smart grid - willkommen bei der computer controls ag · pdf filethis solutions guide...

Smart GridSolutions Guide

Edition 1, January 2011

Smart Grid Solutions GuideA message from the CEO

www.maxim-ic.com/smartgrid i

A message from the CEO

DearEngineer,

The“smartgrid”isdevelopinginresponsetochangesinhowpeoplelive,work,travel,andplay.Itisactuallyamodern-dayrevolutionthatchangeseverythingabouthowelectricityisgenerated,stored,used,andbilled.Itencompassesnewrenewablesourcesandtheconnec-tionofnewloadslikeelectricvehicles.It’sglobal,anditaffectsusall.

ThissolutionsguidehighlightskeyareaswithinsmartgridswhereMaximbringsthemostvalue.Ouradvancedmetrologysystem-on-chip(SoC)solutionsofferthebestaccuracy

availableformeteringapplications.Theyalsoensurethedevelopmentofstandards-compliantproductsthatwillmeetfast-changinginfrastructuredemands.Ourpowerlinetechnologyenablescommunicationthroughtransformers,andourhighlevelsofintegrationreducecostsandtimetomarket.

Thisisnotaproductselectorguidelistingall6400ofourproducts.Instead,it’sacriticalselectionofthebestofourportfoliotailoredforspecificsmartgridequipmentareas.Foreachsolution,welistthebenefitsofthefeaturedproducts—whethersmallersize,moreprocessingpower,lowerpowerconsumption,orsomethingelse—inaneasy-to-readformat.Andwebackupourclaimswithhardtechnicalfactssoyoucancompareoursolutionstoyouralternatives.

Maximwasfoundedover27yearsagotocreateanalogandmixed-signalproductsthatnotonlyaddvaluetoourcustomers’systemsbutalsohelpthemtochangetheworld.Asacompanyweareproudtoofferproductsthatenabletoday’ssmartgridrevolution.

YouwillalsoseethatMaximremainsfocusedonbeingtheleadingsolutionsproviderforindustrialequipmentincludingsmartgridproducts,bothwithinnovativeICsandknowledgeablesupport.

Finally,IwelcomeyourquestionsandcommentsaboutMaximandthissolutionsguide.Letmeknowwhatyouthink.Youcanreachmeat:[email protected].

TunçDoluca

PresidentandChiefExecutiveOfficer

mailto:[email protected]

Smart Grid Solutions Guide

ii MaximSmart Grid Solutions

Innovation Delivered and Maxim are registered trademarks of Maxim Integrated Products, Inc. © 2011 Maxim Integrated Products, Inc. All rights reserved.

Smart Grid Solutions GuideTable of contents

www.maxim-ic.com/smartgrid iii

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Smart metersOverview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Featuredproducts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Recommendedsolutionstable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Power-grid monitoringOverview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Featuredproducts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Recommendedsolutionstable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

CommunicationsOverview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Featuredproducts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Recommendedsolutionstable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Energy measurementOverview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Featuredproducts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Legal notices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Table of contents

iv MaximSmart Grid Solutions


Smart Grid Solutions GuideIntroduction

www.maxim-ic.com/smartgrid 1

Meeting future energy challenges today

Thesmartgridrepresentsanewvisionforhowwecanharnesstechnologytorenewenergyinfrastructure,redefineourrespon-sibilitiesasenergyusers,and,ultimately,conservevitalenergyresources.

Smartgridarchitectsfacemanychallengesinrealizingthisvision,notleastofwhichischoosingsolutionsthatofferacost-effectiveupgradepath.Thesheerscaleofthisinfra-structuralchallengenecessitatesawell-definedstrategicroadmap.Toavoidstrandingassets,theselectedsolutionmustbebothcompatiblewiththeexistinginfrastructureandscalabletomeetfutureneeds.

Systemdesignersmustkeepupwithaconstantlychangingregulatorylandscape.Thistaskcanbegreatlyeasedbychoosingasolutionspartnerwhounderstandstherequirementsofdifferentcountries,andworkscloselywithindustryconsortiatodevelopstandards.

Maxim is a proven leader in smart energyMaximhaslongbeenregardedasaleaderinpower-savingtechnology.Overtheyears,wehavepioneerednewtechniquesforbatterymanage-ment,high-efficiencypowerconversion,andlow-powerdesign.

Todayweareapplyingourexpertisetosmartenergyapplications,includingenergymeteringandmeasurement,power-distributionautomation,smartgridcommunica-tions,hybridautomobiles,andLEDlighting.

In2010,weexpandedoursmartgridofferingthroughtheacquisi-tionofTeridianSemiconductor.ThisacquisitionfirmlypositionsMaximasthetechnologyleaderforenergymeteringandmeasurement.

Withmorethantwodecadesofexpertiseand50millionICsshipped,Teridianhasdefinedtheleadingedgeofthesystem-on-chip(SoC)energy-measurementmarket.SystemdesignersworldwideusetheseSoCstoacceleratesystemdevelopmentandreduceengineeringcostsfornewenergy-meteringandmeasure-mentapplications.

Maxim’spowerlinecommunicationstechnology(G3-PLC)isenablingnewsmartgridapplicationsaroundtheworld.G3-PLCiscurrentlybeingdeployedinFrancetoimplementanadvancedmeteringinfrastructureforover35millioncustomers.Italsoservesasabasetechnologyforinterna-tionalstandardsdevelopmenteffortssuchasITUG.hnem/G.9955andIEEE®P1901.2.

Maxim’sPLCandSoCsolutionsarecomplementedbyabroadportfolioofanalogandmixed-signalsolutions,includingpower-managementICs,real-timeclocks,RFcommunications,andinterfaceproducts.AllofwhichmakesMaximatrueend-to-endsolutionsproviderformeteringandothersmartgridapplications.

A committed innovation partnerMaxim’sapplicationexpertsworkcloselywithsystemdesignerstodeveloptechnologyplatformsthatmeetimplementationrequirementsforbackwardscompatibility,scalability,andcompliancewithinternationalstandards.

Thissolutionsguideaddresseskeychallengesfacingsmartgridarchitectsanddesigners.ItdetailshowMaxim’ssolutionsareenablingcustomerinnovationsincommun-ications,distributionautomation,andenergymeasurementandmetering.

Design with Maxim

Develop smarter, more-precise systems

• Proprietaryprocesstechnologiesyieldthetightesttolerances,lowestnoise,highestvoltage/currentcapabilities,andgreatestintegration

• Maxim’sbroadproductportfolioenablesend-to-endsolutionsoptimizedforperformance-drivenapplications

• State-of-the-artcommunicationstechnologiesbuildintelligenceintogridinfrastructure,fromthesubstationtothecustomerpremise

Accelerate your time to market

• BenefitfromtheimplementationexpertisethatMaximhasgainedwhileworkingwithindustryconsortia,utilities,andequipmentmanufacturers

• Acomprehensivelibraryofappli-cationnotes,referencedesigns,andsoftwaretoolsspeedsyourdesignprojects

• Flexiblesolutionsareeasilyadaptedtomeetdifferentinternationalstandards

Reduce equipment/infrastructure costs

• Advancedintegrationminimizesyourbillofmaterialsandinfra-structurecosts

• Applicationexpertisehelpsyoumaketherightsystemperformance-costtrade-offs

• Integratedprotectionsandindustrial-gradetemperaturerangesensurethatyourdesignsurvivesreal-worldconditions

2 MaximSmart Grid Solutions


Smart metersOverview


Smart meter block diagram. For a list of Maxim's recommended smart meter solutions, please go to: www.maxim-ic.com/smartmeter.

Smart meters

OverviewUtilitycompaniesworldwidehavebegundeployingsmartmeterstoserviceresidentialandcommercial/industrialmarkets.Smartmetersdeliverarangeofbenefitsincludingloweroperationalandcapitalexpenses,supportfornewservices,andimprovedoperationalcontrol.

Smart meter requirementsDeploymentofsmartmetersisfarfroma“one-size-fits-all”undertaking.Manufacturersmustaccountforthevaryingregulatoryrequirementsofeachregion,aswellasthedifferentfunctionalitiesandservicesrequiredfordifferentmarkets.

InNorthAmerica,forexample,automatedmeterreading(AMR)regulationsdictatethefrequencyofmeterreadinganddatatransmission.Theyalsospecifytheamountofdata

thatmustberetainedlocallyatanygivenpointintime.Becausecommu-nicationsarenotalwaysreliable,someoftheseregulationsrequireutilitiestostoretwoormoretransmissionstomeetbillingrequirements.Thisrequirementincreasestheamountoflocalon-chipmemoryneededforsmartmeterICs.Asaresult,theregula-torypressuresofspecificjurisdictionshaveadirectimpactonthedesignofsmartmetersdowntothechiplevel.

Anothermajordriverofsmartmeterfunctionalityisimprovinglocalantitamperingcapabilities.Thisisespeciallyimportantindevelopingmarketswhereelectricitytheftaccountsforalargepercentageofoverallpowerusage.Theabilityofsolid-stateelectricitymeterstodetectandpreventtamperingcansignificantlyimprovecontrolandcostrecoveryforutilitycompanies.Hereagain,high-levelantitampering

objectivesarebothdrivingtheadoptionofsolid-statemeteringanddictatingrequiredfeaturesetsatthechiplevel.

Finally,thepromiseofimprovingservicetocustomersrepresentsanimportantgoalofsmartmetering,especiallyoverthelongterm.Byenablingcustomerstobettermanagetheirownenergyusagethroughincentive-basedprograms—suchasdirectloadcontrol,interruptiblerateagreements,anddemandbidding/buyback—smartmeteringcanhelputilitiesmanageoverallenergyconsumptionpatternsandcopewithpeak-demandchallenges.Withtherightcapabilitiesbuiltintochip-levelsolutions,smartmeterdeploymentscaneffectivelylaythegroundworkforexpandedcustomer-servicefunctions,suchaswirelessintegrationwithther-mostatstoautomaticallyadjustusageduringpeak-demandperiods.

OPTIONAL EXTREME ACCURACY COMPONENTS

ACCURATE RTC

VOLTAGE/CURRENTSENSORS

DATA COMMUNICATIONS

ISOLATED/NONISOLATED POWER DC-DC

RELAY DRIVER

MAXIM SOLUTIONUSER

INTERFACE MEMORY

METERING SoC(ADC/CPU/DSP)

TRANSFORMER DRIVER

REMOTE-DISCONNECT RELAY

SUPERVISOR

TAMPERDETECTION

VOLTAGE REFERENCE

FOR RS-232/RS-485 DESIGNS

www.maxim-ic.com/smartmeter



Formetermanufacturersservicingglobalutilitymarkets,theabovecombinationofdrivingforcespresentssignificantopportunitiesandchallenges.Mostutilitycompaniesareatleastconsideringtheimplica-tionsoffuturesmartmeteringapplicationswhenmakingtoday’sdeploymentdecisions.Therefore,metermanufacturersneedtobeflexible,offeringbothlow-costmeteringsolutionsandhigh-endsmartmeteralternatives.

Onewaythatmeterdesignersareaddressingthisdilemmaisbyusingintegratedsystem-on-chip(SoC)solutionsthatcanbeadaptedacrosstheentirespectrumoffunctionalityrequirements.SoCsdeliverlowercostsbyeliminatingtheneedfordiscretecomponents.Theyalsoproviderichfeaturesetsforsmartmeteringandsimplerupgradepathswithminimumhardwareandopera-tionalcosts.

Evolution of solid-state metering architecturesTheearliestsolid-statemeterarchi-tecturescombinedmultipleICstoimplementtherequiredfunction-ality.Typically,amicrocontrollerperformedthesystemmanagementanddisplaytasks,andmultipleADCscombinedwithafixed-functionsignalprocessortohandlethemetrologyfunctions.

ThenextgenerationofmetersusedproprietarymetrologyASICsfromlargemetermanufacturerstocombineA/DconversionandDSPfunctions.However,thisarchitecturestillfellshortofprovidingthelevelofintegrationandconfigurationflexibilityneededtosupportdynamicallyevolvingmarketdemands.TheASICapproachalsorequiredahighlevelofin-houseR&Dinvestmentandentailedrelativelylongcyclesforthecreationofeachnewrevisionoffunctionality.

IntegratedSoCsolutionsaddresstheselimitationsbyoptimizingfor

cost,performance,andflexibility.Theyalsoshortentimetomarketandreducecomponentcount.

Multiconverter vs. single-converter designsTwoshortcomingsofthetraditionalmulticonverterarchitecturearereducedaccuracyfromchannel-to-channelcrosstalkandhighbill-of-materials(BOM)costs.Thesedesignstendtocarrycrosstalkbetweenchannels,necessitatingadditionalhardwareandfirmwareprecautions.Additionally,theyrequireacostlierdifferentialmodetoachieveawideanaloginputrangeof2000:1.

AkeyinnovationinthedevelopmentofintegratedmeteringSoCshasbeentheSingleConverterTechnology®approachfromTeridian.Thisarchitec-turestreamlinesthemetrologyfunctionsbycombiningasinglesigma-deltaADCwithseveralmultiplexedinputsandaprogrammablereal-timecomputationengine(CE).ThistechnologyprovidesflexibilityforcustomizingtheDSPtoutilityrequirementswithminimalupgradestothehardwareinfrastructure.

MultiplexedsystemsofferlowercostcomparedtoarchitecturesthatdedicateseparateADCstoeachchannel.Multiplexeddesignsachievereducedchannel-to-channelcrosstalkbyusingswitchingcircuitrytoscanthroughanumberofinputchannels,samplingeachoneinrotationforprocessingbythesingleADC.

Themultiplexedapproachisparticu-larlywellsuitedforapplications,suchaspowermanagement,withseparatesignalsthataresimilarinnature.Akeyrequirementisthepreservationofphaseinformationbetweenthechannels.ThiscapabilityenablestheCEinamultiplexedsystemtoperform“simultaneous”measurementsacrossdifferentchannels.SoCsthatuseasingle-convertermultiplexing

approachprovidegainuniformity,offsetuniformity,reducedchannel-to-channelcrosstalk,anddesignflexibility.Altogether,thisyieldsalower-cost,high-accuracysolutionwithwiderbandwidth(2000:1)formeasurement.

AnaddedbenefitoftheseSoCsistheirfield-programmablefirmware.Becausethefirmwareforthereal-timeCEiseasilyupgradeable,designerscanconfigurethehardwareformeasurementsutilizingvariouscurrentsensorssuchascurrenttransformers,Rogowskicoils,andcurrentshunts.Thisalsofacilitatessupportforthetamperingtechnologiesrequiredbyutilities.

Smart meter requirementsAutomated meter reading

AMRsystemsaretypicallyimple-mentedusingoneoftwoapproaches,dependingontheregulatoryenviron-mentfortheparticularcountryandjurisdiction.Oneapproachusesrelativelyhigh-functionalitymetrologycapabilitiesatthemeteringendpoint,whiletheotherapproachfocusesonlowercostandsimplerfunctionality.

Aspreviouslymentioned,someregulatoryjurisdictionshavestrictrequirementstoavoidthelossofdataandensuremeteringaccuracyforbillingpurposes.Withreadstakenatrelativelyshortintervals(every15minutes),theaccumulateddataisthencommunicatedatlongerintervals(every8hours).However,theregulationscompensateforpotentialcommunicationsfailuresbyrequiringthatatleasttwodatabuildsalwaysberetainedatthemeteringpoint.Thismeansthatthemetrologychipmustbecapableofstoringupto16hoursofdata.

InregulatoryenvironmentsthatplacelessstringentdemandsontheAMRprocess,utilitiesminimizethecostofmetrologyfunctionalityatthemeter(unlesstheydeterminethatapositivepaybackcanbeachieved



byusinghigherendfunctionalityforantitamperingpurposes).

Thereislong-termpotentialforcostsavingsbycombiningtheAMRfunctionsdirectlyintothemetrologySoC.Yet,thisisunlikelytobepracticalinthenearterm,dueprimarilytofragmentationofAMRcommunicationsmethodologies.Communicationlinksmaybebasedonmodems(eitherfixedlineorcellularwireless)orpowerlinecommunications(PLC),withtheBOMcostrangingfrom$3forPLCuptomorethan$20forcellularmodems.

Field programmability

Deployinghigherendmetrologychipsthatallowforfieldprogramma-bility(viafirmware)enablesutilitiestobringdownbothoperationalandcapitalinvestmentcostsoverthelongterm.Thisextendstheusefullifeoftheinfrastructureandhelpstojustifysmartmeteringinvestmentswithinrate-basedcalculations.

Fieldprogrammabilitygivesutilitiesmuchgreaterflexibilitytoadjustpoliciesinresponsetochangingenergyusagepatterns.Forexample,thespecifictimesofdaysetforpeak-ratepricingpoliciesmayneedtobeadjustedassignificantnumbersofusersshifttheirenergyconsump-tion,orinresponsetoseasonalfluctuations.Remoteupgradesviafirmwareallowutilitiestoquicklytailortheirrateincentivesforcustomerstohelpsmoothoutpeakdemandwhiletrackingdynamicchangesinpeak-usagepatterns.

Energy-management services

Smartmeteringgivesutilitiesreal-timevisibilityintousagepatterns.Moreoever,itenablesthemtopromotedemand-sidemanagement,empoweringcustomerstobettermanagetheirownusage.Forinstance,theCalifornianutilityPG&Eplanstooffercustomersenhancedoptionssuchasmonitoringtheir

hour-by-hourusageontheInternetandadjustingtheirusagetotakeadvantageofincentiverates.Inaddition,thereareplansforenablingwirelessintegrationofsmartmeterswithcustomers’thermostats.Thiswillallowminorpre-agreedadjust-mentstoautomaticallybemadetotemperaturesettingsduringpeakperiodsinexchangeforanoverallratereduction.

Smartmeteringalsoopensupthepossibilitiesforimplementingsub-meteringstrategieswithinlargerbuildings.Byusingasinglesmartmeterwithmultidropcommunica-tionlinkstoindividualcustomers,autilitycaneliminatetheneedforindividualmeterswhilestillprovidingahighdegreeofvisibilityintoeachcustomer’senergyusage.

Security mechanisms

Antitamperingisanotherkeydriverforsmartmetering,especiallyindevelopingcountrieswhereelectricitytheftisamajorcostconcernforutilities.Forexample,ithasbeenestimatedthatasmuchas40percentofthepowerusageinBrazilisstolen.

Typicaltamperingtechniquesvaryfromintrusivemeanssuchasbreakingthemeterhousingandjammingthemechanismtomoresubtlemethodslikeapplyingmagnetstotheoutsideofthemetertosaturatemagneticcomponents.Someattempttoalterthechar-acteristicsoftheloadbyaddingcapacitance,half-waverectifiedloads,orinstantaneoushighcurrents.Othersmaybypassthemeter,whollyorinpart,whichcancauseanincreaseintheACcurrentflowingthroughthemeter’sneutralterminals.

Deploymentofmoresophisticatedsolid-statemetrologyenablesadvancedantitamperingmeasure-mentssuchasthereflectedload(VAR-hours),neutralcurrent,DCcurrentsinvokedbyrectifiedloads,

anddetectionofambientmagneticfields.SubstationmetersmayalsobeusedtodetectdiscrepanciesbetweenthetotalbilledandthetotalgeneratedpowerandreportthemviaanAMRnetwork.Inordertoprosecuteandrecoverthecostsofstolenenergy,detailedinformationsuchastheexacttimesandamountsofenergytheftarecriticalpiecesofevidencethatcanbecapturedthroughsmartmeteringtechnology.

Chip-level feature require-ments for smart metersSystem on chip

Itisclearfromtheevolvingmarketrequirements,jurisdictionalregu-latorydifferences,andvaryingimplementationapproachesthatasingle,universalsolutionisnotpossible.However,byusinghighlyintegrated,flexiblyconfigurableSoCmeteringsolutionsmanufacturerscanbringdowntheirR&Dcostsandimprovetheirabilitytoservetheentirerangeofmarketrequirements.Thisapproachalsohelpsfuture-proofmeterarchitecturestomeetemergingrequirements.

KeyingredientsofsmartmeterSoCsinclude:

• Flexible,multiple-portcommuni-cationsoptionstosupportAMRlinks,integrationwithlocaldevicessuchasthermostats,andmultidropsubmeteringtopologies

• StreamlinedmultireadprocessingcapabilitiessuchastheSingleConverterTechnologyapproachtoreduceunitcostbymultiplexinginputsthroughadelta-sigmaADCinconjunctionwithaprogramma-blecomputeengine

• Supportforavarietyofsensorinputswithminimumhardware;abilitytoadjustfortemperatureandotherenvironmentalvariationsforimprovedefficiencyandaccuracy



• Field-upgradeablefirmwaretoextendtheusefullifeofthemeteringsolutionandallowpoliciestobedynamicallyadjustedtooptimizeenergyusage

• Polyphasemonitoringandanalysiscapabilitiestohelpmanageenergyconsumption,enableloadanalysis,andoptimizemotorfunctions

• LCDinterfacecapableofsupport-ingmultiplevoltagesandscreenresolutions

• Variouslevelsofinternalflashmemorysizes,alongwithexternalmemory-managementcapabilitiestosupportawideportfolioofdatastorageoptions

• Severaltamper-detectionmecha-nismstopreventenergytheft;supportforcurrenttransformers,Rogowskicoils,andcurrentshuntsalongwiththeircombinationalcurrent-sensingmechanisms;opencurrent-sensordetection

• Abilitytoworkwithsingle-wirepowermeasurementforspecialtamper-detectionconditionsforsingle-andpolyphasepowermeasurements

• Built-inreal-timeclock(RTC)functionality

Real-time clock

ManymeteringAFEsintegrateareasonablyaccurateRTC,whichmaydriftasmuchas60minutes/year.Thisinaccuracyshouldnotbeaproblemifthemeterisconnectedtoasmartnetworkthatperiodicallyresynchro-nizestheRTC.Ifthemeterisnotconnectedtosuchanetwork,end

customerswillexperiencesignificantbillingdiscrepanciesovertime—unless,thatis,ahighlyaccurateRTCisused.

Maximhaslongofferedtheindustry’smostaccuratetimekeepingsolutionsformeteringapplications.RTCssuchastheDS3231monitoranonboardtemperaturesensorandadjusttheloadcapacitanceofanembeddedcrystalinordertocompensateforthenaturaltempera-turevariationofthetuningforkcrystal.Becausethecrystalanddiearecalibratedacrossthefulloperatingtemperaturerangeasaunit,theresultingfrequencyaccuracyisbetterthananycompetingtechnology.Theseproductsexceedtherigorousstandardsfortimekeepingaccuracyinmeteringapplicationsandarearmedwithamultitudeofadvancedfeatures.Mostimportantly,theyeliminatetheneedforusercalibra-tion,providingahighlyaccuratesolutionstraightoutofthebox.

Maxim’snewMEMS-basedRTC,theDS3231M,extendsthebenefitsoftheDS3231.Thedevice’sall-siliconresonatorenablesthelow-frequencyandlow-currentcharacteristicsofthecrystal-basedDS3231tobemigratedtoasmallerpackage.Additionally,theDS3231Moffersextremeresilienceagainsthigh-temperatureassemblyprocesses,canwithstandshockandvibrationinexcessof20Gs,andincludesoffsetsforaging.

AttheheartoftheDS3231Misatemperature-compensatedsiliconoscillator.Basedonmeasurements

fromtheDS3231M’sonboardtemperaturesensor,atemperature-compensationalgorithmauto-maticallyadjuststheresonantfrequencytoaccountfortempera-tureeffects.Thisapproachensuresextremelytightaccuracyovertemperature.Unlikecrystal-basedproducts,theDS3231Mexhibitslessthan±0.5ppmoffrequencyshiftafterhigh-temperaturereflows,anditmaintainsflatfrequency-stabilitycharacteristics(<±5ppm)overtheentire-40°Cto+85°Ctemperaturerange.

SummaryByleveragingtheflexibleSoCfeaturesetdescribedabove,manufacturerscaneffectivelyaddresstherangeofmeteringoptions—fromlow-costfixed-functiondevicestopremiumdevicesthatofferamplememory,reprogrammability,andhighaccuracy.Asthemarketforsmartmeterscontinuestoevolve,thisflexibilitywillenablemetermanufac-turersandutilitycompaniestoadapttotheneedsofcustomersandthedictatesofregulatoryauthorities,whilesimultaneouslyoptimizingoperationalefficiencyandprofitability.


Smart metersFeatured products

Energy-meter SoCs reduce cost while improving design flexibility and accuracy

71M6541D*/41F*, 71M6542F* (single phase) 71M6543F*/43H* (polyphase)

TheTeridian71M6541D/41F/42F(singlephase)and71M6543F/43H(polyphase)arehighlyintegrated,flexiblemeteringSoCsthatsupportawiderangeofresidential,commercial,andindustrialmeterapplicationswithuptoClass0.2accuracy.Thedevicesincorporatea5MHz8051-compatibleMPUcoreanda32-bitcomputationengine(CE);alow-powerRTCwithdigitaltemperaturecompensation;upto64KBflashmemoryand5KBRAM;andanLCDdriver.TheproprietarySingleConverterTechnologyarchitectureincludesa22-bitdelta-sigmaADC,whichprovidesunmatchedlinearityperformanceoverawidedynamicrangeandconsumeslesspowerthanamulti-ADCimplementation.Automaticswitchingbetweenmainpowerandthreebattery-backupmodesensuresoperationalreliability.TheseSoCsoperateoverthe-40°Cto+85°Cindustrialtemperaturerange.The71M6541D/41Farepackagedina64-pinlead-freeLQFP,andthe71M6542F/43F/43Harepackagedina100-pinlead-freeLQFP.

The71M6541D/41F/42Fand71M6543F/43HmeteringSoCsalsofeatureaproprietaryisolationtechnology.Byusinglow-costresistiveshuntsandoptionalinterfacestooneoftheTeridianisolatedsensors(71M6601*,71M6103*),thesemeteringsolutionseliminatetheneedforexpensive,bulkycurrenttransformers.This,inturn,reducesBOMcostsandcasingsizerequirements.Themeteringdesignwillalsobenefitfromimmunitytomagnetictamperingandenhancedreliability.

Acompletearrayofsoftwaredevelopmenttools,demonstrationcode,andreferencedesignsisavailable.ThesetoolsenablerapiddevelopmentandcertificationofmetersthatmeetallANSIandIECelectricitymeteringstandardsworldwide.

Benefits

• Measurement accuracy meets even the most aggressive global standards

– ExceedstheIEC62053/ANSIC12.20standards

– 0.1%accuracyover2000:1currentrange– MeetsClass0.2accuracy(71M6543H)

• High integration and programmability meet changing customer requirements

– 8-bitMPU(80515);upto5MIPS– Dedicated32-bitCE– 64KBflashand5KBRAM(71M6541F/42F/43F/43H))

– 32KBflashand5KBRAM(71M6541D)– Supportupto51digitalI/Opins(71M6542F/43F/43H)

– LCDdriversupportsupto336pixels(71M6542F/43F/43H)

– TwoUARTsforIRandAMR– IRLEDdriverwithmodulation

• Accelerate meter development– Completearrayofin-circuit-emulation(ICE)anddevelopmenttools

– Flashprogrammingandfirmwaredevelopmenttools

– Programminglibrariesandreferencedesigns

– Third-partyprogrammingtoolsandsupportservices

• Improved reliability and cost savings – Usingshuntsinsteadofcurrenttransformers(CT)lowersBOMcosts

– EliminatethecostofcopperwireneededforCTs

– Usingshuntsallowssmallermeterenclosure

– Usingshuntsenablesgainmagneticfieldimmunity

*Future product—contact the factory for availability.

(Block diagrams on following pages)

http://www.maxim-ic.com/71M6541D

http://www.maxim-ic.com/71M6541F



http://www.maxim-ic.com/71M6543H



Energy-meter SoCs reduce cost while improving design flexibility and accuracy (continued)

The 71M6543F/71M6543H polyphase metering SoCs are ideal for commercial and industrial applications.

IADC0IADC0

TXRX

RXMODULATOR

TX

MUX AND ADC

POWER SUPPLY

71M6543F*71M6543H*

VREF

SERIAL PORTS

POWER-FAULTCOMPARATOR

SPI™INTERFACE

TEMPERATURESENSOR

PWR MODECONTROL

REGULATOR

BATTERYMONITOR

LCD DRIVERDIO, PULSES

OSC/PLL

COMPUTATIONENGINE

MPURTC

TIMERS

ICE

RAM

IN**

IC

IB

IA

VC

VB

WAKE-UP

VBAT

V3P3A V3P3SYS GNDA GNDD

VBAT_RTC

COM0...5SEG

SEG/DIO

DIO

V3P3D

XIN

XOUT

VA

C

B

A

NEUTRAL LOAD

SHUNT CURRENT SENSORS

RESI

STOR

-DIV

IDER

S

NOTE:THIS SYSTEM IS REFERENCEDTO NEUTRAL

NEUTRAL

**IN = NEUTRAL CURRENT

AMR

PULSES,DIO

I2C OR MICROWIRE®

EEPROM

LCD DISPLAY

BATTERY

RTCBATTERY

32kHzHOST

IR

71M

6103

*

71M

6103

*

71M

6103

*

PULSE TRANSFORMERS

FLASHMEMORY

(Block diagram on next page)




The 71M6541D/71M6541F single-phase metering SoCs are ideal for residential and POL applications.

IADC0IADC0

TXRX

RXMODULATOR

TX

MUX AND ADC

POWER SUPPLY

71M6541D*71M6541F*

VREF

SERIAL PORTS

POWER-FAULTCOMPARATOR

SPIINTERFACE

TEMPERATURESENSOR

PWR MODECONTROL

REGULATOR

BATTERYMONITOR

LCD DRIVERDIO, PULSES

OSC/PLL

COMPUTATIONENGINE

MPURTC

TIMERS

ICE

RAM

WAKE-UP

VBAT

V3P3A V3P3SYS GNDA GNDD

VBAT_RTC

COM0...5SEG

SEG/DIO

DIO

V3P3D

XIN

XOUT

IAPIAN

IBPIBN

VA

LINE

NEUTRAL

LOAD

SHUNT

SHUNTRE

SIST

OR-D

IVID

ERS

LINE

NEUTRAL

LINE

AMR

PULSES,DIO

I2C OR MICROWIREEEPROM

LCD DISPLAY

BATTERY

RTCBATTERY

32kHzHOST

IR

PULSETRANSFORMER

71M6601*

NOTE:THIS SYSTEM IS REFERENCED TO LINE

FLASHMEMORY

Energy-meter SoCs reduce cost while improving design flexibility and accuracy (continued)




Highly accurate MEMS RTC is less sensitive to shock and vibration than traditional clocksDS3231M

TheDS3231Misahighlyprecisereal-timeclock(RTC)basedonMEMSresonatortechnology.Itmeetsthecorerequirementsforaccuracy,stability,power,andcompliancetestingforsmartmeters.

ThisinnovativeRTCprovidestemperature-compensatedtimingaccuracyof±0.5s/day(<±5.0ppm)from-40°Cto+85°C.TheMEMStechnologymakestheDS3231Mlesssensitivetoshockandvibrationthantraditionalcrystal-basedclocks.Itisalsolesssensitivetoaccuracydrift,whichisquitecommonwithagingquartzcrystals.

TheDS3231Misalow-powerdevice(<3.0µA)thatprolongsbatterylife.Switchingautomaticallybetweenthemainandbatterypower,itmeetstheindustryrequirementfordual-supplyoperationasasafeguardintheabsenceofmainpower.

TheDS3231M’saccuracyandstabilitymakeitparticularlysuitableformultitariffmetering.Withnocrystaltoconsumespaceandaddcost,itisalow-costsolutionfortime-basedbillingandratechargesdirectlyatthemeter.Itisaviableoptionformeteringnetworksthatdonotdistributetime-of-dayinformationbetweenmeters,butmustmaintainanaccuratetimebaseatthemeter.

Benefits

• Meets the four core timing require-ments for smart metering

– Accuracy(<±5.0ppm)– Stability(<±5.0ppm)– Power(<3.0μA)– Compliancetesting(1Hzoutput)

• Highly rugged, dependable solution– ±5ppmlifetimeaccuracy– Optimizedforhighshockandvibration:>20,000g

– Requiresnospecialhandlingduringultrasoniccleaningvs.quartzcrystals

• Safeguards against power loss– <3.0μApowerconsumptionextendsbatterylife

– Dualsupplyoperation– Automaticswitchingbetweenmainpowerandbatterypower

• Reduces cost and saves space– MiniatureMEMSresonatoreliminatesthecostofaquartzcrystal

– Nousercalibrationrequired,thusreducingcost

– 16-and8-pin(150mil)SOpackages– Pincompatiblewithcrystal-basedDS3231SRTCs

Block diagram of the DS3231M RTC.

N

N

TIME-BASERESONATOR

TEMPSENSOR

INTERRUPTOR 1HzSELECT

DIVIDER

INT/SQW

1Hz

DIGITALADJUSTMENT

FACTORY TRIM

N

32kHZ

SDA

GND

SCL

VBAT

VCC

RST

CLOCK/CALENDARWITH ALARM

CONTROL AND STATUSREGISTERS

I2CINTERFACE

POWERCONTROL

DS3231M

http://www.maxim-ic.com/DS3231M


Smart metersRecommended solutions

Recommended solutions

Part Description Features Benefits

Metering SoCs

71M6531/71M6532 Residential metering SoCs with an MPU core, RTC, in-system programmable flash, and LCD driver

Multiple UARTs, I2C/MICROWIRE interface, and up to 30 DIO pins; support 2-, 3-, and 4-wire single-phase and dual-phase residential metering; tamper-detection mechanisms

High integration and field programmability enable designers to adapt to changing customer requirements, speed time to market, and lower BOM cost

71M6533/71M6534 Polyphase metering SoCs with 10MHz, 8051-compatible MPU core; low-power RTC; 128KB flash; and LCD driver

Advanced power management with less than 1µA sleep current; selectable single-ended or differential current sensing; large-format LCD driver

Higher sampling rate and larger code space offer customers ability to extend metrology functionality and implement advanced functions such as simultaneous broadband/narrowband

71M6541D*/ 41F*/42F*

Highly integrated single-phase metering SoCs

Exceed IEC 62053 and ANSI C12.20 standards; embedded isolated-sensing technology

Measurement accuracy meets even the most aggressive global standards; offer flexibility in selecting interface

71M6543F*/43H* Highly integrated polyphase metering SoCs Exceed IEC 62053 and ANSI C12.20 standards; embedded isolated-sensing technology

Significantly reduce BOM and enclosure size by eliminating the need for current transformers in polyphase designs

Real-time clocks (RTCs)

DS3231M Extremely accurate, MEMS-based, I²C RTC All-silicon MEMS resonator; requires no user calibration; ±5ppm (±0.432s/day) timekeeping accuracy over -40°C to +85°C

Reduces design time; minimizes piece-part count in manufacturing lines; provides enhanced aging characteristics and lower sensitivity to shock and vibration; improves long-term accuracy

DS3231 Extremely accurate, I2C RTC with TCXO and crystal

Better than ±2min/yr accuracy (< ±4ppm) over -40°C to +85°C; requires no user calibration

Single-chip timing solution improves accuracy and lowers design complexity over discrete solutions, which typically require a crystal, RTC, temperature sensor, and microprocessor, as well as user calibration

DS3232 Extremely accurate, I2C RTC with integrated crystal and SRAM

±3.5ppm accuracy over -40°C to +85°C; 236 bytes of battery-backed SRAM

Integrated memory allows storage of battery-backed data, including billing information or configuration data

DS3234 Extremely accurate, SPI RTC with integrated crystal and SRAM

±3.5ppm accuracy over -40°C to +85°C; 236 bytes of battery-backed SRAM

Integrated memory allows storage of battery-backed data, including billing information or configuration data

Isolated power

MAX5021/22 High-performance current-mode PWM controllers for forward/flyback configuration

Universal power supply (85V to 265V); small SOT23 package; integrated startup circuit

Save board area; ideal for noise-sensitive applications

MAX17499/500 Current-mode PWM controllers with programmable switching frequency

Integrated error amplifier regulates the tertiary winding output voltage; input undervoltage lockout (UVLO)

Eliminate the need for an optocoupler and ensure proper operation during brownout

MAX5974/75 Active-clamped, spread-spectrum, current-mode PWM controllers

Active-clamp topology; regulation without optocoupler; switching frequency is adjustable from 100kHz to 600kHz

Achieve > 90% efficiency, thus reducing power consumption in synchronous forward/flyback power supplies; save space and cost by eliminating the need for an optocoupler; optimize circuit magnetics and filter elements to meet EMI requirements

(Continued on next page)



Smart metersRecommended solutions


DC-DC converters

MAX1725/26 12V, ultra-low-IQ, low-dropout linear regulators

20mA output; 2µA quiescent current across operating range and in dropout; reverse-battery protection

Low-power operation conserves battery life

MAX15062* 36V, 300mA DC-DC regulator with integrated FETs in 2mm x 2mm TDFN

Low quiescent current; internal compensation; synchronous operation; pulse-skip mode for light loads

High integration with small footprint saves up to 50% total board area compared to competing solutions

Transformer drivers

MAX256 3W, primary-side transformer H-bridge driver for isolated supplies

Provides up to 3W to the transformer in isolated power supplies

Saves board area; reduces design complexity; makes it easy to implement isolated power

MAX253 1W, primary-side transformer H-bridge driver for isolated supplies

Specifically designed to provide isolated power for an isolated RS-485 or RS-232 data interface

Saves board area; reduces design complexity; makes it easy to implement isolated power

Hall-effect sensors

MAX9639*/40* Low-power, single Hall-effect sensors Adjustable magnetic thresholds (MAX9639) simplify system design; ultra-low 2.6µA supply current

Provide simple open/close detection while saving power

Supervisors

MAX6854–69 Supervisory circuits with manual reset and watchdog timer

Ultra-low 170nA (typ) supply current Low-power operation decreases drain on battery

MAX16056–59 Supervisory circuits with capacitor-adjustable reset and watchdog timeouts

Ultra-low 125nA (typ) supply current Low-power operation decreases drain on battery

Voltage references

MAX6161–68 Precision, micropower, low-dropout, high-output-current voltage references in an 8-pin SO package

±2mV (max) initial accuracy; 5ppm/°C (max) temperature coefficient

Improve system precision; reduce component count and board space

Recommended solutions (continued)


For a list of Maxim's recommended smart meter solutions, please go to: www.maxim-ic.com/smartmeter.

www.maxim-ic.com/smartmeter


Power-grid monitoringOverview

Power-grid monitoring

OverviewAdvancedpower-gridmonitoringsystemscombinepower-supplymonitoring,load-balancing,protec-tion,andmeteringfunctionstoenablesafeandefficientpowerdelivery.Theyalsoreduceoperationandmaintenancecostsforutilities.

Thesesystemsprotecttransformers,circuitbreakers,andotherequipmentatsubstations;theyenablepredictivemaintenancebydetectingandrespondingtofaultconditions;theydynamicallybalanceloadstoconserveenergy;andtheymonitorandcontrolpowerquality.Theseadvancedcapabilitiesarecriticaltoensuringuninterruptedpowerdeliveryandsupportingintelligentgrid-managementapplications.

Accuracy requirementsTherolloutofadvancedpower-gridmonitoringsystemsiscomplicatedbythevaryinginternationalstandardsthatspecifytheaccuracyrequiredforenergymeasurement.Real-time

power-deliverymonitoring,faultdetection,faultprotection,anddynamicloadbalancingrequirestringentaccuracy.Asanexample,theEuropeanUnionIEC62053standardforClass0.2equipmentrequiresmeasurementprecisiontobe0.2%ofthenominalcurrentandvoltage.Forpower-factormeasure-mentaccuracy,sample-timephasematchingshouldbe0.1%orbetter.

Polyphase measurementsPowercompaniesdistributethree-phase(polyphase)powerusinga“wye”connection.Thetermwyereferstothearrangementofthreetransformerwindingsthatjoinatacommonpoint,thejunctionoftheY.Thelinevoltagesareoffsetinphasefromeachotherby120°,one-thirdofacycle.Ifloadsoneachofthethreephasesareequal,thesystemisbalancedandnocurrentflowsthroughtheneutralline.Afourth,neutral,wireconnectstothejunctionofthewye.Itaccommo-datesimbalancedloadsacrossthelineconnections.

Power-gridmonitoringsystemstrackthevoltageandcurrentonmultiplephaseswithADCs.Theconvertersmustbesynchronizedinordertomeetstringentstandardsrequire-mentsandtoaccuratelymeasurepowerfactor.Inatypicalscheme,eachphase’spowerparametersaremeasuredwithacurrenttransformer(CT)andavoltagetransformer(VT).Thecompletesystemcomprisesfoursuchpairs:onepairforeachofthethreephases,plusaneutralpair.TheADCssimultaneouslymeasurethethreephasesandneutralvoltagesandcurrents.Theactive,reactive,apparent-energy,andpower-factorparameterscanbecalculatedfromthesampleddata,oftenbyaDSP.

Internationalandlocalstandardsalsodictatethenecessarysamplerate.Theseapplicationstypicallyrequireaccurate,simultaneousmulti-channelmeasurementoverawidedynamicrangeof90dBorbetterwithasamplerateof16kspsorhigher.ThesecapabilitiesenableanalysisofmultipleharmonicsoftheACsupply

Block diagram of a typical power-grid monitoring system. For a list of Maxim's recommended power-grid monitoring solutions, please go to: www.maxim-ic.com/grid-monitoring.

PT/CTTRANSFORMERS

µPSUPERVISOR

RTC WITHNV RAM

TOUCH-SCREEN

CONTROLLER

DIGITALPOTENTIOMETER POWER

MANAGEMENT MAXIMSOLUTION

DAC

µC

VOLTAGEREFERENCE

OPTIONAL

UART

OPTIONAL

TO COMMUNICATIONS

BLOCK(SEE pp. 25-40)

OPTIONAL OPTIONAL

OPAMP

ACTIVEFILTER

ACTIVEFILTER

OPTIONAL

OPAMP

MULTICHANNELADC

TEMPSENSOR

http://www.maxim-ic.com/grid-monitoring



aswellasdetectionofhigh-speedfaultconditions,suchasspikesandbrownouts.

Analog-input signal chainDesignersofpolyphasepower-gridmonitoringsystemsareincreasinglyrelyingonprecision,multichannelsimultaneous-samplingADCs.TheseADCssimplifythesamplingschemewhencomparedtosingleADCsthatrequiredigitalphasecompensation.SimplifyingtheADCdesignleadstoreducedsystemcost,sinceallofthetimingamongtheADCsishandledwithintheIC.

Thesimultaneous-samplingADCmustofferbetterthan90dBsignal-to-noiseratio(SNR)inordertomeetthedynamicrangerequirementsformeasuringsmallvoltagefluctuationsonlargeACsignals.Maximofferstwosimultaneous-samplingADCfamiliesthatmeettheserequire-ments:the24-bitMAX11040with

4channelsand117dBSNR,andthe16-bitMAX11044/MAX11045/MAX11046with4,6,or8channelsandmorethan92dBSNR.

ThetransformersdrivedirectlyintotheADCiftheinputimpedanceoftheADCishighenough;otherwise,aprecisionlow-noiseamplifier(LNA)isalsoneeded.Maximoffersacompletelineofamplifierswithlessthan10nV/√Hznoiseandverylowoffsets.Theseamplifiersminimizemeasurementerrorsinthesystemtoensurethehighestpossibleaccuracy.

CommunicationsAsidefromtheanalog-inputsignalchain,power-gridmonitoringsystemsneedspecializedcommu-nicationscircuitstoovercomethechallengesoftransmittingandreceivingdataintheharshgridenvironment.Detailedinformationaboutpower-gridcommunicationsisavailableonpages25–40.

Electronic calibration Allpracticalcomponents,bothmechanicalandelectronic,havemanufacturingtolerances.Themorerelaxedthetolerance,themoreaffordablethecomponent.Whencomponentsareassembledintoasystem,theindividualtolerancessumtocreateatotalsystemerrortolerance.Throughtheproperdesignoftrim,adjustment,andcalibrationcircuits,itispossibletocorrectthesesystemerrors,therebymakingequipmentmoreaccurateandaffordable.

DigitallycontrolledcalibrationDACs(CDACs)andpotentiometers(CDPots)providequickerandsimplerelectroniccalibrationthanmechanicalpots.Theyarealsomorereliable,andinsensitivetovibrationandnoise.Usingthesedevices,manufacturerscancompensateformanufacturingtolerancesduringthefinalproductiontesttomeettargetspecifications.

An example of three-phase power monitoring in a wye configuration.

MAX11046

ADC

ADC

ADC

ADC

ADC

ADC

ADC

ADC

PHASE 1

NEUTRAL

LOAD

CTTRANSFORMER

SECONDARYVT

VTTRANSFORMER

SECONDARYCT

PHASE 2

PHASE 3



Additionally,electroniccalibrationallowsforperiodicself-testandcali-brationtocompensateforenviron-mentalfactors(e.g.,temperature,humidity,anddrift)inthefield.

CDACsandCDPotsallowboththetopandbottomDACvoltagetobesettoarbitraryvoltages,thusremovingexcessadjustmentrange.Inthecalibrationdiagrambelow,alowvalueof1Vandahighvalueof2Vareselected.Toachievea0.0039Vstepsizeoverthe1Vto2Vrange,onlyan8-bitdeviceisneeded.Thisapproachreducescostandincreasesaccuracyandreliabilitybyremovinganypossibilitythatthe

circuitcouldbegrosslymisadjusted.ThehighandlowvoltagesfortheCDACarearbitraryand,therefore,canbecenteredwherevercircuitcalibrationisrequired.Thus,thegranularityoftheadjustmentcanbeoptimizedforthespecificapplication.Inaddition,CDACsandCDPotshaveinternalnonvolatile(NV)memory,whichautomaticallyrestoresthecalibrationsettingduringpower-up.

Precision voltage references SensorandvoltagemeasurementswithprecisionADCsareonlyasgoodasthevoltagereferenceused

forcomparison.Likewise,outputcontrolsignalsareonlyasaccurateasthereferencevoltagesuppliedtotheDAC,amplifier,orcabledriver.Commonpowersuppliesarenotadequatetoactasprecisionvoltagereferences.Theyarenotaccurateenoughanddriftfartoomuchwithtemperature.

Compact,low-power,low-noise,andlow-temperature-coefficientvoltagereferencesareaffordableandeasytouse.Inaddition,somereferenceshaveinternaltemperaturesensorstoaidinthetrackingofenvironmentalvariations.

ORDINARY DAC

10 BITS, 1024 STEPS

4V

GROUND

0.0039Vper step

REFIN

10-BITDAC

FB

OUT

CALIBRATION DAC

REFHI

REFLO

8-BITDAC

OUT

2V

1V

8 BITS, 256 STEPS

Ground

4V

2V

1V

Comparing the calibration range of an ordinary DAC to a CDAC.

Power-grid monitoringFeatured products


Benefits

• Saves up to $1/channel*– High-impedanceinputeliminatesexternalbuffersforprecisiondesigns

– Bipolarinputeliminatesalevelshifter– 5Vsingle-supplyoperation– Integrated20mAsurgeprotection

• Provides the highest precision– Industry-leadingSNRandTHD– True16-bitperformanceexceedstheEN50160andIEC62053requirementsforClass0.2power-gridequipment

• Simplifies design and shortens time to market

– Simultaneoussamplingsimplifiesphase-adjustfirmwarerequirements

MAX11046

TheMAX11046istheindustry’sfirsttrue16-bit,8-channelsimultaneous-samplingSARADC.Thedevice’sproprietaryarchitectureprovidesanultra-low-noise,on-chip,negativesupplyvoltage.Thisinnovativetechnologyachievestrue16-bitperformancefromahigh-impedancebipolarinputusingonlyasinglepositiveexternalsupply.PerformanceexceedstheregulatoryrequirementsforClass0.2precision(0.2%of220V)mandatedbyIEC62053.

Thehigh-impedanceinputallowsalowpassfilterpriortotheADCinputs,thuseliminatingtheneedforprecisionexternalbuffers.Thebipolarinputeliminatesalevelshifter.Simultaneoussamplingeasesthetypicalrequirementforphase-adjustfirmwareandthusspeedsenddesignsandtimetomarket.Together,thesebenefitssimplifythedesignchallengesforpower-gridmonitoringandmeasurementequipment.ThisADCperformanceisunprecedented,anddesignswillsavecost,area,andpower.

ADC’s high-impedance input eliminates external components and reduces system cost

Block diagram of the MAX11046 16-bit, 8-channel, simultaneous-sampling ADC. Eight inputs measure voltage and current signals on three phases plus neutral.

CH0 CLAMP

DATA

REG

ISTE

RS

T/H 16-BIT ADC

BIDI

RECT

IONA

L DR

IVER

S

CH7 DB0

DB3

WR

RD

CS

CONVSTEOC

CLAMP 16-BIT ADC

DB4

DB15

MAX11046

CONFIGURATIONREGISTERS

INTERFACEAND

CONTROL

T/H

*Cost savings achieved by eliminating external amplifiers and level-shifting circuitry.

http://www.maxim-ic.com/MAX11046



ADC simplifies firmware by capturing accurate phase and magnitude information on up to 32 channels MAX11040

TheMAX11040sigma-deltaADCoffers117dBSNR,fourdifferentialchannels,andsimultaneoussamplingthatisexpandableto32channels(i.e.,witheightMAX11040ADCsinparallel).Withaprogrammablephaseandsamplingrate,theMAX11040isidealforhigh-precision,phase-criticalmeasurementsinanoisypower-monitoringenvironment.Usingasinglecommand,theADC’sSPI™-compatibleserialinterfaceallowsdatatobereadfromallthecascadeddevices.Fourmodulatorssimultaneouslyconverteachfullydifferentialanaloginputwitha0.25kspsto64kspsprogrammabledata-outputrate.Thedeviceachieves106dBSNRat16kspsand117dBSNRat1ksps.

Benefits

• Simplifies digital interface to a microcontroller

– EightMAX11040ADCscanbedaisychainedthroughtheSPIinterface

• Easily measures a wide dynamic range– 117dBSNRat1kspsallowsuserstomeasurebothverysmallandlargeinputvoltages

• Easily measures the phase relationship between multiple input channels

– Simultaneoussamplingpreservesphaseintegritybetweencurrentandvoltagetransformersinapolyphaseenvironment

The MAX11040 can be cascaded up to 32 simultaneous channels.

REF3

SAMPLINGPHASE/FREQADJUSTMENTXTAL

OSCILLATOR2.5V

AGND

XIN

ADC

ADC

ADC

ADC

DIGITAL FILTER

AVDD DVDD

XOUT

DIGITAL FILTER

DIGITAL FILTER

DIGITAL FILTER

SYNCAIN0+AIN0-REF0

REF1

REF2

AIN1+AIN1-

AIN2+AIN2-

AIN3+AIN3-

REF

CASCINCASCOUTSPI/DSPCSSCLKDINDOUTINT

DGND

MAX11040

4-channel,fully differentialbipolar inputs

Fine/coarsesample-rateand phaseadjustment

µC

N = 1

N = 2

N = 8

SPI/DSPSERIAL

INTERFACE

Single SPI CS




Benefits

• High integration saves board space – Six-channelvoltagemonitorisavailableinatiny3mmx3mmµMAXpackage

• Highly adjustable to accommodate changing design requirements

– Fixedandadjustablevoltagethresholds;adjustablethresholdmonitorsdownto0.5Vwith±1.5%accuracy

– Manual-resetandtolerance-selectinputs– Fullyspecifiedto+125°C

MAX16055

Toimprovesystemreliability,youshouldmonitorallthevoltagerailsforundervoltageconditions.Insteadofusingseparatediscretevoltagesupervisorsthatconsumevaluableboardspace,youcanuseaMAX16055ultra-smallmicroprocessorsupervisor.Thisdeviceinte-gratessixchannelsofundervoltagemonitoringintoaspace-savingµMAX®package.TheMAX16055thussignificantlyreducessystemsizeandcomponentcountwhileimprovingreliabilitycomparedtomultipleICsordiscretesupervisors.

TheMAX16055alsoincludesamanual-resetinputandatolerance-selectinputforchoosingbetween5%and10%thresholdtolerances.Themanual-resetfeatureisespeciallyversatileandpractical.Useittoforcearesetevenwhenallthevoltagerailsarewithintolerance.Itcanalsocascademultiplevoltagemonitorsorconnecttoaseparatewatchdogtimer.

TheMAX16055single-chipsolutionoffersuptoninedifferentcombinationsoffixed-voltagethresholdsandresistor-adjustablethresholds.Itisfullyspecifiedupto+125°C.

Microprocessor supervisor delivers high accuracy and reliability with reduced total cost

Block diagram of the MAX16055 6-voltage microprocessor supervisor.

IN1

IN2

IN3

IN4

IN5

IN6

TOL

RESET

MR

RESETTIMEOUT

GND

MAX16055

0.5VREFERENCE




Benefits

• Save cost while offering highest flexibility

– Operateover2.25Vto16Vtosupporthigh-voltageapplications

– Canbepoweredupdirectlyfromtheintermediatebus

– Usetheexternalresistor/capacitortomonitorawiderangeofpower-supplyvoltagesandprogrammabletimingdelays

MAX16052/MAX16053

TheMAX16052/MAX16053arelow-power,high-voltagemonitoringcircuitswithsequencingcapability.Eachdevicemonitorsavoltagerailwithathresholdsetbyanexternalresistor.Usingthisexternallyadjustablethreshold,theMAX16052/MAX16053monitorawidevarietyofpower-supplyvoltages.Asingleoutputwithacapacitor-programmabledelaycanbeusedtoadjustthesequencingdelaybetweenpower-supplyrails.

TheMAX16052/MAX16053areidealforuseinpower-supplysequencing,resetsequencing,andpower-switchingapplications.Thedevicesworkespeciallywellforsequencingthemultiplepowersuppliesrequiredbyhigh-performanceDSPsandothercomplexICs.InatypicalapplicationaMAX16052/MAX16053ispoweredfroma12Vsupplyrailandmonitorsapowersupplythatisderivedfromthemain12Vrail,whileturningonasecondpower-supplyrailafteraprogrammabletimedelay.

Simple reset and monitoring circuits enable easy sequencing and flexible monitoring

The MAX16052 in a typical monitoring application.

0.9V

ENABLE

1.8V

IN OUT

CDELAY

VCC

GND

3.3V

12V

Capacitor setstiming delay

Resistorsset trip

thresholds

Powered directly fromintermediate bus

MAX16052

ENABLE

IN OUT

CDELAY

VCC

GND

MAX16052

ENABLE

DC-DC

ENABLE

DC-DC

ENABLE

DC-DC

28V-tolerantopen-drain

output





Benefits

• Optimize board layout– Tiny3mmx3mmTDFNpackage

• Retain calibration even during power cycling

– Nonvolatilememoryrestoresthewiperpositionduringpower-up

MAX5422/MAX5423/MAX5424

TheMAX5422/MAX5423/MAX5424nonvolatile,linear-taperdigitalpotentiometersperformthefunctionofamechanicalpotentiometer,butreplacethemechanicswithanintegratedresistorstringcontrolledwithasimple3-wire,SPI-compatibledigitalinterface.Thisdesignminimizesboardspaceandreducesinterconnectioncomplexityinmanyapplications.Eachdeviceperformsthesamefunctionasadiscretepotentiometerorvariableresistorandhas256tappoints.

Thesedigitalpotentiometersfeatureinternalnonvolatile(NV)EEPROMusedtostorethewiperpositionforinitializationduringpower-up.Thisenablesthedevicestobeusedin“dumb”applicationswherethereisnohostprocessor.The3-wireSPI-compatibleserialinterfaceallowscommunicationatdataratesupto5MHz.Thedevicesprovidethreenominalresistancevalues:50kΩ(MAX5422),100kΩ(MAX5423),or200kΩ(MAX5424).Thenominalresistortemperaturecoefficientis35ppm/°Cend-to-endandonly5ppm/°Cratiometric.

Digital potentiometers automate calibration of line-monitoring instruments

Block diagram of the MAX5422/MAX5423/MAX5424.

L

H

W

SPIINTERFACE

256-POSITIONDECODER

VDD

GND

SCLK 8-BITNV

MEMORY

8-BITLATCH

8-BITSHIFT

REGISTER

POR

8 8 256

DIN

CS

MAX5422MAX5423MAX5424






Benefits

• Optimize system error budget– ±0.06%(max)initialaccuracy– ±3ppm/°C(max)temperaturestability

• Save cost and valuable board area– Short-circuitprotection– Noexternalcapacitorsrequiredforstability

MAX6173–MAX6177

TheMAX6173–MAX6177arelow-noise,high-precisionvoltagereferences.Thedevicesfeatureaproprietarytemperature-coefficient,curvature-correctioncircuitandlaser-trimmedthin-filmresistorsthatresultinaverylow3ppm/°Ctemperaturecoefficientandexcellent±0.06%initialaccuracy.Atriminputallowsfinetrimmingoftheoutputvoltagewitharesistive-dividernetwork.Lowtemperaturedriftandlownoisemakethedevicesidealforusewithhigh-resolutionADCsorDACs.TheMAX6173–MAX6177acceptinputvoltagesupto40V.Thedevicesdraw320µA(typ)ofsupplycurrentandsource30mAorsink2mAofloadcurrent.Theyoperateoverthe-40°Cto+125°Cautomotivetemperaturerange.

Calibration voltage references with temperature sensor increase system precision

Block diagram of the MAX6173-MAX6177 precision voltage references.

IN

OUT

GND

*OPTIONAL

*

( VOUT + 2V) TO 40V INPUT

REFERENCEOUTPUT

MAX543650kΩPOTENTIOMETER

TRIMTEMP

MAX6173-MAX6177




Power-grid monitoringRecommended solutions


Precision analog-to-digital converters (ADCs)

MAX11040 24-bit, 4-channel, simultaneous-sampling delta-sigma ADC

64ksps; internal reference; cascade to capture phase and magnitude on up to 32 channels; 117dB SNR

Minimal firmware complexity speeds time to market

MAX11044/45/46 16-bit, 4-/6-/8-channel, simultaneous-sampling SAR ADCs

3μs conversion time; 250ksps for all eight channels; 92dB SNR; -105dB THD

> 1MΩ input impedance eliminates external buffers, saving space and up to $1/channel**

MAX11054*/55*/56* 14-bit, 4-/6-/8-channel, simultaneous-sampling SAR ADCs

3μs conversion time; 250ksps for all eight channels 14-bit, pin-compatible versions of the MAX11044/45/46 make it simple to trade off resolution vs. cost

MAX1324/25/26 14-bit, 2-/4-/8-channel, simultaneous-sampling SAR ADCs

3.7μs conversion time; 250ksps for all eight channels; 77dB SNR; -86dB THD

Pin-compatible packages make it simple to design 2, 4, or 8 channels; flexibility with 0 to 5V, ±5V, or ±10V input ranges

Precision operational amplifiers

MAX9618/19/20 Ultra-low-power, zero-drift op amps Continuous self-calibration at any voltage or temperature

Save maintenance system downtime and maintain system accuracies

MAX9613/15 Low-power, autotrim op amps Self-calibration feature on startup Save maintenance system downtime and maintain system accuracies

MAX9943/44 38V, low-noise, precision op amps Excellent combination of low power (550µA) and precision (VOS of 100µV)

High-voltage precision conditioning without high power dissipation minimizes temperature errors

MAX9945 38V, CMOS-input, single op amp Excellent precision with 50fA low-input-bias characteristics

High-voltage CMOS inputs with very low bias current allow signal conditioning of high-ohmic sensors

Active filters

MAX7409/10/13/14 5th-order, switched-capacitor lowpass filters

Clock- or capacitor-adjustable corner frequency to 15kHz; 1.2mA supply current

Save space and cost by replacing discrete designs

MAX7422–25 5th-order, switched-capacitor lowpass filters

Clock- or capacitor-adjustable corner frequency to 45kHz; 3mA supply current


MAX274/75 8th-order/4th-order, 150kHz/300kHz, lowpass/bandpass filters

Resistor programmable; continuous-time filters; low noise (-89dB THD)


Calibration digital potentiometers (CDPots)

MAX5481 1024-tap (10-bit) CDPot with SPI or up/down interface

1.0µA (max) in standby; 400µA (max) during memory write

1024 taps provide very accurate calibration

MAX5477 Dual, 256-step (8-bit) CDPot with I2C interface

EEPROM write protection; single-supply (2.7V to 5.25V) operation

EEPROM protection retains calibration data so no host processor is required

MAX5427/28/29 Low-cost, one-time-programmable (OTP) digital potentiometers with up/down interface

1µA (max) standby current (no programming); 35ppm/°C end-to-end and 5ppm/°C ratiometric tempco

Increase power savings and improve measurement accuracy over temperature changes

MAX5494–99 10-bit, dual, nonvolatile voltage-dividers or variable resistors with SPI interface function as digital potentiometers

1µA (max) standby current (no programming); 35ppm/°C end-to-end and 5ppm/°C ratiometric tempco

Improve power savings and improve measurement accuracy over temperature variations

MAX5422 Single, 256-step (8-bit) CDPot with SPI interface

Tiny 3mm x 3mm TDFN package Reduces board space




**Cost savings achieved by eliminating external amplifiers and level-shifting circuitry.




Calibration digital-to-analog converters (CDACs)

MAX5134–37, MAX5138/39

1-/2-/4-channel, 16-/12-bit DACs with pin-programmable zero or midscale power-up

Output set to zero or midscale upon power-up Add extra safety during power-up

MAX5661 Single-channel DAC with 16-bit voltage- or current-buffered output

Integrated high-voltage current and voltage amplifiers; serial interface

Reduces external component count; reduces cost

MAX5500 4-channel, 12-bit DAC with precision amplifier-output conditioners

Output conditioners; 0.85mA quiescent current (IQ) Needs no external amplifiers; makes equipment more cost effective

MAX5105/15 Quad, 8-bit CDACs with independent high- and low-reference inputs

Rail-to-rail output buffers; choice of I2C or SPI interface

Selectable voltage range improves granularity and prevents unsafe adjustments

MAX5106 Quad, 8-bit CDAC with independently adjustable voltage ranges

Allows customization of calibration granularity; small 5mm x 6mm package

Avoids grossly misadjusted system at the start of the calibration procedure; reduces cost of the calibration DAC by reducing the required resolution

Touch-screen controllers

MAX11800 Resistive touch-screen controller FIFO; spatial filtering; SPI interface Simplifies the task of identifying touch events

MAX11801 Resistive touch-screen controller FIFO; spatial filtering; I2C interface Simplifies the task of identifying touch events

MAX11802 Resistive touch-screen controller with SPI interface

SPI interface Basic feature set for lowest cost

MAX11803 Resistive touch-screen controller with I2C interface

I2C interface Basic feature set for lowest cost

MAX11811 Resistive touch-screen controller with haptics driver

Integrated haptics driver; I2C interface Adds tactile feedback to resistive touch screens for improved usability

UART

MAX3107 SPI/I2C UART with integrated oscillator

24Mbps (max) data rates; power-save features; RS-485 control; four GPIOs; 24-pin SSOP or small TQFN (3.5mm x 3.5mm) packages

Tiny package saves board space; high integration of features frees up microcontroller

Voltage references, calibration voltage references (CRefs), and E²CRefs

MAX6173 Precise voltage reference with temperature sensor

±0.05% (max) initial accuracy; ±3ppm/°C (max) temperature stability

Allows analog system gain trim while maintaining the digital accuracy of ADCs and DACs; allows easy system temperature compensation

MAX6220 Low-noise, precision voltage reference

8V to 40V input-voltage range; ultra-low 1.5µVP-P noise (0.1Hz to 10Hz)

Enables dependable operation during brownout

DS4303 Electronically programmable voltage reference (E²CRef)

Wide, adjustable output-voltage range can be set within 300mV of the supply rails with ±1mV accuracy

Automates production test through easy calibration for reference voltages from 0.3V to 2.7V







Voltage supervisors

MAX16052/53 High-voltage, adjustable sequencing/supervisory ICs

2.25V to 16V supply range; adjustable voltage thresholds and reset timeout

High-voltage input reduces costs; adjustable voltage thresholds increase flexibility

MAX6746–53 Capacitor-adjustable watchdog timer and reset ICs

Capacitor-adjustable timing; 3μA supply current Versatile for easy design reuse; save space in small modules

MAX6715–29, MAX6730–35

1-/2-/3-voltage µP supervisory circuits with independent watchdog output

Multiple fixed and one adjustable thresholds A single multivoltage IC increases reliability and saves board space by replacing multiple devices

MAX16000–07, MAX16008/09

Low-voltage, 4-/6-/8-voltage µP supervisors in TQFN package

±1.5% accuracy; integrated watchdog timer; manual-reset and margin-disable inputs

Improve reliability; simplify design and lower the overall system cost; reduce board space

MAX16055 Ultra-small, 6-voltage µP supervisor Low 35µA supply current; fully specified up to +125°C

Increases reliability; saves power; reduces total solution size and cost

Power supplies

MAX15023/26 Low-cost, small, DC-DC synchronous buck controllers (dual/single)

Versatile operation from 4.5V to 28V; suitable for multiple applications

Save space and cost

MAX15046 40V, high-performance, synchronous buck controller

4.5V to 40V input-voltage range; adjustable outputs from (0.85 x VIN) down to 0.6V; 100kHz to 1MHz switching frequency

Versatile for easy design reuse; saves space in small modules

Real-time clocks (RTCs) with NV RAM

DS1747 RTC with 512k x 8 NV SRAM Integrated NV SRAM, RTC, crystal, power-fail control circuit, lithium energy source

Saves space and cost by integrating NV memory and RTC; retains data during power outage

DS17285/87, DS17485/87, DS17885/87

3V/5V RTCs RTC/calendar; one time-of-day alarm; three maskable interrupts with a common interrupt output; programmable square wave; 2KB to 8KB of battery-backed NV SRAM

Save space and cost by integrating memory and RTC; retain clock data during power outage

Temperature sensors

DS7505 Low-voltage digital thermometer and thermostat

±0.5°C accuracy from 0°C to +70°C; 1.7V to 3.7V operation; industry-standard pinout

Industry-standard pinout allows easy accuracy upgrade and supply-voltage reduction from LM75

DS18B20 1-Wire® digital temperature sensor ±0.5°C accuracy; 1-Wire interface; 64-bit lasered ID code

1-Wire interface and 64-bit ID code allow multiple distributed precision sensors on a single bus

MAX6603 Dual-channel platinum RTD interface Two input channels for PT200 RTDs; analog outputs; ±5kV ESD protection

Saves space and cost

For a list of Maxim's recommended power-grid monitoring solutions, please go to: www.maxim-ic.com/grid-monitoring.

http://www.maxim-ic.com/grid-monitoring


CommunicationsOverview

Communications

OverviewAnelectricitygridwithoutadequatecommunicationsissimplyapower“broadcaster.”Itisthroughtheadditionoftwo-waycommunicationsthatthepowergridismade“smart.”

Communicationsenablesutilitiestoachievethreekeyobjectives:intel-ligentmonitoring,security,andloadbalancing.Usingtwo-waycommuni-cations,datacanbecollectedfromsensorsandmeterslocatedthrough-outthegridandtransmitteddirectlytothegridoperator’scontrolroom.Thisaddedcommunicationscapabil-ityprovidesenoughbandwidthforthecontrolroomoperatortoactivelymanagethegrid.

Thecommunicationsmustbereliable,secure,andlowcost.Thesheerscaleoftheelectricalgridnetworkmakescostacriticalconsiderationwhenimplementingacommunicationstechnology.Selectingasolutionthatminimizes

thenumberofmodemsandconcen-tratorsneededtocovertheentiresystemcandramaticallyreduceinfra-structurecosts.Atthesametime,theselectedtechnologymusthaveenoughbandwidthtohandlealldatatrafficbeingsentinbothdirectionsoverthegridnetwork.

Communications networks and protocolsCommunicationsinthesmartgridcanbebrokenintothreesegments.

Wide area network (WAN)coverslong-hauldistancesfromthecommandcentertolocalneighbor-hoodsdownstream.

Neighborhood area network (NAN)managesallinformationbetweentheWANandthehomeareanetworkusingmedium-voltagelines.

Home area network(HAN)extendscommunicationtoendpointswithintheend-userhomeorbusiness.

Eachsegmentisinterconnectedthroughanodeorgateway:aconcentratorbetweentheWANandNANandane-meterbetweentheNANandHAN.Eachofthesenodescommunicatesthroughthenetworkwithadjacentnodes.Theconcentratoraggregatesthedatafromthemetersandsendsthatinformationtothegridoperator.Thee-metercollectsthepower-usagedataofthehomeorbusinessbycommunicatingwiththehomenetworkgatewayorfunctioningasthegatewayitself.

Eachsegmentcanutilizedifferentcommunicationstechnologiesandprotocolsdependingonthetrans-missionenvironmentsandamountofdatabeingtransmitted.Inadditiontothearchitecturechoicebetweenwirelessandpowerlinecommunica-tions(PLC),thereareavarietyofwirelessandPLCprotocolstochooseamong(Table 1).

MAXIMSOLUTION

DOWN-CONVERTER

ADC

ADC

DAC

DAC

COMPLETE RF TRANSCEIVER

UP- DRIVER

LNA

CONVERTER

SW

MODEM

POWERLINECOMMUNICATIONS

OUTBOUNDINBOUND

MULTIPROTOCOL

TRANSFORMER DRIVER

RS-232

DC-DC

ANTENNAANTENNA

AC LINE

OTHERMETERS

PA

RS-485

SERIAL

WIRELESS

DOWN-CONVERTER

ADC

ADC

DAC

DAC

COMPLETE RF TRANSCEIVER

UP-DRIVER

LNA

CONVERTER

SW

DC-DCPA

WIRELESS

MODEM

POWERLINECOMMUNICATIONSAC LINE

DC-DC DC-DC

Maxim offers solutions for powerline, wireless, and serial communications. For a list of Maxim's recommended solutions, please go to: www.maxim-ic.com/communications.

http://www.maxim-ic.com/communications



TheWANisthecommunicationspathbetweenthegridoperatorandtheconcentrator.TheWANcanbeimple-mentedoverfiberorwirelessmediausingEthernetorcellularprotocols,respectively.CellularorWiMAX®ismostcommonlyusedbetweenthegridoperatorandtheconcentrator.

TheNANisthepathbetweentheconcentratorandthemeter.ItuseseitherwirelessorPLC.Typically,theconcentratorcommunicateswithanywherefromafewtohundredsofmeters,dependingonthegridtopologyandthecommunica-tionsprotocolused.Today,thereisnostandardforthisportionof

thenetwork,somostimplementa-tionsuseproprietarywirelessorPLCtechnologies.SeveralstandardsbodiesarecurrentlyworkingwithutilitiesandtechnologyproviderstodefinestandardsforwirelessandPLCprotocols.TheIEEE802.15.4gstandardtargetswireless;theIEEEP1901,OPENmeter,andITU-TG.hnemstandardsarebeingdevelopedforPLC(Table 2).

TheHANisusedbyutilitiestoextendthereachoftheircommunicationpathtodevicesinsidethehome.Thisnetworkcansupportfunctionssuchascyclingairconditionersoffduringpeakloadconditions,sharing

consumptiondatawithin-homedisplays,orenablingacard-activatedprepaymentscheme.Thearrivalofelectric/plug-inhybridelectricvehicles(EV/PHEVs)presentsaspecialcommunicationsscenarioforHANs.StandardsbodiesaredefiningPLCprotocolsforcommunicatingwithvehiclechargingsystems.

Inadditiontosupportingthedatarequirementsforsmartgridactivities,aHANmightalsoinclude:peer-to-peer(P2P)communicationsbetweendevicesinsidethehome;communica-tionswithhandheldremote-controldevices,lightingcontrols,andgasorwatermeters;aswellasbroadband

Table 1: Smart grid communications protocols

Network Protocol Advantages Disadvantages Recommendation

WAN Wireless (2G/3G/LTE cellular, GPRS)

Extensive cellular infrastructure is readily available; large amount of aggregated data can be communicated over a long haul

Utility must rent the infrastructure from a cellular carrier for a monthly access fee; utility does not own infrastructure

Wireless usually works best

NAN Wireless ISM Long range; leaps transformers Currently proprietary; dead spots complicate installation and maintenance

Useful in some topologies, such as in the U.S.

IEEE® 802.15.4g Long range; leaps transformers Not yet an accepted standard Useful in some topologies

ZigBee® Low cost; low power consumption allows battery operation; well-known standard

Low data rate; very short range; does not penetrate structures well

Unlikely to be used in NANs

First-generation PLC (FSK, Yitran, Echelon®)

Low cost Unreliable; low bandwidth Bandwidth and reliability inadequate for the smart grid

Early-generation narrowband OFDM

Better range, bandwidth, and reliability than FSK

Does not cross transformers; does not coexist with first-generation PLC

Not recommended for new designs due to cost and compatibility concerns

Broadband PLC High data rate Does not cross transformers Increases infrastructure cost, making it too costly for most large-scale deployments

G3-PLC Highly reliable long-range transmission; crosses transformers, reducing infrastructure costs; data rate supports frequent two-way communications; coexists with FSK; open standard; supports IPv6

Not yet an accepted standard Excellent for NAN worldwide

HAN ZigBee Well-known standard that offers low cost and low power

Very short range; does not penetrate structures well

Well suited for communication between water and gas meters

Wi-Fi® Popular technology with high data rates Medium range; does not penetrate cement buildings or basements

Good for consumer applications, but no provisions for meeting utility objectives

First-generation PLC (FSK, Yitran, Echelon)

Low cost Not reliable in home environments Unlikely to be used in homes due to high levels of interference

Early-generation narrowband OFDM

Better range, bandwidth, and reliability than FSK

Does not cross transformers; does not coexist with first-generation PLC

Not recommended for new designs due to cost and compatibility concerns

Broadband PLC High bandwidth Short range is not sufficient for NAN Good for consumer applications, but no provisions for meeting utility objectives

G3-PLC Highly reliable; sufficient data rate; IPv6 enables networking with many devices

Not yet an accepted standard Excellent for HAN worldwide



Table 2: Communication protocols under consideration around the world

Region WAN NAN HAN

North America Cellular, WiMAX G3-PLC, HomePlug®, IEEE 802.15.4g, IEEE P1901, ITU-T G.hnem, proprietary wireless, Wi-Fi

G3-PLC, HomePlug, ITU-T G.hn, Wi-Fi, ZigBee, Z-Wave

Europe Cellular G3-PLC, IEEE P1901, ITU-T G.hnem, PRIME, Wi-Fi G3-PLC, HomePlug, ITU-T G.hn, Wi-Fi, Wireless M-Bus, ZigBee

China Cellular, band-translated WiMAX

G3-PLC, RS-485, wireless to be determined G3-PLC, RS-485, Wi-Fi, to be determined

Rest of the World Cellular, WiMAX G3-PLC, HomePlug, IEEE 802.15.4g, IEEE P1901, ITU-T G.hnem, PRIME, RS-485, Wi-Fi

G3-PLC, HomePlug, ITU-T G.hn, RS-485, Wi-Fi, Wireless M-Bus, ZigBee, Z-Wave

The smart grid communications architecture.

WAN

NETWORKOPERATING

CENTER

SMART GRIDNETWORK SMART HOME

OUTSIDE THE WALL INSIDE THE WALL

NAN HAN

WANEthernetCDMAGSM

CONCENTRATOR

RELAY

CAP BANK/E-BRIDGE

NETWORKMANAGEMENT

SYSTEMS

SWITCH/S-BRIDGE

ELECTRICITYMETER

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

GASMETER

00000000

00000000



traffic.ProtocolssuchasRS-485,ZigBee,Z-Wave®,andHomePlugareusedforthisnetwork.Ifthereisaseparatehomegateway,itispossiblethatadditionalprotocolscouldbeusedtocommunicatewithappliances,thermostats,andotherdevices.

CommunicationsalternativesintheHANcanoftencoexist,bututilitysupportwillprobablybelimitedtotechnologiesneededtosupporttheutility'sprimaryobjectives.

RF communicationsWirelesscommunicationsisusedinsomeareasforautomatedmeterreading(AMR).Severalproprietaryandstandardizedwirelessprotocolsareavailabletoday.Frequencybandsofinterestrangefrom200MHzto3.9GHz.

SeveralblocksareusedtoimplementRFcommunications(Figure 3).Thesignalisreceivedthroughanantennaandgoesthroughabandpassfilter,whichrejectsfrequenciesbeyondtheoneofinterest.Thesignalisthenswitchedtothereceivesignalchain,whereoneormoredownconverterstranslatefromthecarrierfrequencytoanintermediatefrequency(IF),thentothein-phase/quadrature-phase(I/Q)stage,andthentothebaseband.

MorerecentarchitectureseliminateoneormoreoftheIFdownconver-sionstageswithalow-IForzero-IFsamplingarchitecture.ThesedesignsuseeitherasingleADCtodigitizeahigh-orlow-IFsignalor,typically,twoADCstodigitizeacomplexI/Qbasebandsignal.TheADCoutputisfedintoaDSPordigitalASICwherethebasebandisprocessed.Sometimesamicroprocessorisalsousedtohandlethehigherlayersoftheprotocol.Fortransmission,theprocessingpathandsignalchainarereversed,andthesignalissentouttotheantenna.

Thesystemcanbepartitionedinseveralways.ZigBeeorMaxim’sSimplelinkradios,forinstance,can

provideacompletesystem-on-chip(SoC)solution.Inothercases,suchasproprietaryprotocols,adigitalASICandanRFtransceiverareusedtobuildthecompleteradiolink.MaximhasbothstandardRFtransceiversaswellascustomASICsthatcanbeconfiguredastransceivers.

Powerline communications

Overview of modulation schemes

PowerlinecommunicationsusesACpowerlinesasthetransmissionmedium.Somesystems,suchasMaxim’s,workoverDCandcoldwiresaswell.Thereareseveralpowerlineprotocolsinthemarkettoday.Theseprotocolsbreakdownintooneoftwobasicmodulationschemes:frequency-shiftkeying(FSK)andorthogonalfrequency-divisionmulti-plexing(OFDM).

FSKisanoldermodulationschemethathasbeenusedbytheutilityindustryinthepastforrudimen-tarypurposes,suchasinfrequentone-waycommunicationsfrommeterstoaconcentrator.However,FSKsuffersfromasignificantdrawback:ifaninterferercoincideswithoneofthetransmitfrequen-cies,thereceiverlosesreception.AsFSKonlyswitchesbetweentwofrequencies,bandwidthisnotusedefficiently,resultinginlowdatarates.Thislowdatarateisinsufficientforsmartgridapplicationsthatdemandbidirectionalcontrol.

Real-worldPLCrolloutsfrequentlyrequireuptoseveralhundredmeterstobeconnectedtoasingledataconcentratoroverthemedium-voltage(MV)portionofthenetwork.Thisrequiresdatacommunicationacrosslow-voltage/medium-voltage(LV/MV)transformers.Sincethesetransformerscancauseseveraltensofdecibelsof(frequency-selective)signalattenuationtoFSKsignals,moreadvancedandrobustcommunicationmethodsthanFSKareneeded.

OFDMhasbeenusedinmanymoderncommunicationsystemssuchasdigitalradioandTV,Wi-Fi,andWiMAX,aswellasearly-gener-ationnarrowbandprotocolssuchasPRIME.Today,OFDMtechnologyisenablingexcitingnewfunctionsandcapabilitiesforPLCnetworks.Amongthemostsignificantbenefits,itgivestheutilityindustrythebandwidthneededtobuildintelligenceintothepowergridwhilemeetingaggressivecosttargets.

Advancements offered by G3-PLC technology

G3-PLCemploysOFDMtooptimizebandwidthutilization.SinceOFDMusesmultiplecarrierstotransmitdata,interferenceataspecificfrequencyorfrequency-selectiveattenuationcannoweffectivelybeeliminated.Inadditiontoincreasedreliability,thiscapabilityallowsconsiderablymoredatatobesent.

Additionally,OFDM’sspectraleffi-ciencyallowstheuseofadvancedchannel-codingtechniques.InMaxim’spowerlinesolutions,advancedchannelcodingisusedalongwithOFDMtomaximizecommunicationrobustnessinadversechannelconditions.Twolayersoferror-correctioncoding(convolutionalandReedSolomon)areusedtoensurereliabledatatransmission.Inaddition,dataisinterleavedinbothtimeandfrequencydomainsacrossOFDMcarrierstodecreasethesensitivitytoimpulsenoiseandprotectagainstbursterrors.

Maxim’snext-generationG3-PLCtechnologyincludesadditionalcapabilities:

• MAC-levelsecurityusinganAES-128cryptographicengine

• Meshroutingprotocoltodeterminethebestpathbetweenremotenetworknodes



• Adaptivetonemappingforoptimalbandwidthutilization

• Arobustmodeofoperationtoimprovecommunicationundernoisychannelconditions

• Channelestimationtoselecttheoptimalmodulationschemebetweenneighboringnodes

• CoexistencewitholderS-FSKsystems

G3-PLCissorobustthattransmissionacrosstransformersisachievablewithaninexpensivecoupler.Thisreducesthenumberofconcentratorsneededinsmartgridinstallations,savingsystemimplementationcostandmakingPLCcostcompetitivewith,orevensuperiorto,wirelessadvancedmeterinfrastructure(AMI)systems.Distancesupto6kmhavebeenachievedonlow-andmedium-voltagelines,allowingremotesitestobemonitoredaswell.ThecompleteG3-PLCprofilespecification,aswellasspecificationsforthePHYandMAClayers,canbedownloadedfrom:www.maxim-ic.com/G3-PLC.

Maximprovidesbothhigh-frequencyandlow-frequencyPLCchipsetsforsmartgridapplications.Maximrecommendsusingnarrow-bandOFDMtotransmitdatainaspectrumconsistentwithworld-widespectralpower-densitystandardsforPLC(below~500kHzinCENELEC®,FCC,andARIB).

Serial communications

Achieve long cable runs in noisy environments

Inharshandnoisyenvironments,suchasmulti-unitresidentialbuildingsorindustrialsettings,anRS-485busarchitecturecanbeusedtoimplementalow-cost,yetrobust

communicationsnetwork.Thediffer-entialnatureofRS-485signalingmakesitlesssusceptibletoexternalinterference.Moreover,theRS-485specificationsupportsmultidropconfigurations,thusallowingtheconnectionofmultiplemeterstoasinglebus.

Forinstance,RS-485canbeusedinanapartmentbuildingtotransmitdatafrommetersineachapartmenttoacentralunitthataggregatesthedatafromtheindividualmeters,whichcanthenbereadthroughawirelessorPLClink.Asimilarapproachcanbeusedinindustrialsystemsthatrequiremultiplecostcenterstobemetered.

Selecting an RS-485 transceiver

Tomaintainsignalqualityoverlongcablelengthsthroughnoisyenvi-ronments,designersshouldlookfortransceiverswiththefollowingfeatures.

ESD protectiontopreventdamagefromhandlingandconnectionofthetransceivers.

Fail-safe circuitrytoprotectthedesignfromopen-andshort-circuitconditions.

Slew-rate limitingtoreduceradiatedemissionsanddataerrors.

Hot-swap capabilitytoeliminatefalsetransitionsonthebusduringpower-uporliveinsertionofthetransceiver.

Isolation toprotectagainstvoltagespikes,groundloops,electricalstorms,etc.

AutoDirection controltosaveanoptocouplerbyeliminatingtheneedforanisolatedcontrolchannel.

±80V fault protection toeliminatetheneedforexternalcomponentssuchaspolyswitchlimitersandzenerdiodes.

Add a point-to-point link with RS-232 transceivers

TheRS-232protocolisintendedforshort-distancecommunica-tionbetweentwodevices.MeterdesignerstypicallyuseRS-232forimplementingapoint-to-pointlinkbetweenautilitymeterandacomputer,remotedisplay,ormodem.

BecausetheRS-232portisonlyusedafractionofthetime,itshouldincludeautomaticshutdowncircuitrytoconservepower.Additionally,designersshouldlookfordeviceswithextendedESDprotectiontopreventdamageduringhandling.

Maxim’sRS-232familycombinesproprietaryAutoShutdown™technol-ogywithrobustESDprotection,fastdatarates,andsmallfootprints—basically,everythingthatyouneedinanRS-232transceiver.

Multiprotocol transceivers provide design flexibility

Incaseswheretheprotocolsareeithernotknowninadvanceorwherethereneedstobeflexibility,Maxim’smultiprotocoltransceiversallowyoutouseasingleboardlayouttosupporteitherRS-232orRS-485communication.Thissavestimebecauseonedesigncansupportdifferentmarketrequire-ments,andeachboardcansimplybeprogrammedtothedesiredprotocolduringproduction.

http://www.maxim-ic.com/G3-PLC


CommunicationsFeatured products

Benefits

• Robust long-distance transmission– Upto100kbpsdatarateat10kHzto490kHz;32kbpsat10kHzto95kHz

– Built-inAGCwith62dBdynamicrangeandDCoffsetcancellation

– Includesforwarderrorcorrection(FEC),CRC16,andCRC32

– CSMA/CAcontrolstrafficinmultinodenetworks

– ARQenhancesdatatransmissionreliability

• High integration lowers BOM cost and speeds design

– On-chipband-selectfilter,VGA,and10-bitADCfortheRxpath

– On-chipband-waveform-shapingfilter,programmablepredriver,and10-bitDACfortheTxpath

• Built-in security protocols prevent tampering

– FastDES/3DESengine

MAX2990/MAX2991 (G3-PLC Lite)

TheMAX2990modemandtheMAX2991analogfront-end(AFE)compriseaPLCchipsetthatachievesreliablelong-rangedatacommunications.TheMAX2990isahighlyintegratedSoCthatcombinesthePHYandMAClayersusingMaxim’s16-bitMAXQ®microcontrollercore.TheMAX2991isastate-of-the-art,stand-aloneICthatfeaturestwo-stageautomaticgaincontrol(AGC)witha62dBdynamicrangeandon-chipprogrammablefilters.BothdevicesoperateintheCENELEC,FCC,andARIBfrequencybands.

OFDM-based PLC chipset dramatically improves reliability and network data rate

Block diagrams of the MAX2990 and MAX2991.

I2C

GPIO

SPITMMCU (MAXQ)

UART

WATCHDOGTIMER

TIMER/PWM

FLASH32KB

ROM5KB x 8

SRAM4KB

DUAL-PORTSRAM

4KB x 8

JTAG RTC

DESENGINE CRC32

PLC MAC

INTERRUPTCONTROLMAX2990 OFDM PLC PHY

JAMMERCANCELLERAND SYNC

REED-SOLOMON

VITERBIDECODER

FFTBPSK

DEMOD

REED-SOLOMON

CONVOLUTIONALENCODER

INSERTPREAMBLE

AND CYCLICPREFIX

IFFT

CSMA/ARQ

MAX2991

AFE

SPI I

NTER

FACE

TRANSMITTER PATH

RECEIVER PATH

LPF

ADAPTATION 2ADAPTATION 1

HPFLPF

DAC

ADC

SERI

AL IN

TERF

ACE

PROCESS TUNING BLOCK CONTROL REGISTERS

VGA1 VGA2

IIRFILTERPREDRIVER





Next-generation OFDM-based PLC modem improves network reliability and coverage over earlier generationsMAX2992* (G3-PLC)

TheMAX2992modemimproveslong-rangedatacommunicationsbyextendingnetworkcapabilitiestotransmissionovertransform-ers.ThishighlyintegratedSoCcombinesthePHYandMAClayersusingMaxim’s32-bitMAXQmicrocontrollercore.TwoformsofFECareaddedtofurtherimprovecommunicationreliabilityoverearliergenerationsandaddbackwardscompatibilitywitholderFSK-basedPLCtechnologies.ThisdeviceoperatesintheCENELEC,FCC,andARIBfrequencybands.WhencombinedwiththeMAX2991,afullPLCmodemcanberealized.

Benefits

• Reliable long-distance transmission– Upto225kbpseffectivedatarateat10kHzto490kHz;44kbpseffectivedatarateat10kHzto95kHzwithamaximumdatarateof298kbps

– Adaptivetonemappingmonitorssub-channelconditionsandautomaticallyselectstheoptimaltransmissionparameters

– FEC,CRC16,andCRC32– CSMA/CAcontrolstrafficinmultinodenetworks

– ARQenhancesdatatransmissionreliability

– FastAES-128engineforhighdatasecurity

• Reduces system cost– Long-distance(6km)transmissionmeansfewerrepeaters

– Communicationacrosstransformersrequiresfewerdataconcentrators

– BackwardscompatibilitywithFSK-basedsolutionsimprovesinteroperability

• Full IPv6 addressing extends system addressability all the way into the home

– Implements6LoWPANadaptationlayersupportingIPv6

Block diagram of the MAX2992.

TIMERS1 TO 7PMEM

128KB x 8ROM

6KB x 8SRAM FOR

DATA128KB x 8DUAL RAM

4KB x 8

JTAG

UART1

WD

UART0

SPI0

SPI1

SSSC

LK

MIS

IM

ISC

BUFFER MANAGER

MAXQ30µC

GPIO

FAST COPYINTERRUPTCONTROL

128KBFLASH

WATCHDOGTIMER

1.2REGULATOR

Tx DATAMANAGER

TxBUFFER

G3 PHY

TRANSMITTER

RECEIVER

FFT

RxBUFFER

Rx DATAMANAGER

AESENCRYPTION

CRC32 MAX2992*

AFEINTERFACE

HF OSC





Benefits

• Transceivers support industry standards for easier, faster design

– SupportfortheIEEE802.11b/gstandardstoleveragealargeecosystemofHANdevices

• Low noise and high sensitivity enable larger networks

– Lownoisefigure(2.6dB)andreceivesensitivity(-76dBm)enablethelongestrange

• On-chip filters eliminate external SAW filter and reduce BOM count and cost

– IntegratedPAwith+18.5dBmtransmitpowerreducesBOMcountandPCBarea

MAX2830/MAX2831/MAX2832

TheMAX2830/MAX2831/MAX2832Wi-FiRFtransceiverssupportwirelesscommunicationstandardsintheunlicensed2.4GHzfrequencyband.Maxim’slineofWi-Fiproductsaredirect-conversion,zero-IFOFDMtransceiversprovidingbest-in-classperformancetosupportthelongestdistances.Customfrequencybandsfornonstan-dardandmultimodeapplicationsarealsoavailable.

Wi-Fi transceivers enable communication over the longest distances

Block diagram of Maxim’s Wi-Fi transceivers.

PLL

OSC

0°90°Wi-Fi

TRANSCEIVER






Benefits

• Best-in-class performance extends link range

– Lowestnoisefigure(2.3dB)provideslongestrange—18%fartherthanclosestcompetitor

• Smallest WiMAX transceiver fits the tightest designs

– Tiny3.6mmx5.1mmwafer-levelpackage(MAX2839AS)

• Complete frequency coverage with MIMO support to reach customers worldwide

– 2.3GHzto2.7GHzwith1x2MIMOsupport(MAX2839)

– 3.3GHzto3.9GHzwith2x2MIMOsupport(MAX2842)

MAX2839/MAX2842

TheMAX2839/MAX2842WiMAXRFtransceiversprovidetheflex-ibilitytosupportwirelesscommunicationstandardsinthelicensed2GHzand3GHzfrequencybands.Maxim’sWiMAXproductsaredirect-conversion,zero-IF,MIMOOFDMtransceiversthatuseadual-receiverarchitecturetomaximizedatathroughputandlinkrange.Customfrequencybandsfornonstandardandmultimodeapplica-tionsarealsoavailable.

WiMAX transceivers boost range and throughput for faster data access

Block diagram of Maxim’ s WiMAX transceivers.

PLL

OSC

0°90°WiMAX

TRANSCEIVER





Benefits

• Extends battery life– Lowactive(<7mARx,<12mATx)andshutdown(<1µA)currentextendsbatterylife

– Programmablereceivershutdown/wake-upcycleforadditionalcurrentsavings

• Compact radio module for space- constrained metering applications

– Small5mmx5mmTQFNpackage

• Good penetration in buildings

MAX7032

TheMAX7032transceiveroffersaninexpensive,low-powersolutionforone-wayandtwo-wayreportingfrommetersinHANsandsomeNANs.Thetransceiverusesthelicense-freelow-frequencyradiobandsintheU.S.(260MHzto470MHz)andEurope(433.05MHzto434.79MHz).Theradio’ssimpleASKorFSKmodulationtechnique,outstandingsensitivity,wideselectionofdatarates,andlowcurrentdrainmakeittheperfectchoiceforlocalradiolinksandnetworksinthesefrequencyranges.Thetransceivercanachievelinkmarginsbetterthan120dB,whichmeansthatitcanreach1kmoveropenflatterrainormaintainalinkbetweenanundergroundwatermeterandalocalconcentrator.TheMAX7032isflexibleenoughtoworkwithmultiplesmartgridcommunicationstandards.

260MHz to 470MHz ISM radio for HANs and NANs extends battery life up to seven years

System diagram for the MAX7032.

µP

METER OR READER KEYPAD/CONTROLLER

CRYSTAL

CERAMIC IF FILTER

PAOUT

LNAIN

TX/RX1

SCLK CSBDIO

DATA

LNASRC4 Ls4 Cs

LNAOUT

VDD

VDD

HVIN

AVDD

DVDD

SUPPLY, BYPASS

DATA FILTER AND DETECTOR

2 Rs4 Cs

METER SENSOR (WATER OR GAS VOLUME, FLOW, ETC.)

METER OR READER DISPLAY

ANTENNA MATCHING NETWORK

MAX7032TRANSCEIVER




Benefits

• Extends battery life – Lowactive(<35mA)andshutdown(<0.5µA)currentconservesbatterylife

• Low BOM cost– Onlycrystalandmatchingcomponentsareneeded

• Good penetration in buildings – MaximumallowableTxpower(25mW)forEuropeanETSIstandard

MAX7049*

TheMAX7049ASK/FSKtransmitteroffersaninexpensive,low-powersolutionforone-wayreportingfrommetersinHANsandsomeNANs.Thetransmitterusesthelicense-freelow-andhigh-frequencybandsintheU.S.andEurope,makingitaveryflexiblesolution.TheshapedASKorFSKmodulationtechniquereducesthetransmittedfrequencybandwidthsothatmorefrequencychannelscanbeused.Thewideselectionofdataratesandlowcurrentdrainmakeitwellsuitedforlocalradiolinksandnetworks.ThisICisflexibleenoughtoworkwithmultiplesmartgridcommunicationstandardsandiscompatiblewithmodesSandToftheEuropeanM-Busstandard.

Low-/high-band transmitter for HANs/NANs extends battery life up to seven years

System diagram for the MAX7049.

µP

METER OR READER KEYPAD/CONTROLLER

CRYSTAL

PLL FILTER

PA+

PA-

SDOHOP ENABLE CSBSDISCLK

DATAIN

CPVDD4 Ls4 Cs

CRTL CPOUT

VDD

VDD

AVDD

DVDD

SUPPLY, BYPASS

1 R2 Cs

METER SENSOR (WATER OR GAS VOLUME, FLOW, ETC.)

METER OR READER DISPLAY

ANTENNA MATCHING NETWORK

MAX7049*TRANSCEIVER





ASIC Services

Maxim’sASICservicesareavailabletomeetyourspecificapplicationrequirements.Maximoffersflexibleengagementoptionsfromfoundrysalesthroughturnkeydesigntojoint-developmentprojects.Oursmartgridsolutionsinclude:

• Wireless backhaul; distribution asset management– WiMAXandrebandedWiMAXtransceivers

• AMR; fault diagnostics– FSK,ASK,OFDM,DSSStransceivers

• AMI– WiFi,ZigBee/802.15.4transceivers

• Proprietary solutions– 400MHzto5GHzRF/wirelesstransceivers

RF expertise to deliver custom-tailored solutions for your specific smart grid needs

Benefits

• Maxim’s expertise gives you a high first-silicon success rate

– Over15yearsofexperienceintheASICbusiness

– RichanalogandRFIPcatalogspeedsyourtimetomarket

• In-house process technologies provide optimal performance-cost tradeoff

www.maxim-ic.com/ASICs

http://www.maxim-ic.com/ASICs



Benefits

• Provide adaptability without additional parts or design work

– Pin-programmablehalf-orfull-duplexcommunication

– Pin-selectableRS-232orRS-485/RS-422operation

• Save board space and cost– Integrated±15kVESDprotectioneliminatesexternalprotectioncircuitry

– Allowupto256transceiversonthebuswithoutrequiringanextraserialbus,UART,ormicroprocessor

• Reduce power consumption– First3Vmultiprotocolsolutionintheindustry

– 5xlowersupplycurrentthanthecompetition—significantlyreducespowerdissipation

MAX3160E/MAX3161E/MAX3162E

TheMAX3160E/MAX3161E/MAX3162EaremultiprotocoltransceiversthatallowdesignerstouseasingledevicetosupportbothRS-232andRS-485serialcommunicationsinpower-meterapplications.Thesedevicesofferflexibilityandconveniencethroughapin-selectableinterface,whichmakesiteasytoprogrameachboardtothedesiredprotocolduringproduction.Inaddition,thetransceivershaveextraprotectionagainststaticelectricity;truefail-safecircuitrythatguaranteesalogic-highreceiveroutputwhenthereceiverinputsareopenorshorted;a10nAshutdownmode;short-circuitlimiting;andthermalshutdowncircuitrytoprotectagainstexcessivepowerdissipation.

Multiprotocol transceivers enable on-the-fly protocol selection for power-meter communications

Block diagram of Maxim’s multiprotocol transceivers.

RS-232

RS-485/RS-422

UART

MAX3160E

DUAL CHARGEPUMP

CONTROLLOGIC

LOGICI/O

MULTI-PROTOCOL

TRANSCEIVERBLOCK

http://www.maxim-ic.com/MAX3160E





Benefits

• AutoDirection control saves cost and board space

– Reducesthenumberofopticalisolatorsneededinisolatedapplications

• Built-in LDO offers convenience without the worry of providing a regulated voltage level

– Operatesfromanunregulated6Vto28Vpowersupplyandprovides5V/20mAofpowertoexternalcircuits

• Extended ESD level of ±15kV (Human Body Model) eliminates external ESD protection circuitry

• 1/8-unit load receiver input impedance enables up to 256 peripheral sensors in the system

MAX13412E/MAX13413E

TheMAX13412E/MAX13413Earehalf-duplexRS-485/RS-422transceiversoptimizedforisolatedpowermeters.Thesedevicesreducedesigncomplexitybyintegratingalow-dropoutregulator(LDO)andasensingcircuitforAutoDirectioncontrol.TheinternalLDOallowsthedevicestooperatefromawide,unregulatedvoltagerange(6Vto28V),simplifyingpower-supplydesigns.AutoDirectioncontrolreducescostandboardspacebyeliminatinganoptocouplerinisolatedpower-meterapplications.OtherfeaturesincludeenhancedESDprotection,fail-safecircuitry,slew-ratelimiting,andfull-speedoperation.

Highly integrated RS-485 transceivers simplify power-meter interface designs

VREG

MCU AND RELATEDCIRCUITRY

UNREGULATED ISOLATEDPOWER SUPPLY

(6V TO 28V)

MAX13412E/MAX13413E

LDO

DGND

RE

A

B

DI

VCC

VREG

VSYS

VSYS

DETECTCIRCUIT

RO

Integrated LDO allows wide supply range

(6V to 28V)

5V output VREGsupplies up to 20mAto external circuitry

R

AutoDirection controleliminates third

optocoupler

System block diagram of the MAX13412E/MAX13413E.




CommunicationsRecommended solutions


RF transceivers

MAX2830/31/32 Direct-conversion, zero-IF RF transceivers for 2.4GHz 802.11g/b

Integrated PA, antenna diversity switch, and crystal oscillator; best-in-class receive sensitivity (-76dBm)

Low-cost, low-BOM implementation for 802.11b/g standards

MAX2839 Direct-conversion, zero-IF RF transceiver for 2.3GHz to 2.7GHz MIMO WiMAX

1x2 MIMO RF transceiver with best-in-class noise figure (2.3dB) and linearity specifications; 8mm x 8mm TQFN package

Best-in-class performance supports longer range; small package enables compact designs

MAX2842 Direct-conversion, zero-IF RF transceiver for 3.3GHz to 3.9GHz MIMO WiMAX

2x2 MIMO RF transceiver with best-in-class noise figure (3.8dB) and linearity specifications

Best-in-class performance supports longer range

MAX7032 300MHz to 450MHz ASK/FSK transceiver with low current drain

Under 7mA active receiver current; SPI programmable; programmable sleep/wake mode

Good in-building range with long battery life

MAX7031 300MHz to 450MHz FSK transceiver with low current drain

Under 7mA active receiver current; hardwired or microprocessor controllable; factory-preset frequencies


MAX7030 300MHz to 450MHz ASK transceiver with low current drain

Under 7mA active receiver current; hardwired or microprocessor controllable; factory-preset frequencies


RF transmitter

MAX7049* 288MHz to 945MHz ASK/FSK transmitter with low current drain

Up to 25mW Tx power; SPI programmable; less than 500nA shutdown current

Good in-building range (including 800MHz/900MHz) with long battery life

Powerline communications ICs

MAX2981/82* Broadband HomePlug 1.0 chipset Up to 14Mbps data transmission Robust, high-data-rate transmission with guaranteed latency for industrial environments

MAX2990/91 (G3-PLC Lite)

Narrowband OFDM PLC chipset Up to 100kbps data transmission or lower-data-rate robust mode for extremely noisy environments; DES/3DES encryption engine

Lower network implementation cost from ability to cross transformers

MAX2991/92* (G3-PLC)

Narrowband OFDM PLC chipset AES-128 encryption engine; adaptive tone mapping allows coexistence with FSK protocols; 6LoWPAN compression enables IPv6

Lower network implementation cost from ability to cross transformers

Multiprotocol transceivers

MAX3160E Programmable 2Tx/2Rx RS-232 or 1Tx/1Rx RS-485/RS-422

Supports RS-232, RS-422, and RS-485; handles up to 128 devices on the bus; 20-pin SSOP

Eases system configuration while saving space

MAX3161E Programmable 2Tx/2Rx RS-232 or 1Tx/1Rx RS-485/RS-422



MAX3162E Dedicated 2Tx/2Rx RS-232 and 1Tx RS-485/RS-422



UART

MAX3107 Single-channel SPI/I2C UART Integrated oscillator; 24Mbps data rate; PLL; shutdown modes

Reduces solution cost and size; offloads μC





CommunicationsRecommended solutions


RS-485 transceivers

MAX13442E Fault-protected RS-485 transceiver ±80V fault protection; ±15kV ESD protection Eliminates external circuitry

MAX13485E RS-485 transceiver with enhanced ESD protection

±15kV ESD protection; fail-safe circuitry; hot-swappable

Saves space and provides robust protection

MAX3535E Isolated RS-485 transceiver with enhanced ESD protection

Robust ±2.5kV capacitive isolation Eliminates external optocoupler and power supply

MAX13412E/13E RS-485 transceivers optimized for isolated applications

AutoDirection circuitry; integrated LDO Minimize solution size

MAX13430E RS-485 transceiver for multivoltage systems Integrated low-voltage logic interface Interfaces directly to low-voltage FPGAs and ASICs, eliminating level translator

Transformer drivers

MAX253 1W primary-side transformer H-bridge driver for isolated supplies

Simple solution for producing an isolated power supply up to 1W

Simple open-loop circuit speeds PSU design, allowing faster time to market

MAX256 3W primary-side transformer H-bridge driver for isolated supplies

Simple solution for producing an isolated power supply up to 3W

Simple open-loop circuit speeds PSU design, allowing faster time to market

Power amplifier

MAX2235 1W autoramping power amplifier for 900MHz applications

+30dBm (1W) typical output power from a 3.6V supply or +28dBm from a 2.7V supply

Maximizes read range; operates directly from a single 2.7V to 5.5V supply, making it suitable for use with 3-cell NiCd or 1-cell Li+ batteries

DC-DC regulator

MAX15062* 36V, 300mA DC-DC regulator with integrated MOSFET

Low quiescent current; 2mm x 2mm TDFN package

High integration with small footprint saves up to 50% total board area compared to competing solutions

Analog-to-digital converters (ADCs)

MAX11103/05 12-bit, 3Msps/2Msps SAR ADCs 73dB SNR; SPI interface; high 1.7MHz full linear bandwidth; 1-channel (SOT23) and 2-channel (μMAX®, TDFN) options

Tiny SOT23, μMAX, and TDFN packages save space; serial interface simplifies data transmission

MAX1379/83 12-bit, 1.25Msps, 4-channel, simultaneous-sampling SAR ADCs

0 to 5V, 0 to 10V, or ±10V inputs; 70dB SNR; four single-ended or two differential inputs; SPI interface

Serial interface saves cost and space on digital isolators


For a list of Maxim's recommended smart grid communications solutions, please go to: www.maxim-ic.com/communications.

http://www.maxim-ic.com/communications

Energy measurementOverview


Figure 1. The power profile of a laptop computer during power-up, steady-state, and power-down using two different plug-in power supplies.

Energy measurement

OverviewEnergydemandaroundtheworldispredictedtoincreaseataratethatwilllikelyoutstripourabilitytogenerateit.EstimatesbytheU.S.DepartmentofEnergyforecasttotalenergyconsumptionintheU.S.toincreaseby30%toover5,000billionkWhin2035,whilenewplannedgeneration(includingrenewablesources)isexpectedtogrowonly22%duringthisperiod.Increasedenergyefficiencyandimprovedenergymanagementarecriticaltoavertingthispotentialenergycrisis.

Traditionalopen-loopstrategiesformanagingpowerusagearecrudeandinefficient,resultinginlowerreliabilityandreduceddistributionstability.Engineersareworkingtoimprovepowerefficiencyinallelectronicapplications—commer-cialequipment,homeappliances,industrialmotors,andnetworkequipment.Increasingefficiency,however,isonlypartoftheequation.Betterenergymanagementand,consequently,comprehensivemeasurementsystemsareessential.Incorporatingfeedbackabouthowpowerisconsumedyieldsthebenefitsofaclosed-loopsystemandreduceswaste.Additionally,giving

energyusersgreatervisibilityintotheirpowerconsumptioncanhelpovercomeconsumerindifferencetoenergyconcerns.

Accuratemeasurementprovidesthefeedbacknecessarytounderstand,confirm,andmodifyourpowerconsumption.Itiscriticaltoimple-mentinganenergy-managementcontrolloopandprovidinginsightformaintenanceandfailurediagnostics.

Thischapteraddressestwokeyareasthatbenefitfromnewenergy-measurementtechnologies:residential/commercialpointofloads(POLs)anddatacenters.

Measuring point-of–load efficiencyIntelligentpower-managementschemesrequireaccurateenergymeasurement,notonlyatanaggregatelevel(e.g.,anentirebuilding)butalsoatthePOL(e.g.,airconditioner,lighting,dishwasher,orcomputer).

Smartmeterscantracktime-of-daypowerconsumptionandenableutilitiestoofferincentivestoconsumerstochangetheirusagepatterns.Toimproveautomation

weneedtoequipconsumerswithchoicesandenhancedservices.IndividualPOLsmustbetiedtoalocaldataandcontrolnetworkthatmonitorsandallowscontrolofthevariousloadswithinabuildingorhousehold.Servicescanbeenhancedthroughpower-qualitymeasurementsandusagestatistics,whichcanbeusedtoschedulemaintenance.Suchanetworkcanbeimplementedusingawidevarietyofconfigurationsandprotocols,dependingupontheapplication.

Alocaldataandcontrolnetworkthatincludesaccuratepowermeasure-mentcanenablesignificantcostsavingsbyidentifyinghowpowerisbeingused.Consumerswhocanseethatrunningtheairconditionercosts$200/month(valueofuse)orquantifythecostdifferencebetweenrunningthedryeratnooninsteadof7p.m.(time-valueofuse)aremorelikelytochangetheirusagepatterns.

Datathatusedtobeacquiredbyexpensivehigh-endutilitymetersisnowavailableforanorder-of-magni-tudelesscost.Powerfactor(PF),harmonicdistortion,activepower(watts),andapparentpower(VA)informationcanbereadilyavailableforoptimizingpower-delivery

50

45

40

WAT

TS (G

REEN

) AND

VA

(BLU

E)

POW

ER F

ACTO

R (R

ED L

INE)

SECONDS

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

1.00

0.75

0.50

0.25

0

50

45

40

WAT

TS (G

REEN

) AND

VA

(BLU

E)

POW

ER F

ACTO

R (R

ED L

INE)

SECONDS

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

1.00

0.75

0.50

0.25

0



budgets,forpredictingmaintenance,andforunderstandingthestrainonasystem.

Figure 1showsthepowerconsump-tionofalaptopcomputerusingtwodifferentplug-inpowersupplies.Eventhoughtheactualloadisthesame,thepowersuppliedfromthelinebytheutility,calledapparentpower,issubstantiallydifferentfromthepowerconsumedbytheload,calledactivepower.Suchdifferencesleadtounnecessaryandunaccountedforpowerloss.Withenergy-measurementsolutions,statisticscanbeusedtoadjustdeviceoperatingbehaviortooptimizeenergyefficiency.

Measurementaccuracyisimportanttoeffectivelyprotectagainstpowerfailuresandsafeguardequipment.Smalldropsinvoltageorlinefrequencycanindicatependingpowerfailure,enablingdevicestoswitchintoaprotectionmode.Additionally,voltagezero-crossinginformationcanbeusedtotimewhenrelaysshouldbeturnedonandofftoreducewearfromarcing.

Measuring data center efficiencyDatacentersaregettingalotofattention.TheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)estimatesthatdatacentersaccountedfor1.5%ofU.S.electricityconsumptionin2006,andthisdemandisexpectedtonearlydoubleby2011,necessitatingthedevelopmentofanadditional10powerplants.Increasingdatacenterenergyefficiencycanhelpavoidtheseinfrastructuralcosts,whileofferingdatacenteroperatorssignifi-cantsavingsontheirelectricitybills.

ENERGYSTARrecentlyreleasedguidelinesfordatacenterstomitigatethisdemandthroughincreasedenergyefficiency.Keytotheseguidelinesisanewmetriccalledpowerusageeffectiveness(PUE),whichmeasuresfacilityinfra-

structureefficiency.PUEiscalculatedbydividingtotaldatacenterenergyconsumptionbytheITequipmentenergyconsumption.Thisrequiresmeteringatmultiplelocationswithinthedatacenter,includingtheunin-terruptiblepowersupply(UPS)andpowerdistributionunits(PDUs).

Real-timepowerconsumptiondataisneededtopreventcostlyoverloadingofbreakers,aswellasoverallocationtoequipmentinidleorstandbymodes.Armedwiththisinformation,datacentermanagerscanimplementoperationalstrategiesfordynamicpowercappingandreallocationtomaximizePUE.

Anaddedbenefitofenergy-measure-mentsystemsisthattheygivedatacentermanagersearlyfailurenotifica-tionsothatpreventativemaintenancecanbescheduled.Early-warningnotificationprovidestheextratimeneededtoseamlesslyutilizearedundantoptionbeforefailure.Energy-measurementsystemsenablecontinuousmonitoringofthehealthofthepowernetwork.Thiscapabilityisespeciallyimportantasequipmentissequenced,becauseitcanallowmechanismsthatavoidcircuitoverloadssuchasthosefoundduringablack-startrecovery.

Energy-measurement SoCsImplementationofintelligentpower-managementalgorithmsrequiresclearrepresentationofbothactualpowerconsumptionandactualdemand.Thisnecessitateshighaccuracyandmultiplemetrologyfunctions,including:distortion;active,reactive,andapparentpower;energy;RMSvoltageandcurrent;andfrequency.Thisinformationprovidesvaluablefeedbackforimprovingoperatingefficiency,preventingpowerfailure,andfacilitatingpower-upsequencingduringablackstart.

Measurementaccuracyisdeterminedbyresolution,precision,anddynamicrange.Manygeneral-purposeMCUs

arelimitedintheiraccuracyanddynamicrangebecauseoftheir10-or12-bitADCs.Discretedesigns,meanwhile,requiremultiplecompo-nents,in-depthknowledgeofACmetering,andextensivedevelop-menttime.

Today,SoCsareavailablethatbringthecapabilitiesofintelligentmeteringtoindividualdevices,fromPOLstoPDUs.Advancesinmanu-facturinganddesigntechnologyenablethemetrologycontainedinasingleSoCtomeetcriticalcost,functionality,robustness,andsizerequirements.Today'sstate-of-the-artSoCscannowbeintegratedintoservercabinets,UPSs,AC-DCpowermodules,PDUs,smartappliances,andluminaires.

Figure 2. A ZigBee®-based outlet-monitoring unit.

Figure 2showsaneasy-to-usedatacollectionsystemforPOLs.Thislow-costoutlet-monitoringunitdemonstratesthecapabilitiesofthe78M6612energy-measurementSoC.Itallowsuserstocollecttime-stampeddatafromapoweroutletandwirelesslytransferitforgraphicalanalysisorcomparisontoareferencemeter.

The78M6612AC-power-monitoringSoCcanmeasurefrom10mAto20Awithlessthan0.5%measure-menterroracrossawide-40°Cto+85°Ctemperaturerange.Itsonboard22-bitADCenablesthis



widedynamicrangeandaccuracy,allowingthedevicetodetectvariousPOLlow-powermodes.Additionally,thewidedynamicrangeallowsthesamecircuitrytomonitoradiverserangeofapplications,providingeconomy-of-scalecostsavings.

Technical benefits of using an energy-measurement SoC• Accuratepowermeasurement

acrossawidecurrentdynamicrangecanbeusedtoconfirmdifferentlow-powermodes.For

example,asingleSoCcanmeasurefrom10mAto20Awith0.5%accuracy.

• Voltageandline-frequencymeasurementscanbeusedtodeterminetheappropriatetimetousepower,especiallywhenthesourceisnotthelocalutilitysupplier.Smalldropsinvoltageorlinefrequencyareanindicationofpendingpowerfailure.

• AC-voltagezerocrossingcanbeusedtosynchronizewhen

switchesshouldbeturnedofforon—anopportunitythatoccursevery8msto10ms,dependingonthelinefrequency.

• StatisticaldatacanbecollectedtodetectearlyfailureofalocalAC-DCpower-supplymoduleortoprovideinformationaboutthetypeofloadthatwasjustpluggedintotheoutlet.


Energy measurementFeatured products

A single chip implements a highly integrated outlet-monitoring system, saving the time, space, and cost of a multichip solution78M6612/78M6613

The78M6612/78M6613arehighlyintegrated,single-phaseACpower-measurementandmonitoring(AC-PMON)ICsforconsumerandenterpriseapplications.Whilethe78M6612targetsgeneral-purposeACpower-measurementapplications,the78M6613providesasimplifiedintegrationofsingle-phaseACpowermeasurementforthepower-supplymarket.Withaccuracyof0.5%Whorbetterovera2000:1currentrangeandovertemperature,eachsinglechipprovidesthemetrologydatatypicallyfoundincomplex,multichipmeteringsystems.

Featuringfouranaloginputs,bothdevicesuseTeridian’sSingleConverterTechnology®designandanintegrated32-bitcomputationengine(CE)tomeasureuptotwoACloadsorwalloutlets.Thedevicesarehighlyintegrated,whichreducesboardspaceandlowerscosts.Eachincludesan8-bitMPUcorewith32KBofembeddedflashmemory,aUARTinterface,andmultipleGPIOsforeasyintegrationintoanypowersupplyoroutlet-monitoringunit.The78M6612/78M6613consumeroughly30mWundertypicaloperatingconditions.The78M6612isavailablein64-pinLQFPand68-pinQFNlead-freepackages,whilethe78M6613isavailableina32-pinQFNlead-freepackage.

Designingwiththe78M6612/78M6613isgreatlysimplifiedwithacomplimentarysuiteofdevelopmenttools.Completeenergy-measurementfirmwaresupportstheserialUARTinterfaceandsimplifiescalibration,configuration,anddataextraction.FirmwareoptionsareavailableforemulatingI2C,PMBus™,orSMBusinterfacesusingtheonboardGPIOs.FirmwarecanbepreloadedduringICmanufactureormodifiedbycustomersasneeded.Softwarelibrariesgreatlyexpeditethedevelopmentprocess.

Benefits

• Single-chip solution provides the metrology accuracy typically found in multichip metering systems

– 0.5%Whaccuracyover2000:1currentrangeandovertemperature

• Adds intelligence to energy monitoring– Fullrangeofembeddedenergydiagnostics(powerfactor,harmonicdistortion,voltagesaganddip)foreachoutlet

– Predictspower-supplyfailures– Intelligentswitchrelaycontrol,includingzero-crossingdetectionforeachoutlet

• High integration reduces the bill-of-materials (BOM) cost

– Monitorstwooutletssimultaneously– Dual-outletpowerreducescostperoutlet– Completeenergy-measurementcommunicationprotocol

– Eliminatestheneedforexternalcomponentstobootorloadcalibrationparameters

• Reduces time to market– Softwaresupporttoolssimplifydesigncycles

– Nocodedevelopmentisrequiredbythecustomer

– Completeenergy-measurementandhost-interfacefirmwareavailable

Diagram of a typical energy-measurement SoC embedded in a single-phase application.

2000:1 22-BIT ∆-∑ ADC

MUL

TIPL

EXER 32-BIT

REAL-TIMECOMPUTATIONENGINE (CE)

8051 MCUSINGLE CLOCK/INSTRUCTION

5MHz

2KB SRAM

32KB FLASHTEMP COMPENSATION

UART

GPIOsTEMPERATURE AND

ALARMS STATUS

VOLTAGE, CURRENT, ANDLINE FREQUENCY

ACTIVE, REACTIVE, ANDAPPARENT POWER

POWER FACTOR ANDPHASE ANGLE

SINGLE CONVERTERTECHNOLOGY ARCHITECTURE

SINGLE-PHASE AC

CALIBRATIONCOMMANDS

CONFIGURATIONAND RELAY CONTROL

78M6612

SHUNTOR CTAC LOAD

INTERFACE-SPECIFIC CODE

8051 AC-PMON POST PROCESSING

32-BIT CE

http://www.maxim-ic.com/78M6612




Benefits

• Single-chip solution provides the metrology accuracy typically found in multichip metering systems

– 0.5%Whaccuracyover2000:1currentrangeandovertemperature

• Adds intelligence to energy monitoring– Measuresthepowerfactorforeachoutlet– Predictspower-supplyfailures– Intelligentswitchrelaycontrol,includingzero-crossingdetectionforeachoutlet

• High integration reduces BOM cost– Monitorseightoutletssimultaneously– Octal-outletpowerreducescostperoutlet– Completeenergy-measurementcommunicationprotocolinasinglechip

• Shortens time to market– Softwaresupporttoolssimplifydesigncycles

– Nocodedevelopmentisrequiredbythecustomer

– Completeenergy-measurementandhost-interfacefirmwareavailable

78M6618

The78M6618isahighlyintegrated,single-phase,8-outlet,power-measurementandmonitoringSoC.ItisdesignedformultichannelpowermonitoringinPDUs,smartbreakersandrelaypanelsforhomes,andbuildingautomation.

The78M6618’saccuracyis0.5%Whovera2000:1currentrangeandovertemperature—whatonewouldtypicallyfindinmultichipmeteringsystems.Ithasunprecedentedintegrationinanenergy-measurementIC:a32-bitCE,anMPUcore,128KBflashmemory,4KBsharedRAM,andanRTC;threelow-powermodeswithinternaltimerorexternaleventwake-up;twoUARTs;andanI2C/MICROWIRE®EEPROMinterfaceoranSPI™interface.TheSoCalsofeaturesTeridian’sSingleConverterTechnologydesign,whichincorporatesa22-bitdelta-sigmaADC,10analoginputs,digitaltemperaturecompensation,andaprecisionvoltagereference.Withthesemanycapabilities,the78M6618supportsawiderangeofsingle-phasemeteringapplications.Needingveryfewexternalcomponents,thissinglechipalsogreatlyreducesthecostofimplementingcomplexPDUsystems.

Acompletearrayofin-circuitemulationanddevelopmenttoolsassistscustomersandreducesdesigntime.Metrologylibrariesarespecificallydesignedformeasurementandswitchcontrolofeightsingle-phaseACoutlets(samephase).Asoftwaredevelopmentkit,referencedesigns,andreferencemanualsexpeditedevelopmentandcertificationofpowerandenergymeasurement.

8-channel energy-measurement IC simplifies complex server PDU system design while reducing costs

(Block diagram on next page)




8-channel energy-measurement IC simplifies complex server PDU system design while reducing costs (continued)

AC-DCPOWER SUPPLY

I1

I2

I3

I4

I5

I6

I7

I8

I1

OUTLET1CT1

CT2

CT3

CT4

CT5

CT6

CT7

CT8

OUTLET2

OUTLET3

OUTLET4

OUTLET5

OUTLET6

OUTLET7

OUTLET8

LIVE

LIVE

NEUTRALNEUTRAL

I2I3I4I5I6I7I8V

V

V1

AUX

V3.3A V3.3D GNDA GNDD

VBATT

V2.5TX1RX1

TX2RX2

XIN

XOUT

VREF

COMPARATOR

A/D CONVERTER

REGULATOR

UARTs

I2C

SPI

TIMERS

RTC

OSC/PLL

TEMPSENSOR

RAM

COMPUTATIONENGINE

FLASH

80515MPU

ICEDIGITAL I/O

DCPOWER FAULT

RELAY DRIVERS,7-SEG LCD, ETC.

32kHz

BATTERY(OPTIONAL)

CONSOLE

EEPROM(OPTIONAL)

HOST μC,ADDITIONAL 78M6618s

78M6618

Block diagram of the 78M6618 power- and energy-measurement IC.

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