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Reflections on Thermo-Mechanical Energy Transfer, Photons, Phonons and

Thermons-Thermomass – (Lecture III)

Prof. M. KosticMechanical EngineeringNORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY

Institute of Engineering Thermophysics Tsinghua University Beijing, China, June 19, 2013

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Some Challenges in Thermoscience Research and Application Potentials

Energy Ecology Economy

Prof. M. KosticMechanical EngineeringNORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY

Tsinghua University, XJTU, and HUSTChina 2013: Beijing, Xi’an, Wuhan, June 14-28, 2013

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Hello:Thank you for the opportunity to present a holistic, phenomenological reasoning of some challenging issuesin Thermo-science.

Discussions are informal and not finalized yet. Thus, respectful, open-minded arguments, and brainstorming are desired for better comprehension of tacit and often elusive thermal phenomena.

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It is my great pleasure and honor to visit China and Tsinghua University AGAIN…

Thank you for invitation and opportunity to meet with and learn from you, and to present my research and scholarly work

The hypotheses posed here, some thought-provoking, have additional objective to initiate further discussion with constructive criticism, and

future research and applications in existing critical areas as well as emerging and novel applications.

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… more than 13 hrs. flightFrom NIU (my photo more than 12 yrs. old!)

… to visit Great People of the Great Wall in Chinaand distinguished colleagues at Tsinghua, XJTU & HUST

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Electromagnetic Natureof Thermo-Mechanical Mass-Energy Transfer

Due to Photon Diffusive Re-Emission and Propagation

Prof. M. KosticMechanical EngineeringNORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY

International Forum on Frontier Theories in Thermal ScienceTsinghua University, Beijing, China, December 18-20, 2011

Based on atomic electron-shell interactionsand the Einstein mass-energy equivalence, during “believed-massless” heat conduction

or mechanical work transfer, there has to be electromagnetic, i.e., photon mass-energy propagation

(since they are not gravitational and not nuclear interactions)through involved material structures, from a mass-energy source to a sink system. Otherwise, the mass-energy equivalence and Physics

law of forced interactions will be violated!

… with some updates

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What is Energy ?

If one could expel all energy out of a physical system … … then empty, nothing will be left …

… so ENERGY is EVERYTHING … E=mc2

𝒎𝒑𝒉=𝑬𝒑𝒉 ¿𝒄𝟐=(𝒉 ∙𝝂)/𝒄𝟐

Mass (m) is bind-energy within (E), they have a holistic meaning of “mass-energy”

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What is Energy ?“From the Sovereign Sun to the deluge of photons out of the astounding compaction and increase of

power-density in computer chips …

Mass-Energy represents motion of a system structure, i.e., its representative particles at different space and time scales, and ultimately motion of photons.

Where the Thermal Energy fits in?

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The Nature of Heat and Work?

It has NOT been explicitly established what are the underlying, fundamental mass-energy carriers for conduction heat or mechanical work transfer within material systems…

… but are both widely considered to be “massless.”

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Heat-Conduction Theories …

The deficiency of classical Fourier heat conduction theory (parabolic differential equation), allowing infinite speed of thermal energy propagation (i.e., a change of temperature at one location is felt

at infinity instantaneously), is challenged by:

• Hyperbolic Heat Conduction Model, • Relativistic Heat Conduction Theory, and • Thermomass Theory

(based on Einstein mass-energy equivalence with ‘thermon’ quasi-particle leading to inertia of heat transfer)

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Energy Carriers &Underlying (Fundamental) Energy Carriers

Fundamental or “Underlying energy carriers” are the FOUR fundamental interactions, i.e., forces and particles in physics:

1. Strong nuclear

2. Weak nuclear

3. Electro-magnetic (EM), and

4. Gravitational

Underlying carriers for electro-chemical and thermo-mechanical energy are photons (EM),

And “massive/convective” carriers may be electrons (or electron shells) and bulk matter, including crystal (rigid) web (phonons).

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…The Nature of Heat and Work !

Based on existing observations of electron-shell interactions and well-established phenomena and theories, including Einstein’s mass-energy equivalence and thermal radiation (and for the same reason), it is deduced here that during thermal heat conduction or mechanical energy transfer (as vividly observed in fractoluminescence and triboluminescence phenomena), there must be underlying electromagnetic transfer, i.e. photon “diffusive re-emission and propagation” on short distance within a material structure (“on-contact” photon re-emission and propagation, or ‘internal’ thermal radiation), as well as corresponding mass-energy transfer carried by photons from a mass-energy source to a sink system (similar as from Sun to Earth).

Otherwise, the mass-energy equivalence and Physics law of forced interactions will be violated!

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Objectives …Up-Down View

• The objective here is to express a phenomenological-thermodinamicist, an up-down thought-reasoning view as complement to (and independent from) the quantum-mechanicist, down-up modeling view

After all, the thought-reasoning experiments are necessary for concepts beyond reach of reliable experimental observations

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Fig.1: Electromagnetic Nature of Thermo-Mechanical Mass-Energy Transfer Due to Photon Diffusive Re-Emission and Propagation: Steady-state, mass-energy transfer is depicted through heat conduction plate (right-above) and rotating shaft (right-below). Energy transfer (i.e., Einstein’s mass-energy equivalency transfer, ) has to be electromagnetic by photon transfer, either as photon electromagnetic waves on-long range through space/vacuum (, or photon “on-contact” transfer within material structures, e.g., through heat conduction plate (rt.-above) and turbine shaft work (rt.- below). Otherwise, Einstein’s mass-energy equivalency and the fundamental force/interactions in Physics will be violated.

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Underlying phenomena …!

• Thermal conduction is due to chaotic thermal electron-shell collisions and may be enhanced by free-electrons or crystal-lattice structure vibration (phonons), both phenomena due to underlining photon propagation (similar to electro-chemical phenomena or DC/AC current, etc.).

• Mechanical work transfer is due to electron-shell directional pushing/twisting as the most efficient (“focused”) energy transfer (i.e., mechanical super-conductor). If it is fully investigated and understood, it has potential for development of hybrid synthetic-materials with superior thermal conductivity like diamond, for critical and new applications.

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Chaotic thermal electron-shell

collisions

‘Focused’ pushing or twisting of

electron-shells

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Heat is ‘substance’ after all … (and Work)?

• Lavoisier may be right, since this treatise reaffirms that ‘caloric’ is a “transferred substance” after all, and it also supports mechanical fractoluminescence and triboluminescence, including the “peeling sticky-tape X-ray phenomenon.”

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Published online 22 October 2008 | Nature |

doi:10.1038/news.2008.1185News

Sticky tape generates X-rays

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The Caloric Theory …• Lavoisier and his followers reasoned

ingeniously, long before the conservation of energy was established, that heat must be a conserved ‘substance (caloric)’ contained in material systems which can be “poured” (transferred) within and between the systems.

• If conversion of all other energy types to heat is included (thermal energy “generation” from all types of “phlogistons”), i.e. conservation of energy in general, then caloric theory will be valid in general as stated by Clausius.

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Physicists are “silent” …

• The physicists and other scientists account for mass-energy equivalence for electro-magnetic radiation (including thermal), and binding electro-chemical and nuclear energy, but somehow, again, are “silent” (without giving a due justification) about thermal heat-conduction and mechanical work transfer through material structures when energy is transferred without (or beyond) any material particle diffusion.

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Photons are “poking” our eyes …

• The photons have been giving us a lot of “signs” (almost “poking” our eyes) about their involvement in thermo-mechanical phenomena, but scientists have been somehow busy with studying other more “modern” concepts.

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Heat Conduction …

• When thermal energy is transferred (known as heat transfer), without material particle net-transfer, in direction of decreasing temperature gradient (known as heat conduction), see Figure 2(a), then more-energized particles (atoms or molecules) at higher temperature (TA) will be interacting (colliding) with neighboring less-energized particles at lower temperature (TR), thus transferring their electron-shell energy by re-emitting and propagating photons from one electron shell to another during the particle localized interactions.

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… Heat Conduction

Depending on material structure, the heat may be conducted by free-electrons (like in metals) or by “collective” mechanical vibration of solid crystalline structure (like in crystals), generated by thermal motion of atoms and molecules, known as thermal phonons (not elementary particles but quasi-particles); however, the both (thermal free-electron and thermal phonons) are due to photon “on-contact propagation” during atomic electron shell or free electron thermal interactions, resulting in photon net-propagation as underlying fundamental carriers of thermal energy transferdue to temperature gradient.

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Experimental confirmation

• This is in-effect experimentally measured in nuclear reaction processes. If a nuclear reaction is carried out in a “sealed” box, then energy or rest mass will be conserved within the box until transferred through the wall.

• However, after the energy/heat is transferred through the wall (by heat conduction) to the surroundings (and the box is cooled to its initial temperature and pressure), then its inherited rest mass is reduced and all energy transferred (by heat conduction through wall) will increase the surroundings’ rest mass by the same amount.

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Ultimate fundamental energy carriers …• … The energy carriers have to be the photons’

propagation from the box to the surroundings, through the wall of the box. This experimentally “proves” that “massless” photons and “massless” heat exchange, transfer the invariant body-rest-mass through a wall from one body to another, during what is commonly regarded as “massless” heat exchange.

• Therefore, all thermal conduction energy transfers are “thermo-luminescence-kind” (visible or invisible), carried by the photon “on-contact” mass-energy re-emission and propagation, which may be considered as an “internal” thermal radiation.

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Ultimately all mass-energy forms converts to thermal (radiation) energy …

Slide 262009 January 10-12© M. Kostic <www.kostic.niu.edu>

Heat transfer is Unique and Universal: Heat transfer is a spontaneous irreversible process where all

organized (structural) energies are disorganized or dissipated as thermal energy with irreversible loss of energy potential (from high to low temperature) and overall entropy increase.

Thus, heat transfer and thermal energy are unique and universal manifestation of all natural and artificial (man-made) processes,

… and thus … are vital for more efficient cooling and heating in new and critical applications, including energy production and utilization, environmental control and cleanup, and bio-medical applications.

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Mechanical Work Transfer …• During work transfer from one acting body, A (twisting or pushing in a

certain direction) to another reacting/resisting body, R; i.e., the particles (atoms and/or molecules) with more momentum at the contact interface (i.e. higher acting stresses, PA) will be pushing the neighboring particles with

less momentum (i.e. lower resisting stresses, PR), thus transferring their electron shell momentum and energy in certain forced-displacement direction by ‘orderly’ photon propagation from one electron shell to another during the particle localized interactions and displacement in a certain direction, in addition to net-thermal energy transfer if any (the latter depending on temperature gradient).

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… Mechanical Work Transfer …

… Again, during any work transfer process there must be a net-propagation of photons (in addition to free electrons or other material particle motion, if any) and the equivalent mass will be transferred (mtr=Etr/c2) from one material system to another, thus in the process effectively propagating the photon ‘inertial’ mass (total relativistic mass), in direction of decreasing stresses for fluids, or in direction of decreasing “collective stresses” (i.e. forces) for solids, even if it is too small to be measured.

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Mechanical Superconductor

• For ideal elastic (no dissipation) or perfectly rigid solid having a steady-state forced motion and transferring mechanical energy without its acceleration, the mechanical energy and commensurate mass-energy propagation of photons will not accumulate nor accelerate the body, but only passing through the body structure without any stress/force gradient through such intermediary, ideal solid body:

• It may be considered as mechanical superconductor.

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The stress/force gradients …

• However the stress/force gradient will exist at the energy source (where mechanical energy is generated), through imperfect intermediary bodies, and energy sink (where mechanical energy is dissipated), thus effectively propagating photon mass-energy (with relevant photon conversions and transformations through material structure, like frequency shifting and others if appropriate, from an energy source to the sink, by accelerating material structure of the mass-energy sink system (e.g., a resisting frictional load) on the expense of decelerating material structure of an acting source system.

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Experimental Confirmation …

As reasoned above, during mechanical work transfer, the photon mass-energy transfer is always encountered, but rarely observed since it is occurring orderly and locally (without trace/dissipation) within the material structure (often within virtually infinitesimal distance), except in certain fractoluminescence and triboluminescence processes, facilitated by material structure “visible” mechanical separation and especially if conductedin a vacuum, like the “peeling sticky-tape X-ray phenomenon.” Therefore, all mechanical energy transfers are “mecha-luminescence-kind” (visible or invisible), carried by the photon “on-contact” mass-energy propagation.

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Nature of a “Massless” Photon ?… Questions arise about the nature of a “massless” photon and definition of its (relativistic) mass and “rest-mass transfer”: Since the photon is a ‘massless mass-energy carrier’ while in motion with the speed of light, and when it is captured (absorbed) within a material particle or a body at rest, i.e. when its energy is bound (“foiled”) within a body at rest (called here “body-rested photon mass-energy”), then the corresponding inertial mass increase of the material particle, could be defined as a photon inertial mass-energy (or “body-rested mass-energy” with regard to the body reference frame), also known as its relativistic mass, that is:

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𝑚 h𝑝 =𝐸 h𝑝 ¿𝑐2=(h∙𝜈)/𝑐2

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EM/Photon Mass-Energy Transfer From/To (Dicel./Accel.) Massive Particles/Systems

• Energy transfer is a forced-displacement interaction between inertial material systems, in effect, accelerating the reacting, mass-energy sink-system (i.e. its structure) at the expense of decelerating an acting-source system structure, by propagating (“pumping”) the photon mass-energy from the source to the sink system, as explained above for the thermo-mechanical energy transfer.

• This is true in general, even in steady-state processes, the surrounding supporting system structure is reacting with its inertia as “frictional resistance load” and being accelerated (i.e. energized) all the time; otherwise without reacting (impeding) system, the potential-source system will not transfer any mass-energy and continue to be in its inertial motion (if any) with its “rested equilibrium” mass-energy structure.

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Elementary particles and their interactions ?

… Elementary particles and their interactions (always new being discovered) have been, still are, and may always be the principal mysteries in nature.

… The electrons and nucleons “mysteriously” absorb (annihilate) and emit the photons, which are not conserved (thus not accounted for) but somehow “mysteriously” re-created with different frequencies and thus different mass-energies, posing several open questions, which will be subject of another discussion.

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… Further Generalizationof Electro-Magnetic Phenomena

This treatise may contribute to further generalization of electro-magnetic phenomena, including heat-conduction and mechanical energy transfer, and thus “fill the remaining gap” since all other phenomena, excluding gravitational and nuclear interactions, are due to the electromagnetic force interactions,

…namely all electro-chemical and thermo-mechanical phenomena, the latter as reasoned here.

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Slide 372009 January 10-12© M. Kostic <www.kostic.niu.edu>

If we are unable to observe …

• If we are unable to measure or comprehend something it does not mean it does not exist: it could be sensed or measured with more precise instruments or in a longer time scale, or in similar stronger processes.

• Some things/events may be in ‘stealth’ form or undetected rate at our state of technology and comprehension (as the science history has though us many times).

The miracles are until they are comprehended and understood!

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Phonons Are Thermal Photons

Phonons are in-part mechanical (super) photons (since mechanical energy transfer is virtually without dissipation – super-conductive in nature), i.e., thermal photons enhanced by “collective” mechanical vibrations of solid crystalline web-like structure (like in diamond), thus enhancing thermal energy transfer …

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Thermomass’ Thermons are thermal Photons

Thermomass’ Thermons (quasi-particles) are thermal Photons (real-elementary particles) ,

since both give rise to equivalent-to-energy mass-transfer and, thus, inertial nature of heat, (observed at extremely high heat fluxes, as well as finite speed of thermal energy propagation, as oppose to unrealistic infinite speed based on Fourier law: a temperature change at one location is immediately propagated to infinity (with infinitesimal amount).

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Thank you! Any Questions ?

Source: http://www.energygroove.net/atoms.php

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Appendices

Stretching the mind further …

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Stretching the mind further …

Mass may be a special tensor-like quantity due to "over-all-isotropic in all-directions" motion of elementary particles (that make up its structure) and thus give rise to inertia if accelerated in any direction, i.e., resisting change of motion in any and all directions with equal components (the isotropic mass inertia). There may be anisotropic masses, with bulk linear or rotational motion, being the extreme cases. Note that fundamental particles (without inertial mass, like photons and similar, but with relativistic masses E/c^2) has to always move with ultimate speed of light in vacuum, and such particles (some yet to be discovered) might be moving (orbiting with twisting, string-like vibration and rotation) within virtually infinitesimal spaces and thus making-up other "massive" so-called elementary particles

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Deterministic vs. Probabilistic

All interactions in nature are physical and based on simple cause-and-effect conservation laws, thus deterministic and should be without any exceptional phenomenon. Due to diversity and complexity of large systems, we would never be able to observe deterministic phenomena with full details but have to use holistic and probabilistic approach for observation; therefore, our observation methodology is holistic and probabilistic, but phenomena have to be deterministic, not miraculous nor probabilistic

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Elementary Particles: Electron?

There is no proof that an electron, or any other elementary particle, has or does not have a structure. The concept of elementary particle is intrinsically problematic (just because we cannot observe or reason a structure which exhibits certain phenomena, does not mean it does not exist). Past and recent history proved us to be wrong every time. Particularly problematic is the current theory which requires elementary particle annihilation/creation (“miraculous creationism”) while using conservation laws. At the very least (in phenomenological view) the elementary particles should be conserved and be the building structure for other particles and systems. Note that many concepts (in modern physics) are "virtual" entities that are part of the mathematical theory, but are not directly observable.

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Boundary Forces …

There is no such thing as a unidirectional force or a force that acts on only one body (no imaginary boundary vector-forces). Put it very simply: a forcing (force-flux cause-and-effect phenomena) acts between an interface of pair of objects (forced interaction: action-reaction, including process-inertial forces), and not on a single object. The Newton Laws and the Laws of Thermodynamics imply that all forces are mass-energy interactions (forced displacements with momentum and energy transfer and conservation) between different particulate bodies due to non-equilibrium (available energy or work potential, cause of forcing) towards the equilibrium.

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No Perfect Rigidity …

All matter must be somewhat elastic (can be compressed or stretched). If bodies could be perfectly rigid we'd have infinite forces acting with infinite speeds for infinitesimal times (if you pushed on one end of a perfectly rigid stick, the other end would move instantaneously). System components (bodies) that exert forces have to be massive (2nd Newton Law) and with accompanying reaction forces (3rd Newton Law).

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Energy is bound by forced motion …Energy is possessed (thus equilibrium property) by material systems and redistributed (transferred) between and within system(s), due to systems' non-equilibrium, via forced-displacement interactions (process) towards the equilibrium (equi-partition of energy over mass and space); thus energy is conserved (the 1st Law) but degraded (the 2nd Law). Effects are consequences of Causes except at Equilibrium they are equal (reversible). The existence in space and transformations in time are manifestations of perpetual mass-energy forced displacement processes: with net-zero mass-energy transfer in equilibrium (equilibrium process) and non-zero mass-energy transfer in non-equilibrium (active process) towards equilibrium. System components (particles and bodies) that exert forces have to be massive (2nd Newton Law) and with accompanying reaction forces (3rd Newton Law).

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Force and Forcing …

Force or Forcing is a process  of exchanging useful-energy (forced displacement) with net-zero exchange at forced equilibrium. The Second Law provides conditions and limits for process forcing (energy exchange direction 

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Processes … Miracles

"Nothing occurs locally nor in the universe without mass-energy exchange/conversion and irreversible entropy production. 

It is crystal-clear (to me) that all confusions related to the far-reaching fundamental Laws of Thermodynamics, and especially the Second Law (Abstract), are due to the lack of their genuine and subtle comprehension." 

The miracles are until they are comprehended and understood.

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Thank you! Any Questions ?

Source: http://www.energygroove.net/atoms.php