slovenia - european environment agency · the artificial land take in slovenia is very slow,...

Country fact sheet

September 2017

Photo: © Toni García, My City/EEA

Land cover 2012

Slovenia

Slovenia

1

Land cover 2012 Overview of land cover & change 2006-2012 In the long term, Slovenia is a country with one of the lowest land cover change dynamics in Europe and, when compared to the previous period 2000-2006, this dynamic become even lower. Both internal forest conversions and sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures, which were observed during the previous period as major drivers of the land cover development in Slovenia, have significantly slowed down in the 2006-2012 period. On the other hand, there occurs some amount of urban land management, which was not present in 2000-2006. This exchange is connected mostly with the construction of the highway segment between Maribor and Murska Sobota in the north-eastern part of the country. The sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures is the most important driver of change in the country; however, considering its intensity, it is rather insignificant, in comparison with the European average. The annual land take rate in Slovenia is very low, with 0.15% it is one of the lowest among European countries. The sprawl, represented mainly by construction, was significantly stronger during the previous period 2000-2006. However, it has to be mentioned, that considerable part of this construction was also connected with the highway construction in the north-east of the country. The intensity of the most significant flow from previous period – forest creation and management – shows a rapid decrease and this change covers comparable area now as the above mentioned sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures. Note: The results presented here are based on a change analysis of 44 land cover types mapped consistently on a 1:100.000 scale across Europe over more than decade between 2000-2006-2012 - see Corine land cover (CLC) programme for details. Number of years between CLC2006-CLC2012 data for Slovenia: 6

3%7%

28%

58%

Semi-nat. 2%

Open sp. 2%

Wet. 0,2%

Water 0,4%

1.1. Land cover 2012[% of total]

-600

-300

0

300

600

1.2. Net change in land cover 2006-2012 [ha]

-0.2

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.3. Net change in land cover [% of initial year

2006]

A rtific ial areas A rable land & permanent c rops Pas tures & mosaics Fores ted land

Semi-natural vegetation O pen spaces/ bare soils Wetlands Water bodies

Summary balance table 2006-2012

Art

ific

ial

area

s

Ara

ble

lan

d &

per

man

ent

cro

ps

Pas

ture

s &

mo

saic

s

Fore

sted

lan

d

Sem

i-n

atu

ral

veg

etat

ion

Op

en s

pac

es/

bar

e so

ils

Wet

lan

ds

Wat

er b

od

ies

TO

TA

L

[hu

nd

red

s h

a]

Land cover 2006 604 1337 5685 11874 444 303 32 78 20357

Consumption of initial LC 3.9 0.7 1.2 11.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 17

Formation of new LC 9.2 0.5 0.3 7.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 17

Net Formation of LC 5.3 -0.2 -1.0 -4.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0

Net formation as % of initial year 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1

Total turnover of LC 13.0 1.1 1.5 18.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 35

Total turnover as % of initial year 2.2 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2

Land cover 2012 609 1337 5684 11869 444 303 32 78 20357

Slovenia

2

Land cover trends comparison 2000-2006 vs. 2006-2012

0.02%

0.01%

0 200 400 600

2000-2006

2006-2012

2.4. Annual land cover change[ha/year, % of total area]

0 300 600

Artificial areas

Arable land& permanent crops

Pastures& mosaics

Forested land

Semi-natural vegetation

Open spaces/ bare soils

Wetlands

Water bodies

2.5. Annual turnover of LC types [ha/year]

2000-2006 2006-2012

-200 0 200

Artificial areas

Arable land& permanent crops

Pastures& mosaics

Forested land

Semi-natural vegetation

Open spaces/ bare soils

Wetlands

Water bodies

2.6. Net annual change of LC types [ha/year]

Summary trend figures 2000-2006 2006-2012

Annual land cover change [ha/year] 496 288

Annual land cover change as % of initial year 0.02% 0.01%Land uptake by artificial development as mean annual change [ha/year] 174 90

Agricultural land uptake by urban and infrastructures development as mean annual change [ha/year] 75 29

Net uptake of forests and semi-natural land by agriculture as mean annual change [ha/year] -2 11

Net conversion from pasture to arable land and permanent crops as mean annual change [ha/year] 0 0

Forest & other woodland net formation as mean annual change [ha/year] -103 -72

Dry semi-natural land cover net formation as mean annual change [ha/year] 0 0

Wetlands & water bodies net formation as mean annual change [ha/year] 10 2

0

200

400

lcf1

Urb

an la

ndm

anag

emen

t

lcf2

Urb

anre

side

ntia

l spr

awl

lcf3

Spr

awl o

fec

onom

ic s

ites

and

infr

astr

uctu

res

lcf4

Agr

icul

ture

inte

rnal

conv

ersi

ons

lcf5

Con

vers

ion

from

for

este

d &

natu

ral l

and

toag

ricu

lture

lcf6

Withd

raw

al o

ffa

rmin

g

lcf7

For

ests

crea

tion

and

man

agem

ent

lcf8

Wat

er b

odie

scr

eation

an

dm

anag

emen

t

lcf9

Cha

nges

due

to n

atur

al a

ndm

ultip

le c

ause

s

2.7. Intensity of main change drivers (LC FLOWS) [ha/year]

2000-2006 2006-2012

Slovenia

3

Artificial surfaces sprawl (2006-2012)

0.29

%

0.15

%

0

100

200

2000-2006 2006-2012

3.8. Artificial land take [ha/year,

% of initial year]

Slow down after highway construction

The artificial land take in Slovenia is very slow, compared to other European countries. There was a culmination of the sprawl rate (driven mainly by highway construction in the north-eastern part of the country) during the previous period followed by a rapid decrease in the 2006-2012 period. The distribution of the sprawl shows almost no sprawl around the capital city of Ljubljana. The patches of sprawl are scattered over the central and north-eastern part of the country. The construction is the most frequent compound of the land take; however, construction sites are quickly consumed and transformed into other artificial classes, mostly transportation network units. This process is documented by a high rate of recycling of developed urban land. The overall change balance of urban land cover classes shows increased formation of road and transportation network and industrial and commercial areas. In contrast, construction sites show negative balance, with prevailing consumption, which can indicate further slowdown of artificial development in the future.

74%

11%

11%3% 1%

3.9. Artificial surfaces 2012 [% of total area]

0 20 40

3.10. Artificial land take 2006-2012 [ha/year]

-30

0

30

60

90

Con

tinu

ous

urba

n fa

bric

Dis

cont

inuo

us u

rban

fab

ric

Ind

ustr

ial o

r co

mm

erci

alun

its

Roa

d an

d ra

il ne

twor

ks a

ndas

soci

ated

land

Por

t ar

eas

Airpo

rts

Min

eral

ext

ract

ion

site

s

Dum

p si

tes

Con

stru

ctio

n si

tes

Gre

en u

rban

are

as

Spo

rt a

nd le

isur

e fa

cilit

ies

3.11. Mean annual artificial change by class [ha/year]

2000-2006 2006-2012

Slovenia

4

Agriculture (2006-2012)

Agricultural land without exchange

The Slovenian agricultural land is represented mostly by complex cultivation patterns, agro-natural areas and pastures. There was no significant development of agricultural land observed in the period 2006-2012 in Slovenia. The situation was similar already during both previous periods 1990-2000 and 2000-2006. The consumption of arable land, which was visible during the previous period, does not occur any more in 2006-2012 and also the amount of internal agricultural flows is negligible. The only change which influences the amount of agricultural land in Slovenia is the consumption of mainly complex cultivation patterns area by urban sprawl, mostly by the sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures.

21116%

2212%2221%

23116%

24239%

24326%

4.12. Agricultural areas 2012 [% of total area]

-0.0

5%

-0.2

5%

-0.0

1%

-0.0

3%

-0.0

2%

0.03

%

0.02

%

-80

-40

0

40

Non

-irr

igat

ed a

rabl

e la

nd

Per

man

ently

irriga

ted

land

Ric

e fie

lds

Vin

eyar

ds

Fru

it t

rees

and

ber

ry p

lant

atio

ns

Oliv

e gr

oves

Pas

ture

s

Ann

ual/

pe

rman

ent

crop

s

Com

plex

cul

t. p

atte

rns

Agr

icul

ture

with

nat

. ve

g.

Agr

o-fo

rest

ry a

reas

4.13. Development of agricultural areas 2006-2012– detailed balance [ha]

Consumption of initial land cover

Formation of new land cover

211 Non-irrigated arable land

212 Permanently irrigated land

213 Rice fields

221 Vineyards

222 Fruit trees and berry plantations

223 Olive groves

231 Pastures

241 Annual crops associated with permanent crops242 Complex cultivation patterns

243 Agriculture land with significant areas of natural vegetation244 Agro-forestry areas

-40

-20

0

Non

-irr

igat

ed a

rabl

e la

nd

Per

man

ently

irriga

ted

land R

ice

field

s

Vin

eyar

ds

Fru

it t

rees

and

ber

ry p

lant

atio

ns

Oliv

e gr

oves

Pas

ture

s

Ann

ual/

per

man

ent

crop

s

Com

plex

cul

t. p

atte

rns

Agr

icul

ture

with

nat

. ve

g.

Agr

o-fo

rest

ry a

reas

4.14. Mean annual agricultural change by class [ha/year]

2000-2006 2006-2012

Slovenia

5

Forest & nature (2006-2012)

93%

4%

2%

Wet. 0,2%

Water1%

5.15. Forest & nature areas 2012

[% of total area]

Forest Semi-natural vegetation

Open spaces/ bare soils Wetlands

Water bodies

Forest and nature land development

Despite its significantly lower intensity, the internal conversions of forested land remain the most extensive land cover flow in Slovenia, with prevailing recent felling and transition. However, the consumption of forested land by land take by economic sites and infrastructures, mainly by construction sites, had already almost comparable intensity as forest internal conversions in the period 2006-2012. The main reason was a rapid slowdown of recent felling, which is visible already when comparing the two previous periods – 1990-2000 and 2000-2006. Despite this slowdown, transitional woodland still shows a positive balance of net change, with prevailing formation of land.

-0.0

4%

-0.2

2%

-0.0

4%

-0.5

7%

0.03

%

0.02

%

1.29

%

0.39

%

-600

-300

0

300

600

Bro

ad-l

eave

d fo

rest

Con

ifero

us for

est

Mix

ed for

est

Nat

ural

gra

ssla

nd

Moo

rs a

nd h

eath

land

Scl

erop

hyllo

us v

eget

atio

n

Tra

nsitio

nal w

oodl

and

shr

ub

Bea

ches

, du

nes,

san

d

Bar

e ro

ck

Spa

rsel

y ve

geta

ted

area

s

Bur

nt a

reas

Gla

cier

s/pe

rp.

snow

Inl

and

mar

shes

Pea

tbog

s

Sal

t m

arsh

es

Sal

ines

Int

ertida

l fla

ts

Wat

er c

ours

es

Wat

er b

odie

s

Coa

stal

lago

ons

Est

uaries

Sea

and

oce

an

5.16. Development of forest & nature areas 2006-2012 – detailed balance [ha]

Consumption of initial land cover

Formation of new land cover

-200

0

200

Bro

ad-l

eave

d fo

rest

Con

ifero

us for

est

Mix

ed for

est

Nat

ural

gra

ssla

nd

Moo

rs a

nd h

eath

land

Scl

erop

hyllo

us v

eget

atio

n

Tra

nsitio

nal w

oodl

and

shr

ub

Bea

ches

, du

nes,

san

d

Bar

e ro

ck

Spa

rsel

y ve

geta

ted

are

as

Bur

nt a

reas

Gla

cier

s an

d pe

rpet

ual

snow

Inl

and

mar

shes

Pea

tbog

s

Sal

t m

arsh

es

Sal

ines

Int

ertida

l fla

ts

Wat

er c

ours

es

Wat

er b

odie

s

Coa

stal

lago

ons

Est

uaries

Sea

and

oce

an

5.17. Mean annual forest & nature change by class [ha/year]

2000-2006 2006-2012

Slovenia

6

Annex: Land cover flows and trends Land cover flows 2006-2012

22%

4%

7%67%

6.18. Consumption of land cover2006-2012 [% of total change

area]

53%

3%

1%

42%

Water 0,4%

6.19. Formation of land cover 2006-2012 [% of total change

area]

A rtific ial areas A rable land & permanent c rops Pas tures & mosaics Fores ted land

Semi-natural vegetation O pen spaces/ bare soils Wetlands Water bodies

lcf122%

lcf21%

lcf330%

lcf40.1%

lcf54%

lcf742%

lcf80.6%

6.20. Drivers of change (LC FLOWS)2006-2012 [% of total change area]

lc f1 U rban land management

lc f2 U rban res idential sprawl

lc f3 Sprawl of economic s ites and infras truc tures

lc f4 A griculture internal convers ions

lc f5 C onvers ion from fores ted & natural land to agriculture

lc f6 Withdrawal of farming

lc f7 Fores ts c reation and management

lc f8 Water bodies c reation and management

lc f9 C hanges due to natural and multiple causes

Slovenia

7

Artificial areas

Arable land &

permanent crops11%

Pastures & mosaics

20%

Forested land69%

7.21. Consumption by artificial land take2006-2012 [% of total]

Disc. urban fabric4%

Industrial/commer.

20%

Road/rail network

10%

Airports4%

Mineral extraction

17%

Construct.45%

7.22. Formation by artificial land take2006-2012 [% of total]

0.29%

0.15%

0 100 200

2000-2006

2006-2012

7.23. Net formation of artificial area [ha/year, % of initial year]

-100 -50 0 50 100

lcf11Urban development/ infilling(cons.)

lcf11Urban development/ infilling(form.)

lcf12 Recycling of developed urbanland (cons.)

lcf12 Recycling of developed urbanland (form.)

lcf13 Development of green urbanareas (cons.)

lcf13 Development of green urbanareas (form.)

lcf21 Urban dense residential sprawl

lcf22 Urban diffuse residential sprawl

lcf31 Sprawl of industrial &commercial sites

lcf32 Sprawl of transport networks

lcf33 Sprawl of harbours

lcf34 Sprawl of airports

lcf35 Sprawl of mines and quarryingareas

lcf36 Sprawl of dumpsites

lcf37 Construction

lcf38 Sprawl of sport and leisurefacilities (cons.)

lcf38 Sprawl of sport and leisurefacilities (form.)

lcf54 Conversion from developedareas to agriculture

lcf72 Forest creation, afforestation

lcf81 Water bodies creation

lcf911 Semi-natural creation

lcf913 Extension of water courses

lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires

lcf93 Coastal erosion

lcf99 Other changes and unknown(cons.)

lcf99 Other changes and unknown(form.)

7.24. Artificial development by change drivers(LC FLOWS) [ha/year]

2000-2006 2006-2012

Slovenia

8

Agriculture

Construct.15%

Broad-leaved forest59%

Mixed forest20%

Transition.woodland

shrub11%

8.25. LC consumed by agriculture 2006-2012 [% of total]

Non-irrigated arable40%

Vineyards22%

Pastures30%

Complex cultivation patterns

8%

8.26. Formation of agricultural land from non-agriculture 2006-2012 [% of total]


Fruit trees/berry plantations

5%

Pastures4%


41%

Agriculture with

natural veg.19%

8.27. Consumption of agricultural landby non-agriculture 2006-2012 [% of total]

Disc. urban fabric13%

Industrial/ commer.

34%

Road/rail network

7%

Airports7%

Mineral extraction

26%

Construct.8%

Water bodies

6%

8.28. Formation of non-agricultural landfrom agriculture 2006-2012 [% of total]

0 5 10

Conversion from forest toagriculture

Conversion from dry semi-natural& natural land to agriculture

Conversion from wetlands toagriculture

Withdrawal of farming withwoodland creation

Withdrawal of farming withoutsignificant woodland creation

8.29. Main annual conversions between agriculture and forests & semi-natural land

2006-2012 [ha/year]

0 0

Extension of pasture, set asideand fallow land

Conversion from pasture to arableand permanent crops

8.30. Mean annual conversion between arable land and pasture [ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

Slovenia

9

0.0 0.5 1.0

lcf411 Uniform extension ofset aside fallow land and

pasture

lcf412 Diffuse extension ofset aside fallow land and

pasture

lcf421 Conversion fromarable land to permanent

irrigation perimeters

lcf422 Other internalconversions of arable land

lcf431 Conversion fromolives groves to vineyards

and orchards

lcf432 Conversion fromvineyards and orchards to

olive groves

lcf433 Other conversionsbetween vineyards and

orchards

lcf441 Conversion frompermanent crops topermanent irrigation

perimeters

lcf442 Conversion fromvineyards and orchards tonon-irrigated arable land

lcf443 Conversion from olivegroves to non-irrigated

arable land

lcf444 Diffuse conversionfrom permanent crops to

arable land

lcf451 Conversion fromarable land to vineyards and

orchards

lcf452 Conversion fromarable land to olive groves

lcf453 Diffuse conversionfrom arable land topermanent crops

lcf461 Conversion frompasture to permanentirrigation perimeters

lcf462 Intensive conversionfrom pasture to non-irrigatedarable land and permanent

crops

lcf463 Diffuse conversionfrom pasture to arable and

permanent crops

lcf47 Extension of agro-forestry

9.31. Mean annual agriculture internalconversions [ha/year]

2000-2006 2006-2012

-80 -60 -40 -20 0 20

lcf13 Development of green urbanareas

lcf2 Urban residential sprawl

lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites andinfrastructures

lcf511 Intensive conversion from forestto agriculture

lcf512 Diffuse conversion from forest toagriculture

lcf521 Intensive conversion from semi-natural land to agriculture

lcf522 Diffuse conversion from semi-natural land to agriculture

lcf523 Conversions from agriculture-nature mosaics to continuousagriculture (cont. agri. cons.)

lcf523 Conversions from agriculture-nature mosaics to continuousagriculture (cont. agri. form.)

lcf53 Conversion from wetlands toagriculture

lcf54 Conversion from developed areasto agriculture

lcf61 Withdrawal of farming withwoodland creation

lcf62 Withdrawal of farming withoutsignificant woodland creation


lcf913 Extension of water courses

lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires

lcf93 Coastal erosion

lcf99 Other changes and unknown (agri.cons.)

lcf99 Other changes and unknown (agri.form.)

9.32. Mean annual conversions between agricultureand other LC types [ha/year]

2000 - 2006

2006 - 2012

Slovenia

10

Forest & nature



55%

10.33. LC consumed by forest & nature2006-2012 [% of total]

Water bodies100%

10.34. Formation of forest & nature land from non-forest /nature 2006-2012

[% of total]


Coniferous forest39%

Mixed forest32%

Transit. woodland/

shrub2%

10.35. Consumption of forest & nature landby non-forest/nature 2006-2012 [% of

total]

Industrial/commerc.

13%

Road/rail network

10%

Airports1%

Mineral extraction

11%

Construct.56%

Non-irrigated arable

6%

Vineyards3%

Pastures3%


1%

10.36. Formation of non-forest/nature landfrom forest & nature 2006-2012 [% of total]


Conifer. forest21%

Mixed forest39%

Transit.woodland

shrub3%

10.37. Forested land 2012 [% of total area]

0 30 60 90

Consumption of forest land byurban sprawl

Conversion from forest toagriculture

Recent fellings and transitions

Withdrawal of farming withwoodland creation

Forest creation, afforestation

Conversion from transitionalwoodland to forests

Forest creation over wetlands

10.38. Main trends in woodland & forests consumption/formation 2006-2012

[ha/year]

Slovenia

11

Natural grassland

29%

Moors and

heathl.31%

Scleroph. veget.0,2%

Beaches, dunes

and sand plains1%

Bare rock24%

Sparsely vegetat.

areas15%

Glaciers and

perpetual snow0.2%

11.39. Dry semi-natural areas 2012 [% of total area]

0 0

Consumption of dry semi-naturalland cover by urban sprawl

Conversion of semi-natural landcover to agriculture

Forest creation, afforestation overdry semi-natural land

Withdrawal of farming withoutwoodland creation

Decrease of permanent snow andglaciers

11.40. Main trends in dry semi-natural land consumption/formation 2006-2012

[ha/year]

Inland marshes

22%

Salt marshes

2%

Salines5%

Water courses

46%

Water bodies25%

11.41. Wetlands & water 2012[% of total area]

0 1 2

Consumption of wetlands by urbansprawl

Conversion of wetlands toagriculture

Forest creation and afforestationover wetlands

Withdrawal of farming withoutwoodland creation

Net water bodies creation

Net wetlands creation

11.42. Main trends in wetlands & water consumption/formation 2006-2012

[ha/year]

-400 -200 0 200 400

lcf13 Development of green urban areas


lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures

lcf511 Intensive conversion from forest to agriculture

lcf512 Diffuse conversion from forest to agriculture

lcf61 Withdrawal of farming with woodland creation

lcf71 Conversion from transitional woodland to forest (cons.)

lcf71 Conversion from transitional woodland to forest (form.)


lcf73 Forests internal conversions (cons.)

lcf73 Forests internal conversions (form.)

lcf74 Recent felling and transition (cons.)

lcf74 Recent felling and transition (form.)

lcf8 Water bodies creation and management

lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (cons.)

lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (form.)

11.43. Mean annual conversions of forest & other woodland[ha/year]

2000-2006 2006-2012

Slovenia

12

-2 -1 0 1 2




lcf521 Intensive conversion from semi-natural land to agriculture

lcf522 Diffuse conversion from semi-natural land to agriculture

lcf523 Conversions from agriculture-nature mosaics to continuous…

lcf62 Withdrawal of farming without significant woodland creation


lcf74 Recent felling and transition

lcf8 Water bodies creation and management

lcf82 Water bodies management

lcf911 Semi-natural creation (form.)

lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (cons.)

lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (form.)

lcf913 Extension of water courses (cons.)

lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires (cons.)

lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires (form.)

lcf93 Coastal erosion (cons.)

lcf94 Decrease in permanent snow and glaciers cover (cons.)

lcf94 Decrease in permanent snow and glaciers cover (form.)

lcf99 Other changes and unknown (cons.)

lcf99 Other changes and unknown (form.)

12.44. Mean annual conversions of dry semi-natural LC [ha/year]

2000-2006 2006-2012

-2 0 2 4 6 8 10




lcf53 Conversion from wetlands to agriculture

lcf62 Withdrawal of farming without significant woodland creation


lcf8 Water bodies creation and management (cons.)


lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (other thanLCF91)

lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (other thanLCF912)

lcf911 Semi-natural creation (form.)

lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (cons.)

lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (form.)

lcf913 Extension of water courses (form.)

12.45. Mean annual conversions of wetlands and water LC [ha/year]

2000-2006 2006-2012

Slovenia

13

CLC Changes 2006-2012

CLC Changes 2000-2006

Slovenia

14

Drivers of change 2006-2012

Drivers of change 2000-2006

Slovenia

15

Artificial sprawl 2006-2012

Artificial sprawl 2000-2006

Slovenia

16

Agriculture 2006-2012

Agriculture 2000-2006

Slovenia

17

Forest and nature 2006-2012

Forest and nature 2000-2006

slovenia - european environment agency · the artificial land take in slovenia is very slow,...

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