sleep and dream states n consciousness n what is consciousness? u consciousness is what goes on...

Sleep and Dream statesSleep and Dream states

ConsciousnessConsciousness What is consciousness?What is consciousness?

Consciousness is what goes on between your Consciousness is what goes on between your ears when you are awake?ears when you are awake?

DREAMING is a state of consciousnessDREAMING is a state of consciousness

Altered states of consciousnessAltered states of consciousness Sleep, drugs, meditation, hypnosis?Sleep, drugs, meditation, hypnosis?

Sleep and wakefulnessSleep and wakefulness

Seem different but have a lot in commonSeem different but have a lot in common In sleepIn sleep we may ‘talk’we may ‘talk’ we may ‘walk’we may ‘walk’ we have memorieswe have memories we can even plan things!we can even plan things!

Sleep patterns vary - average = 7/8 hours per Sleep patterns vary - average = 7/8 hours per nightnight

SleepSleep

Disruption of sleep leads to fatigueDisruption of sleep leads to fatigue

What goes on in the brain of a sleeper?What goes on in the brain of a sleeper?

Brain activity can be recorded by an Brain activity can be recorded by an EEG EEG

ElectroencephalogramElectroencephalogram

Sleep and dream statesSleep and dream states Every 24 hours we sleepEvery 24 hours we sleep

we spend 30% of our lives asleepwe spend 30% of our lives asleep sleep is an active NOT a passive behavioursleep is an active NOT a passive behaviour

Dement and Kleitman (1950s)Dement and Kleitman (1950s) the five stages of sleepthe five stages of sleep

National InitiativesNational Initiatives UfIUfI NGFLNGFL

Sector DevelopmentsSector Developments ConnectivityConnectivity Local initiativesLocal initiatives Inclusivity and widening participationInclusivity and widening participation

The brain and its states...The brain and its states...

Waking EEGs -Waking EEGs - Desynchronised brain wavesDesynchronised brain waves not all chanting togethernot all chanting together

The stages of sleepThe stages of sleep

Before sleepBefore sleep just as we fall asleepjust as we fall asleep

synchronised alpha wavessynchronised alpha waves heart rate slows, temperature fallsheart rate slows, temperature falls muscle tension reducesmuscle tension reduces


Stage 1 sleepStage 1 sleep - alpha waves reduced - alpha waves reduced less desynchronised brain activityless desynchronised brain activity

Stage 2 sleepStage 2 sleep - synchronised brain activity - synchronised brain activity larger and slower waveslarger and slower waves bursts of sharp ‘spikes’bursts of sharp ‘spikes’ (sleep spindles)(sleep spindles)


Stage 3 sleepStage 3 sleep - slow delta waves - slow delta waves less sleep spindlesless sleep spindles heart and breathing rate continue to fallheart and breathing rate continue to fall Stage 4 sleepStage 4 sleep - only delta waves - only delta waves arousal threshold high (people are hard to arousal threshold high (people are hard to

wake up) wake up) 4 stages of Slow Wave Sleep4 stages of Slow Wave Sleep all synchronised slow wave activityall synchronised slow wave activity

REM sleepREM sleep

REM sleepREM sleep - - after about 90 minutes after about 90 minutes EEG shows SHIFT into fast EEG shows SHIFT into fast desynchronised brain activitydesynchronised brain activity

heart rate increasesheart rate increases skeletal muscles relaxed (paralysis)skeletal muscles relaxed (paralysis) Rapid Eye Movements occur (REM)Rapid Eye Movements occur (REM)

REM sleepREM sleep

REM sleepREM sleep - 15 minutes in REM sleep - 15 minutes in REM sleep then back through stage 2 3 and 4then back through stage 2 3 and 4

this cycle repeats every 90 minutesthis cycle repeats every 90 minutes 5 or 6 cycles per night5 or 6 cycles per night towards morning more REM sleeptowards morning more REM sleep we dream in REM sleep, thus dream more we dream in REM sleep, thus dream more

in early morningin early morning

What is sleep FOR?What is sleep FOR?

The evolutionary theoryThe evolutionary theory All species sleep, thus sleep MUST All species sleep, thus sleep MUST

have a valuable function (survival of have a valuable function (survival of the species)the species)

Do animals need sleep?Do animals need sleep? Rats deprived of sleep die after 21 daysRats deprived of sleep die after 21 days Jouvet - cats & the flower pot techniqueJouvet - cats & the flower pot technique (These animals may have died of stress)(These animals may have died of stress)

Human sleep deprivation?Human sleep deprivation?

REM sleep seems important:REM sleep seems important: The Randy Gardner studyThe Randy Gardner study volunteers who are gradually deprived volunteers who are gradually deprived

of sleep of sleep (sleep reduced from 8 hours to 2 hours)(sleep reduced from 8 hours to 2 hours) pack REM sleep into the time they pack REM sleep into the time they

CAN sleepCAN sleep

Do we only DREAM in REM sleep?Do we only DREAM in REM sleep?

How can we find out?How can we find out?

IDEAS on a post card IDEAS on a post card please!!!!!please!!!!!

Dement and KleitmanDement and Kleitman

Developed a rigorous and Developed a rigorous and objective test objective test

of theof the relationship between REM relationship between REM

sleep and dreamingsleep and dreaming


Three ways to collect dataThree ways to collect data First DVFirst DV Dream recall during REM and Dream recall during REM and

NREM sleepNREM sleep they woke people up and asked they woke people up and asked

them if they had dreamedthem if they had dreamed


Three ways to collect dataThree ways to collect data 2nd DV2nd DV Subjective estimate of the duration Subjective estimate of the duration

of dreams CORRELATED to the of dreams CORRELATED to the duration of REM before awakenedduration of REM before awakened

they asked people to say how long they asked people to say how long their dreams had lastedtheir dreams had lasted


Three ways to collect dataThree ways to collect data 3rd DV3rd DV- patterns of eye - patterns of eye

movements were related to the movements were related to the reported dream contentreported dream content

to test whether the movement to test whether the movement represented specific expression of represented specific expression of the visual dream experiencethe visual dream experience


Third DV - the criteria Third DV - the criteria FOUR eye movement patternsFOUR eye movement patterns 11 mainly verticalmainly vertical 22 mainly horizontalmainly horizontal 33 vertical & horizontalvertical & horizontal 4 4 little or nonelittle or none


Have we all got that?Have we all got that? 3 ways to collect the data (DVs)3 ways to collect the data (DVs) self report of dreamingself report of dreaming self report of length of dream - self report of length of dream -

correlated to length of EEG REMcorrelated to length of EEG REM correlation of eye movement to correlation of eye movement to

reported dream contentreported dream content


9 participants (7 male & 2 female)9 participants (7 male & 2 female) only 5 studied intensivelyonly 5 studied intensively method - a lab experimentmethod - a lab experiment The procedure - Ps asked to The procedure - Ps asked to

refrain from alcohol & caffeinerefrain from alcohol & caffeine Report at bed time to sleep labReport at bed time to sleep lab


Ps go to bed in quiet roomPs go to bed in quiet room Electrodes stuck next to eyes to Electrodes stuck next to eyes to

record eye movementsrecord eye movements Electrodes stuck to scalp to record Electrodes stuck to scalp to record

brain waves (EEG)brain waves (EEG) All attached by single wire to EEG All attached by single wire to EEG

(lead wire at top of bed)(lead wire at top of bed)


Now - Ps awakened through the Now - Ps awakened through the night to test their dream recallnight to test their dream recall

21 awakenings in first 2 hrs of sleep21 awakenings in first 2 hrs of sleep 29 awakenings in 2nd 2 hrs of sleep29 awakenings in 2nd 2 hrs of sleep 28 awakenings in 3rd 2 hrs of sleep28 awakenings in 3rd 2 hrs of sleep 22 awakenings in 4th 2 hrs of sleep22 awakenings in 4th 2 hrs of sleep


They were woken by a bell placed They were woken by a bell placed next to the bednext to the bed

when woken the Ps spoke into a when woken the Ps spoke into a recording device near the bedrecording device near the bed

FIRST - they said whether they had been FIRST - they said whether they had been dreamingdreaming

NEXT they said what they were dreaming NEXT they said what they were dreaming about (if they could)about (if they could)


CONTROLCONTROL No communication between No communication between

experimenter and sleeper until experimenter and sleeper until after they told of their dream after they told of their dream contentcontent

in case the experimenter in case the experimenter ‘suggested the content’‘suggested the content’


CONTROLCONTROL They were NOT told whether they They were NOT told whether they

had been woken in REM sleep or had been woken in REM sleep or in NREM sleepin NREM sleep

Woken in BOTH REM and NREMWoken in BOTH REM and NREM


FINDINGS of 9 participantsFINDINGS of 9 participants dream reports (DV1)dream reports (DV1) REM SLEEPREM SLEEP 191 awakenings191 awakenings 152 dream reports152 dream reports 39 no dream reports39 no dream reports


FINDINGS of 9 participantsFINDINGS of 9 participants Dream reports (DV1)Dream reports (DV1) NREM sleepNREM sleep 160 awakenings160 awakenings 11 dream reports11 dream reports 149 no dream reports149 no dream reports


FINDINGS of 9 participantsFINDINGS of 9 participants dream reports (DV1)dream reports (DV1) HIGH incidence of dream recall HIGH incidence of dream recall

after REMafter REM LOW incidence of dream recall LOW incidence of dream recall

after NREMafter NREM


FINDINGS of 9 participantsFINDINGS of 9 participants Length of dream correlated to length of Length of dream correlated to length of

REM (DV2)REM (DV2) How was this done??How was this done?? Ps awakened randomly after 5 or 15 minutes Ps awakened randomly after 5 or 15 minutes

of REM and asked to guess how long theyof REM and asked to guess how long they had been dreaming had been dreaming

(5 or 15 minutes)(5 or 15 minutes)


FINDINGS of 9 participantsFINDINGS of 9 participants 5 minutes REM SLEEP5 minutes REM SLEEP 45 reports were right45 reports were right 6 reports were wrong6 reports were wrong 15 minutes REM sleep15 minutes REM sleep 47 reports were right47 reports were right 13 reports were wrong13 reports were wrong


FINDINGS of 9 participantsFINDINGS of 9 participants length of dream correlated to length of dream correlated to

length of REM (DV2)length of REM (DV2) most Ps guessed accurately most Ps guessed accurately

except one P who could only except one P who could only remember the ends of dreamsremember the ends of dreams


FINDINGS of 9 participantsFINDINGS of 9 participants relationship between the type of eye relationship between the type of eye

movement to CONTENT of dreammovement to CONTENT of dream (DV3)(DV3) Ps woken when TYPE of eye movement Ps woken when TYPE of eye movement

was regular (vertical etc)was regular (vertical etc) 21 wakings - reports always looking at 21 wakings - reports always looking at

people or objects near to thempeople or objects near to them

•3 out of 35 awakenings were for vertical movements

•Standing at the bottom of cliff hoisting things up

•Climbing a ladder

•Playing basketball

One horizontal awakening

Throwing tomatoes

10 little or no eye movement

2 occasions driving car looking into distance then look left at car pulling out or man waving

A quick glance left observed just before waking


SUMMARY & conclusionsSUMMARY & conclusions regularly occurring REMs every nightregularly occurring REMs every night Most Ps recalled dreaming in REMMost Ps recalled dreaming in REM lack of dream recall + light brain waves lack of dream recall + light brain waves

suggest NO dreaming in NREMsuggest NO dreaming in NREM Objective measurement of dreaming Objective measurement of dreaming

MAY be achieved by recording REMS MAY be achieved by recording REMS while people sleepwhile people sleep


EvaluationEvaluation

REM sleep is important REM sleep is important the brain needs to sleep to organise the brain needs to sleep to organise

itselfitself evidenceevidence babies sleep longer than old peoplebabies sleep longer than old people REM is longer after complex tasksREM is longer after complex tasks

Dement and Kleitman - QUESTIONSDement and Kleitman - QUESTIONS

Does it matter that only 2 Ps were female?Does it matter that only 2 Ps were female?

Why were Ps asked to refrain from alcohol / Why were Ps asked to refrain from alcohol / caffeine?caffeine?

Why was it important that the Ps did not Why was it important that the Ps did not know whether they were in REM or NREM?know whether they were in REM or NREM?

Does the size of the sample matter?Does the size of the sample matter?


Why might the sleep patterns be different Why might the sleep patterns be different when the Ps sleep in their own beds?when the Ps sleep in their own beds?

Why might some of the Ps have recalled Why might some of the Ps have recalled dreams when they were woken in NREM dreams when they were woken in NREM

To whom can we generalise the findings?To whom can we generalise the findings?

Was the study ethical?Was the study ethical?


What was the IV?What was the IV?

What were the three DVs?What were the three DVs?

What is the MAIN disadvantage of What is the MAIN disadvantage of correlational analysis?correlational analysis?

Have D & K established that dreaming Have D & K established that dreaming ONLY occurs in REM sleep?ONLY occurs in REM sleep?


YOU MUST read this study upYOU MUST read this study up

Also - Also - try to read a chapter on SLEEP try to read a chapter on SLEEP

RESEARCH in GROSS or RESEARCH in GROSS or CARDWELLCARDWELL


Try recalling your own dreamsTry recalling your own dreams

Keep a dream diaryKeep a dream diary Do you dream more after you Do you dream more after you

have been studying hard?have been studying hard?

The endThe end

sleep and dream states n consciousness n what is consciousness? u consciousness is what goes on...

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