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Small and micro scale CHP in Austria

This report including surveys on the policy level, technology and project level in Austria and is part of work package 2: „Small and micro CHP“ of the OPET

CHP/DH Cluster (Contract Nr.: NNE5/2002/52)

Type of report: Country Report Country: AUSTRIA Partner I: E.V.A., the Austrian Energy Agency Contact (Partner I): Guenter R. Simader Partner II: The Austrian Energy Consumer`s Association (ÖEKV) Contact (Partner II): Peter Lucny, Petra Lackner Date: 08th December 2003

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Contents

1 Summary___________________________________________________________ 1

2 Surveys ____________________________________________________________ 2

2.1 Review of small and micro scale CHP related policies and measures___________ 2 2.1.1 Legal basis, benefits and/or restrictions for operating small scale CHP units in Austria ____ 2 2.1.2 Energy taxes in Austria ______________________________________________________ 6 2.1.3 Subsidies based on Austrian climate policies _____________________________________ 8

2.2 Technology Sector ____________________________________________________ 9 2.2.1 General __________________________________________________________________ 9 2.2.2 Technological characteristics for systems < 20 kWel _______________________________ 9 2.2.3 Technological characteristics for systems > 20 kWel ______________________________ 11

2.3 Project Level________________________________________________________ 14 2.3.1 General Definition of Small and Micro Scale CHP in Austria _______________________ 14 2.3.2 Principal project requirements in Austria _______________________________________ 14 2.3.3 Estimated market potential __________________________________________________ 16

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1 SUMMARY This report is part of OPET CHP project, work package 2: “Small and micro scale CHP” providing supporting activities for future project development in Austria. The contents of this report include the following reviews:

(i) Review of small and micro scale CHP related policies and measures in Austria,

(ii) Small and micro CHP sector level: Investigating the technology sector, and

(iii) the availability of small and micro scale CHP technologies in Austria.

The investigation will include the already "developed" technologies as well as the "new" technologies like fuel cell systems and micro turbines.

Further information concerning OPET CHP including detailed information about work package activities can be found on the website: http://www.opet-chp.net/.

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Small scale CHP (SSCHP) in AUSTRIA

2 SURVEYS

2.1 Review of small and micro scale CHP related policies and measures

2.1.1 Legal basis, benefits and/or restrictions for operating small scale CHP units in Austria

In Austria, micro-/mini CHP units are well known in the various industrial and public sectors. Some hundred units – mainly four stroke engine systems – have been installed over recent years. However, no specific regulations have been issued so far regarding these units.

If CHP units are to be used for industrial applications or industrial purposes, permission procedures are governed by GewO1. State-of-the-art technology according to § 77 subsection 3 of GewO must be used to keep emission levels within certain limits. In this context, reference must also be given to §§ 20 and 21 of the Austrian „Immissionsschutzgesetz (IG-L)2“. This law states that emissions by air particles must be limited by the deployment of state-of-the-art technologies, which represents an additional condition for receiving permission to operate CHP units. Moreover, building regulations3 are applicable indirectly via the immission protection of the neighbourhood. LRV-K4 only applies if the gas turbine is used in connection with a reheating boiler.

Concerning the applicable emission limits the Federal Ministry for Economy and Labour issued in 2001 recommendations for regional authorities responsible for the authorisation procedures of micro-/mini CHP plants (see Table 1).

1 GewO stands for „Gewerbeordnung“, the Austrian trade regulations. 2 The „Immissionsschutzgesetz“ is the Austrian law on immission protection from hazardous air particulates. 3 Original name „Bauordnungen – BauO“ 4 LRV-K is short for „Luftreinhalteverordnung für Kesselanlagen“, the Austrian Clean Air Act for boiler units in

combination with reheating boiler(s).

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Small Scale CHP (SSCHP) in AUSTRIA

Table 1 Recommended Austrian emission levels for small scale CHP units (Source: BMWA)

NOx CO NMHC Dust H2S Fuel oil/diesel < 50 kW 1) ≥ 50 kW < 400 kW (Oxi-Cat) 2) ≥ 400 kW < 1000 kW (SCR-Cat) 3) ≥ 1000 kW (SCR-Cat) 3)

4000 2500 400 250

650 650 250 250

Bosch 3

50 50 30

Natural gas / LNG (Otto engine) < 1000 kW ≥ 1000 kW

250 150

200 200

150 50

Biogas < 100 kW ≥ 100 kW

---

400

650 650

---

150

--- 5

Landfill and sewage gas 4) < 100 kW ≥ 100 kW (lean gas engine)

---

500

650 400

---

150

1) There already exist companies, that delivery in the respective power range units with NOx-emission levels < 2.500 mg/Nm3. Already at this stage it is obvious that RTD activities in this field will result in further improvements.

2) Advantages in order to reduce NMHC and bad smell. 3) Present day “state of the art” technology is using SCR catalysts. A maximum of ammonia emissions of up to 5 mg/Nm3 is

tolerated. 4) In principle, other emissions have to be limited similar to waste incineration processes. Generally a raw gas purification will

be required (see LRV-K 1989, BGBL Nr. 19/1989 and BGBL II Nr. 324/1997).

If CHP units are operated by utility companies, the Austrian Green Electricity Act and ElWOG5 law apply. However, subsection 2 of § 12 explicitly states that CHP permits according to ElWOG are secondary to GewO regulations. For small generation units producing thermal and electric energy “based on the principle of combined heat and power production”, a simplified licensing and authorisation procedure applies both for fossil and renewable fuelled energy generators (see § 12 subsection 2). The Austrian Länder, responsible for the authorisation procedures suggest in the provincial ElWOG legislations the following maximum installed power levels for simplified procedures (see Table 2).

5 ElWOG is short for „Elektrizitätswirtschafts- und organisationsgesetz“, the Austrian Electricity Act.

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Table 2 Simplified licensing and authorisation procedures for small generator units applicable in the individual Austrian regions called Länder (Source: E.V.A.)6 Austrian province Electric power Vienna max. 100 kWel Styria max. 500 kWel Upper Austria 10 to 200 kWel Burgenland max. 200 kVA Lower Austria max. 250 kWel Tyrol max. 100 kWel Corinthia max. 500 kWel Vorarlberg max. 500 kWel Salzburg 10 to 200 kWel

In principle, the Austrian Electricity Act and the Green Electricity Act define CHP units(!) as plants that produce both electric and thermal energy. The thermal energy of these CHP plants has to be used in the public district heating network. By fulfilling certain efficiency (and other) criteria these plants may apply for subsidies of up to 1,5 €-cents/kWh (see § 13 of the Green Electricity Act).

Differently to the definition of CHP plants (in the ElWOG legislation), CHP energy(!) is defined as electric energy that is simultaneously and efficiently produced as by-product of thermal energy for the district heating network (ElWOG § 7 subsections 48 and 49). Industrial CHP units and/or small scale CHP units which are – normally - not connected to the public district heating network are not considered to be CHP units and to produce CHP energy according to the ElWOG (and for this reason may not apply for subsidy schemes by the Green Electricity Act).

The green electricity law shows some strong benefits for new electricity plants using renewable energy sources. Beside of the fixed feed-in tariffs the grid operator has the obligation to grant “recognised” green electricity power plants full access to the grid. With relevance to CHP plants using solid biomass and/or biogas the following feed-in tariffs (see Table 3 and Table 4) presently apply (for the next 13 years).

6 For smaller sized units (than mentioned) only reporting procedures (no authorisation procedures) apply.

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Table 3 Feed-in tariffs for biomass fuelled power plants7

Bottleneck capacity €-cents/kWhel ≤ 2 MWel 16,00

2 MWel ≥ ≤ 5 MWel 15,00

5 MWel ≥ ≤ 10 MWel 13,00

≥ 10 MWel 10,20

Table 4 Feed-in tariffs for biogas fuelled power plants

Bottleneck capacity €-cents/kWhel ≤ 100 kW 16,50

100 kW ≥ ≤ 500 kW 14,50

500 kW ≥ ≤ 1 MW 12,50

≥ 1 MW 10,30

Prices and tariffs for network services and other fees; indirect benefits for small scale CHP operators

Industrial enterprises operating a small scale CHP unit and producing their own electric energy have the advantage that they do not have to pay tariffs for network services for the electricity generated like the grid utilisation charge and the charge for grid losses (assuming that they do not use the public grid for transmission and distribution services)8. These tariffs differ between the various networks and are in general rather high in Austria, for example see Figure 1 for customers connected to grid level 79, and are likely to amount up to 8 €-cents/kWhel. These tariffs play a rather significant role in the economics of small CHP plants. Other relevant costs include surcharges for stranded costs and for renewable energy sources. However, these cost positions represent only a fraction of the tariffs collected for network services and differ across networks in Austria.

7 Stated feed-in tariffs apply for newly built power plants (till 2006) and valid for 13 years.

8 Services for stand-by and back-up power have to be agreed individually with the utility as they represent additional costs for CHP operators!

9 Grid level 7 stands for the grid level for low voltage current (1 kV and below).

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Figure 1 Grid utilisation charges and charges for grid losses for grid level 7, relative changes between 2001 and 2002 in the different Austrian provinces (Source: www.e-control.at; November 2003)

2.1.2 Energy taxes in Austria

Energy taxes on fossil fuels are part of the present energy policies in Austria in order to:

(i) use the different energy fuels efficiently and (ii) to promote renewable energy carriers.

The energy taxes listed in Table 5 give an overview about the different present and future energy taxes in Austria.

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http://www.e-control.at/


Table 5 Overview of energy taxis in Austria

Energy carrier Energy tax [Euro / unit]

Till 2003 (valid since 2004)

Fuel oil (light for households) 0,069 / litre (0,098) Fuel oil (light, medium, heavy for industry)

0,036 / kg (0,060)

Electricity for households 0,0150 kWh Electricity for trade and commerce sector *)

0,0150 kWh

Natural gas for households 0,04360 / m3 (0,0660) Natural gas for the trade and commerce sector *)

0,04360 /m3 (0,0660)

Hard coal (for households) 0 / (0,05 / kg) Hard coal (for trade and commerce) 0 / (0,05 / kg) *) Under certain conditions a reimbursement for gas and electricity is possible.

However, in case of CHP units producing both heat and electricity some exceptions take place in order to avoid taxations both on the fuel and on the product (double taxation).

For the electricity that is produced in micro/mini CHP units the corresponding tax for the electricity will be charged. The natural gas for this electricity production receives no tax burden. The amounts of generated electricity and heat has to be proved to the respective authority. Assuming that there is no heat counting system an electrical efficiency of 44 % will be assumed for the reimbursement procedures. The formular for the calculation is as follows:

Natural gas input in Nm3 = Generated electricity / 0,44 assuming that 1 Nm3 corresponds to 10 kWh

A similar but simplified procedure takes place for LPG. LPG receives a tax burden of – only – 14,5 €/ton requiring a CHP coefficient of at least 33 %. Taking into account this tax situation and other frame conditions like low emission levels from LPG SSCHP units (compared to diesel/fuel oil CHP plants), several installations could be realised over the last years.

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2.1.3 Subsidies based on Austrian climate policies

2.1.3.1 General

Beside of the subsidy scheme by the Green Electricity Act for CHP units connected to the district heating network, subsidies for small and micro-scale CHP units are mainly granted by Kommunalkredit Austria managing the environmental support schemes of the Federal Government.

The small scale CHP (SSCHPs) subsidy – for plants which use fossil fuels – aims at promoting the rational utilisation of energy in industry. The Federal Government recognises that increasing the energy efficiency in industry constitutes a major contribution to CO2 reduction. Representing a typical horizontal deployed technology, CHP plants have the potential of being implemented in a number of applications in the industrial and public sectors.

2.1.3.2 Target Group for the subsidy scheme

Companies using CHP units mainly for their own energy production substituting existing (inefficient) heating systems (including utility companies).

2.1.3.3 Main focus of subsidy

The following technologies are covered by the subsidy:

(i) turbines, (ii) engines, (iii) fuel cells, and (iv) exhaust gas purification systems.

2.1.3.4 Subsidy rate

Standard subsidy rate: max. 30 %

The subsidy covers all producer-relevant costs including hardware, control systems, emission limitation, noise insulation, transport, assembly and commissioning (no costs for planning).

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2.1.3.5 Subsidy conditions

The main condition to receive a subsidy for CHP units assumes that inefficient heat boilers will be replaced. If a rise in production capacity is connected to the investment, the subsidy is decreased proportionally. The maximum fuel input performance of the subsidised unit may not exceed 2 MW.

The investment volume has to amount to a minimum of € 10.000.

An application for this subsidy has to be submitted to Kommunalkredit by the applicant before delivery of the CHP unit and/or before the project has started.

2.2 Technology Sector

2.2.1 General

In Austria, the main companies offering small scale CHP units (mainly based on four stroke engine systems) are as follows: (i) Oberdorfer GmbH (distributing Senertec systems from Germany), (ii) Ecopower (distributing Valentin systems from Germany), (iv) Buderus, (v) Jenbacher, and (vi) Zeppelin Austria.

Furthermore there are a serious of planning companies also realising SSCHP units, sometimes deploying “state of the art” SSCHP technologies from mentioned companies and/or from other “exotic”10 manufacturers. In case of biogas applications engines from car manufactures are implemented.

2.2.2 Technological characteristics for systems < 20 kWel

In this power range, the 5 to 5,5 kWel unit from Senertec distributed by Oberdorfer GmbH (see Figure 1) entered with several hundred units in the last 5 years the Austrian market. The Ecopower unit – although in a similar power range – could not achieve these delivery volumes, so far (see Figure 2). In the following two

10 Exotic in the sense of rather unknown manufacturers.

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tables Table 6 and Table 7) the technical features of these two systems are listed. Buderus company is also offering one system below 20 kWel, however in order to keep the Buderus product family together this unit is listed in Table 9 in section 2.2.3.

Figure 2 left side: 5,5 kWel/12,5 - 20 kWth Dachs Solo System; right side: Ecopower 1,3 - 4,7 kWel (modulating) / 4 - 12,5 kWth (modulating) (Source: Oberdorfer KWK GmbH, November 2003; Ecopower Austria, November 2003)

Table 6 Power plants from Oberdorfer GmbH (distributing Senertec systems) Type DACHS HKA G 5.5 HKA G 5.0

Low Nox

HKA F 5.5

Low Nox

HKA HR 5.3

Fuel Natural gas Natural gas LPG Fuel oil EL Biodiesel (RME)

Electrical output [kW] 1) 5,5 5,0 5,5 5,3 5,3 thermal output [kW] 12,5 12,3 12,5 10,5 10,3 Fuel input [kW] 20,5 19,6 20,5 17,9 17,6 max. feed temperature 83 ˚C max. return temperature 70 ˚C Voltage / Frequency 3 ~ 230 V / 400 V 50 Hz Electrical efficiency 1) 27% 26% 27% 30% 30% Thermal efficiency 61% 63% 61% 59% 59% Fuel usage 2) 88% 89% 88% 89% 89% Power to heat ratio 0,44 0,41 0,44 0,50 0,51 Emissions < TA- Luft 3) X X X Emissions < 1/2 TA- Luft 3) X X Noise emissions [dB(A)] following DIN 45635-01

52 - 56 54 - 58

Life time Up to 80.000 operation hours following O&M service schedules Operation & maintenance [operation hours]

3.500 3.500 3.500 2.700 Recommended 1400

Width [cm] 72 Length [cm] 107 Height [cm] 100 Weight [kg] 520 1) Output following DIN ISO 3046 2) Without external heat exchanger (HKA-Condenser) 3) TA-Luft Feb. 1986

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Table 7 Valentin’s small scale CHP unit distributed by Ecopower (Source Ecopower)

Fuels Natural gas, LPG Electrical output, modulating 1 2,0 – 4,7 kW Thermal output, modulating 2 6,0 – 12,5 kW Fuel input 8,8 – 19,0 kW Total efficiency, fuel usage > 90% Speed range 1700 – 3600 rpm Fuel consumption (natural gas) 0,8 m³ - 1,9 m³ per hour Engine temperature In operation: 75°C; maximum: 95°C Cooling water temperatures In operation: 75°C; maximum: 95°C Exhaust gas temperature < 90°C; Maximum: 120°C Emission levels ½ TA - Luft (3-Ways-catalyst) 1) Depending on gas quality and ambient air pressure 2) Ratio between thermal and electrical output is approximately constant over the

total power output.

2.2.3 Technological characteristics for systems > 20 kWel

The major technology providers in this section are Oberdorfer (see Table 8), Buderus (see Table 9), Jenbacher (see Table 10) and Zeppelin (see Table 11). Oberdorfer company in the power range of < 100 kWel and GE Jenbacher > 100 kWel are dominating in the indicated power ranges the CHP market in Austria.

Table 8 Power plants from Oberdorfer company11

OD 70 NG V02

OD 90 NG V02

OD 70 PGV02

OD 70 BIO V01

OD 50 BIOV03

OD 150 BIO V01

OD 150 BIO V03

Fuel Natural gas

Natural gas

LPG Biogas Biogas Biogas Biogas

Electrical output [kW] 70 90 70 70 49 98 143 thermal output [kW] 119 136 123 114 90 150 221 Fuel input [kW] 220 270 225 220 17,6 293 416 Mechanical output [kW] 75 95 75 75 53 103 150 max. feed temperature 90°C 90°C 90°C 90°C 86°C 90°C 90°C max. return temperature 70°C 70°C 70°C 70°C 70°C 70°C 70°C Electrical efficiency 32% 33,2% 31,3% 32% 29,5% 33,4% 33,4% Thermal efficiency 54,1% 50,4% 54,2% 51,8% 54,5% 54,2% 53,9% Fuel usage 86,1% 83,6% 85,5% 83,8% 84% 84,7% 87,3% NOx emissions [mg/Nm3] 1) 250 250 250 500 500 500 500 CO emissions [mg/Nm3] 1) 200 200 200 650 650 650 1000 NMHC [mg/Nm3] 1) 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 Width [cm] 85 85 85 85 91 110 110 Length [cm] 330 330 330 330 330 360 360 Height [cm] 191 191 191 191 185 230 230 Weight [kg] 2470 2470 2470 2470 2800 4000 4000 All given information is based on full load. 1) Based on 5% O2

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Table 9 CHP units from Buderus company (source: Buderus Heiztechnik) 12

CHP Module DN-20 DN-50 DN-60 DN-100 DN-200*) Electrical output [kW] 18 50 65 120 236 Thermal output [kW] 34 81 114 200 363

Fuel input [kW] 56 145 198 350 667 Electrical efficiency [%] 32,1 34,5 32,8 34,3 35,7

Thermal efficiency [%] 60,7 55,9 57,6 57,1 54,4

Total efficiency [%] 92,9 90,3 90,4 91,4 90,1 Length [mm] 1650 2840 2840 3440 3350 Width [mm] 870 900 900 900 1600 Height [mm] 1200 1800 1800 1800 1900 Weight [kg] 1000 2200 2200 3500 4900 Volume (oil storage tank) [ltr] 16 70 70 70 200 Engine producer VW MAN MAN MAN MAN Engine type AEG E 0824 E E 0826 E E 2876 E E 2842 E312 Engine speed [1/min] 1500 1500 1.500 1500 1500 *) unit can be delivered starting in 2/2004.

Table 10 GE Jenbacher’s natural gas CHP systems (Natural gas / NOx < 500 mg/Nm3)1314

Electrical output 1) Thermal output 2) ICWT 3) 50 Hz 60 Hz 50 Hz 60 Hz

kWel kWel kWth kWth °C JMS 208 GS-N.L 330 335 361 409 40 JMS 212 GS-N.L 526 539 633 706 40 JMS 312 GS-N.L 625 633 746 815 40 JMS 316 GS-N.L 836 848 997 1,087 40 JMS 320 GS-N.L 1,065 1,060 1,197 1,322 40 JMS 420 GS-N.L 1,413 1,505 40 JMS 612 GS-N.L 1,644 1,622 1,665 1,685 40 JMS 616 GS-N.L 2,188 2,159 2,249 2,273 40 JMS 620 GS-N.L 3,047 2,991 3,047 3,081 40 1) ISO standard output, at 1,500 rpm/1,800 rpm and standard reference conditions according to

ISO 3046/I-1991; at p.f. = 1.0 according to VDE 0530 REM 2) Total with a tolerance +/- 8 % 3) ICWT = inter cooler water temperature

11 Source: Specifications sheets from Oberdorfer company and Oberdorfer website: http://www.oberdorfer.at/ 12 Source: Specifications sheets of Buderus company. 13 Source: Also available in models achieving NOx < 250 mg/Nm3. 14 Source: http://www.jenbacher.com

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Table 11 Zeppelin’s natural gas CHP systems (natural gas (NOx 250 mg/Nm³) 15

Module Electrical output

Thermal output

Fuel input (LHV)

Electrical efficiency

Thermal Efficiency

3412 TA 406 kW 553 kW 1127 kW 36,0 % 49,1 % 3408 TA 254 kW 357 kW 738 kW 34,4 % 48,4 % 3406 TA 188 kW 264 kW 546 kW 34,4 % 48,4 %

GE Jenbacher, Oberdorfer (and Zeppelin) are offering also systems for biogas and all kind of process gases (sewage, landfill, gases from coal mines, hydrogen, etc.). Other European deliverers of CHP units are also in the position to deliver units to Austria. However, so far no significant delivers could be observed.

Other technologies like micro gas turbines and fuel cells are also deployed. In total, two micro gas turbines from TURBEC (Sweden) were installed in 2002 (one in Voitsberg and one in Graz). Although, the plant operators in Austria were very satisfied with the first year operation results with exceeding efficiencies and less expected O&M, TURBEC company decided to discontinue its business activities in Summer 2003 due to a low level of business activities.

Concerning fuel cells, three 4,5 kWel systems (Gleisdorf, Vienna, ) from Vaillant and one 1 kWel system (Attnang/Puchheim) from Sulzer Hexis were installed in 2002 and 2003. These systems are still in the RTD phase and require major O&M services. For this reason they are not considered competitive at this stage of development. The project duration for these units are approximately one to two years.

In 2004 two 2-9,5 kWel/8-26 kWth modulating Stirling engine CHP plants (from SOLO company in Germany) were installed in the Stuckitzbad in Graz by E-Werk Gösting in Graz. An evaluation concerning a successful operation of this plant is at this early stage of implementation not possible.

15 Source: Specification sheets of Zeppelin.

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2.3 Project Level

2.3.1 General Definition of Small and Micro Scale CHP in Austria

According to the main Austrian manufacturer of cogeneration engines GE Jenbacher, systems with an electrical power capacity of up to 50 kWel are called micro-plants and those ranging from 50 kWel to 200 kWel are called small-scale plants. Furthermore, medium-sized plants are described as systems in the 200 kWel to 700 kWel range and large-scale plants are described as systems of over 700 kWel.

As regards the terminology used by cogeneration professionals, there is only a slight difference. To them cogeneration of up to 20 kWel are micro-plants and the range for small-scale plants goes up to 200 kWel.

Due to the publication of the CHP directive in February 2004 the terminology of micro CHP will change to 50 kWel and of small CHP to 1 MWel.16

2.3.2 Principal project requirements in Austria

Principal project requirements for investing in small scale CHP power plants include the following points:

(i) simultaneous heat and electricity demand (as much as possible), (ii) at least 4.000 to 5.000 full load operation hours (in order to achieve

acceptable economics, see also Figure 3), and (iii) significant usage of the produced electricity in the relevant project (due to bad

(or no) feed-in tariffs from the utility companies in case of fossil fuel usage)

16 See also: http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/pri/de/oj/dat/2004/l_052/l_05220040221de00500060.pdf

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0,00

2,00

4,00

6,00

8,00

10,00

12,00

14,00

16,00

18,00

20,00

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000Operation Hours (h)

Ret

urn

on In

vest

men

t (Ye

ars)

Motor 5kW MGT-60kW Motor 70 kWMotor 90 kW

Figure 3 Return on investment for four different CHP plants (incl. engine and micro gas turbine CHP plants) under specific Austrian frame conditions (Source: E.V.A.)

Typical markets where small scale CHP units are deployed in Austria include the following sectors:

(i) Hotels, (ii) guest houses (f. ex. B&Bs, etc.) (iii) rest stops, (iv) slaughter houses, (v) indoor swimming pools, spas and recreation facilities, and (vi) small/medium-size enterprises (24 h operation).

Present „barriers“ for the future deployment of small scale CHP units are as follows:

(i) High stand-by and top-up tariffs,

(ii) low demand for heat in the summer (resulting in a low number of full load hours),

(iii) the liberalised Austrian electricity market offers clients several suppliers of “decent priced ” electricity with the effect of avoiding unprofitable, risky cogeneration installations, and

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(iv) no obligation for the distribution companies to purchase the electricity of auto-producers.

2.3.3 Estimated market potential

In 2001. E.V.A. and ÖEKV carried out a study on the “market potential of micro gas turbines in Austria”. The scenario for the analysis has been as follows:

(i) the client does run continuously at more than 75 kWel, (ii) the client has an annual electricity consumption of between 1 and 10 GWh, and (iii) the client has a continuous heat demand for hot water of 150 kWth.

Estimations - based on this scenario - represent the theoretical technical market potential in Austria’s industrial and public sectors, without any economic and site-specific considerations. Although the analysis was done for micro gas turbines the results may apply for the whole technology portfolio in this power size.

Table 12 Overview of the market potential for 100 kWel CHP units in the different market segments in Austria (Source: E.V.A., ÖEKV)

Market segment

Minimum estimated number

Maximum estimated number

Hotels with more than 150 rooms 100 150 Small/medium industries (24 h operation) 9 26 Large residential house complexes 23 69 Hospitals 188 225 Large shopping centres 0 14 Large schools and universities 25 60 Indoor swimming pools, spas, and recreation facilities

13 190

Small paper mills 0 6 Total 358 740

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