6000.00
6.29 8192.23 4000.00 5000.00 6000.00 6000.004.68 6094.36 4000.00 5000.00 6000.00 6000.00
4.51 5871.68 4000.00 5000.00 5871.68 5871.68
4.19 5461.48 4000.00 5000.00 5461.48 5461.48
3.60 4687.97 4000.00 4687.97 4687.97 4687.97
3.10 4037.51 4000.00 4037.51 4037.51 4037.51
3.02 3937.89 3937.89 3937.89 3937.89 3937.89
2.72 3545.28 3545.28 3545.28 3545.28 3545.28
3956.93 4684.05 5295.15 5295.15
34.66 41.03 46.39 46.39
98.90 93.68 46.39 46.39
Av. Power (kW)
Load Factor
Energy (MU)
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