smart off grid energy system

1

A PRESENTATION ON

DESIGN OF SMART OFF GRID ENERGY SYSTEM

byMD.FARMAN

M.Tech. (Energy System -2nd year)EN NO - 09512010

Under the guidance of :

Dr. D.K. KhatodAssistant ProfessorI.I.T Roorkee

Dr. Arun KumarHead

I.I.T Roorkee

2

General• Energy scenario in India• Grid, functions and types• Smart grid• Necessity of smart grid• Various soft wares used in hybrid and smart grid system design• Constraints in development of smart and off grid energy system in India• Line diagram and features of smart grid energy system• Progress in India for converting grid into smart grid• Literature review• Types of hybrid grid energy system• Single line diagram of hybrid system

Sizing of off grid energy system• Conceptual schematic diagram of WDBS based hybrid system• Flow chart for development of a WDBS based hybrid energy system• Site selection and load assessment• Wind power potential assessment• Result of Sizing and costing of system

Outlines

3

Wind speed forecasting Mathematical problem formulation for scheduling of WDBS system• Values of different coefficients• Scheduling results of WDBS system

Smart utilization of energy• Circuit diagram and description for smart utilization of energy• Major components name, purpose and cost• Functional Diagram for display of LED, Alarm and Relay operation • Developed model• Different States of Power System and Corresponding Load• Various connections and system state sensor• Results• Cost analysis• Advantages

Conclusions and future scope of work Various IEC standard and companies involved in designing smart grid List of publications References

Outlines

4

Total installed capacity of India = 1, 74,361.40 MW as on 30th April, 2011.

a). Contribution of energy sources in Indian power sector b). Sector wise installed capacity in India

• Net shortage of energy in India = 9.9 % • The peak power shortage = 12.6 %• Energy losses = 34%• Total transmission length = 265,000 ckm.

Energy scenario in india

94,653.38 MW

17,706.35 MW

1,199.75

MW

37,567.40 MW

4,780.00

MW

18,454.52 MW

CoalGas OilHydro (Large)NuclearRES

82,452.58 MW

54,412.63

MW

37,496.19

MWState SectorCentral SectorPrivate Sector

5

Grid is electrical network which transmits power in bulk amount at fixed frequency and voltage to different substation from where redistribution of power to consumer takes place through substation. Nation has been divided in five regions for transmission system, namely, Northern, North Eastern, Eastern, Southern, and western.

What is a grid?

6

Main functions:

• To transmit & distribute power at lower cost with highest efficiency and reliability,

• To control and maintain a balance of power among various regions,• To maintain power quality for consumers within specified limit.

Types of grid :

• Micro and Mini grid• Major grid (Interconnected grid)

Functions and types of grid

7

What is smart off grid?

Convergence of technology (IT + Communication + Automation & control ) in power system leads to optimal digital technology i.e. smart grid.

Off grid energy system i.e. mainly hybrid energy system is the integration ofrenewable energy resources using distributed generation.

8

• To meet growing demand • To reduce environmental impact.• To reduce power theft and losses in T&D system.• To maximize accessibility & profitability.• To increase power and cyber security.• Power system stability and aging of grid.• Capacity and additional infrastructure (e-cars).• To improve reliability, sustainability and continuity of supply.• To improve Power quality (Harmonics, flicker, spike, shallow, dip) and

black outages.

Smart Off grid energy system is a possible solution to overcome these problems.

Necessity of smart off grid?

9

Various softwares used in hybrid and smart grid system design

S.NO OFF GRID (HYBRID) SYSTEM SMART GRID SYSTEM

1 HOMER PLC

2 PVSYST SCADA

3 HYBRID 2ADAPTIVE DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING

(ADP)

4 RET SCREEN GRIDLAB-D

5 PV-DESIGN PRO FUZZY LOGIC CONTROL

6 NUER09 GRIDAPPS

10

Constraints in development of smart and off grid energy system in india

S.NO Constraints in smart grid energy system

Constraints in off grid energy system

1 Gap between various technology Resources are distributed in nature

2 Lack of integration of distributed generation

Lack of skilled man power

3 High Cost of infrastructure Unavailability of grid near site

4 Cyber threats in grid power management

Inaccessible geological condition

5Lack of government interest Clearance problem

6 Power quality problems Local factors

11

Line diagram of smart grid energy system

12

• Self-healing: The grid rapidly detects, analyzes, responds, and restores.• Tolerant of attack: The grid mitigates and is resilient to physical /

cyber-attacks.• Provides power quality needed by 21st century users: The grid provides

quality power consistent with consumer and industries needs• Empowers and incorporates the consumer: Ability to incorporate

consumer equipment and behavior in grid design and control.• Accommodates a wide variety of supply and demand: The grid

accommodates a wide variety of resources, including demand response, combined heat and power, wind, photovoltaic, and end-use efficiency.

• Fully enables and is supported by competitive electricity markets.• Dynamic pricing.

Features of smart grid

13

Progress in India for converting grid into smart grid

• Electromechanical devices are being replaced by intelligent electronic devices (IEDs)

• The Bureau of Indian Standards has issued a standardized meter protocol in March 2010 to address meter interoperability.

• FACTS devices are being used in HVDC network for efficient power flow between two sub-stations.

• Power Grid Corporation of India has given assignment to Siemens India limited to change earth shielding wire with optical fiber.

• PGCIL has also given assignment to AREVA for construction of ultra high voltage transmission line.

• PLCC is also incorporated in distribution system

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S.NO MAIN FIELD SUB-AREA REFERENCE NO

1 Energy Scenario of India Sector & Source wise [1]2 Introduction to Grid Grid. Grid Management [2]3 Basic of Smart Grid Definition ,need, Layout [3,4]

4 Smart Grid Energy System

Design of Various Network, Remote Control, Phasor

Measurements, PLCC, AMR, PHEVS

[5-22]

IEC Standards for Designing smart grid

[23-27]

5 Off Grid Energy System

Sizing & costing of off grid energy system

[28-31]

Control Strategy for off grid energy system

[32-39]

Scheduling & dispatch strategy for off grid hybrid energy system

[40-47]

6 Forecasting Wind speed forecasting [46-51]

Literature review

15

Hybrid energy system

16

• Wind-Diesel-Battery Storage System• Bio-mass – SPV – Diesel,• Small/Mini/Micro-hydro – Wind – Diesel,• Geothermal – SPV – wind – Bio-mass-diesel,• Fuel cell – SPV – Diesel, • Small/Mini/Micro-hydro – Bio-mass – Diesel,• SPV – Small-hydro –Diesel, and• Biomass – Small-hydro – SPV- battery storage.

Types of hybrid grid energy system

17

Conceptual schematic diagram of WDBS based hybrid system

Wind turbine Generator System AC DC

Controller

Bus Bar

Battery bank DC AC

Dump Load

LOADDiesel

Generator

18

Flow Chart for development of a WDBS based Hybrid Energy System

Start

Selection of Un- electrified Village

Is the Selected Site is Cluster of

Villages?

NO

Hourly Wind & other RES

Forecasting and individual energy

Assessment

YES YES

Optimal Resource

Selection That can meet Load Requirement

Is total

Demand

= Supply?

Add diesel/Conventional

option to develop hybrid system

Sizing the individual Energy

System

Unit cost of energy of individual resources

NO

YES

Problem Formulation of Hybrid Model

Cost Optimization of WDBS System

Unit Energy cost of Hybrid energy

system

Operational Scheduling

Strategy of WDBS System

Load forecasting and Assessment of load profile

(Minimum , Desirable &

rate)

Stop

19

Wind speed forecasting

1 2 1

Fourier coefficient Expressiona0= 9.81 a0=(2/24)×Σya1 = 0.36 a1=(2/24)× Σycos(πxi /12)a2 = -0.02 a2=(2/24)× Σycos(πxi /6)a3 = -0.12 a3=(2/24)× Σycos(πxi /4)b1 = -0.27 b1=(2/24)× Σysinx(πxi /12)b2 = -0.01 b1=(2/24)× Σysin(πxi /6)b3 = 0.07 b3=(2/24)× Σysin(πxi /4)

Weight age MSE and RMS Errorλ1= 0.15, λ2 = 0.85 0.028, 0.169λ1= 0.20, λ2 = 0.80 0.017, 0.132λ1= 0.25, λ2 = 0.75 0.021, 0.0146λ1= 0.30, λ2 = 0.70 0.016, 0.128λ1= 0.35, λ2 = 0.65 0.020, 0.142λ1= 0.40,λ2 = 0.60 0.027, 0.166λ1= 0.45, λ2 = 0.55 0.022, 0.149

0 5 10 15 20 250

2

4

6

8

10

12

Actual & Forecasted Hourly wind speed

Actual wind speed

Forecasted wind speed

Hour of the Day

Win

d Sp

eed

(in m

/s)

2 01 2 1 20.006 0.155 5.533 ( cos cos2

2 i i i i i

ay x x a x a x 3 1 2 3cos3 sin sin 2 sin3 ) i i i ia x b x b x b x

20

Case.No.

Component

of system

Capacity of component Generated unit

System cost

Unit cost of energy

1

DG, Converter &

Battery

DG1=20kW, DG2=15kW

DG3=10kW, Converter=12kW

Battery= (2×2, 4V, 1900Ah)

194,854 969,362$ 0.395$

2

Wind generator, Converter,

DG & battery

Wind= (2×25kW), DG1=20kW

DG2=15kW, DG3=5kW

Converter=12kW

Battery= (2×2, 4V, 1900Ah)

210,617 558,947 $ 0.228$

Sizing and costing of system

Load ValueAverage load 21.78kWPeak load 60 kW

Load description

Results of Sizing and Costing

Location map Components considered

21

Wind power potential assessment

-

2-

-

-

0 0

( )

0

cut in

rated cut in ratedw

rated rated cut out

cut out

v V

a bv cv P V v Vf v

P V v VV v

3- - - -

2 2 2- -2

cut in cut in rated cut in cut in rated

cut in rated rated cut in rated

V V V V V Va

V V V V V

4- -

3 2 2- -

32

cut in rated cut in rated

rated cut in rated cut in rated

V V V VbV V V V V

3

-2

-

1 2 42

cut in rated

ratedcut in rated

V VcVV V

Type of equation

Model equation for Revenue, operating cost and energy constraints of WDB system

Equation no

Revenue 1,2

Operating cost 3

Equality Constraint

s for energy

4

5

6

7

22

Mathematical problem formulation for scheduling of WDBS system

]Cβ)}PC)P(PCPCPCΔT{β [ F βKK

WDWDK

BLK

WBBOK

DLK

DL24/Δ4

1K

KALAL

KC

ΔT24To1KPPPPβ K

BLK

DLK

WLK

ALK

ΔT24To1KPPPP K

WK

WDK

WBK

WL

ΔT24To1K)

ηP

PΔT(ηVVI

KBLK

WBR1KK

ΔT24KforV

0KforVV Final

B

InitialBK

[

ΔT24

1KAL

KAL

KEnergy ΔTC)P(βC

ΔT24

1Kβ

KAward CβC

24ΔT

k 1

Operating cost of WDBS system

[ ( ) ]

k k k kDL DL BO WB BL WD WDC P C P P C P T

23

Name of variable Lower & Upper bounds on variables Remarks Equation

no

βkDepend on load

condition & system state

8

PWLK For wind 9

PBLK For battery

discharging 10

PWBK For battery

charging 11

PDLK For DG set 12

VK For battery energy state 13

Mathematical problem formulation for scheduling of WDBS system

ΔT24To0KFor1β0 K

ΔT24To0KForPP0 K

WK

WL

ΔT24To0KForPP0 Max

BK

BL

ΔT24To0KForPP0 Max

BK

WB

ΔT24To0KForPP0 Max

DK

DL

1)ΔT24(To1KForVVV MaxKMin

24

Values of different coefficientsS.NO SYMBOL VALUE UNIT DISCRIPTION

1 PALMAX 60.00 kW Peak load of System

2 Prated 30.00 kW Rated power for Wind Turbine

3 Vcut-in 3.00 m/s Cut-in speed for Wind Turbine

4 Vrated 7.00 m/s Rated speed for Wind Turbine

5 Vcut-out 20.00 m/s Cut-out speed for Wind Turbine

6 Hhub 20.00 m Hub height for Wind Turbine

7 CWOK 0.30 Rs/kW Operating cost for Wind Turbine

8 CWDK 2.00 Rs/kW Cost for Wind power to Dump load

9 PD-rated 30.00 kW Rated power for Diesel Generator

10 PDMin &

PDMax

0.00 and 30.00

kW Minimum and maximum power from Diesel Generator

11 CDLK 10.00 Rs/kW Operating cost for Diesel Generator

25

Values of different coefficientsS.NO SYMBOL VALUE UNIT DISCRIPTION

12 PB-rated 12.00 kW Rated power for Battery unit

13 ηR & ηI 0.85 & 0.90

- Efficiency of battery unit during charging & discharging mode

14 PBMin &

PBMax

0.00 and 12.00

kW Minimum and maximum power from Battery unit during charging as well as discharging mode

15 CBO 0.40 & 0.40

Rs/kW Operating cost for Battery unit during charging & discharging mode

16 VBCap 30.00 kWh Capacity of Storage

17 VBMin &

VBMax

3.00 & 30.00

kWh Minimum and maximum energy level of Storage

18 VBInitial &

VBFinal

15.00 & 15.00

kWh Initial and final energy level of Storage

19 CAL 11.00 Rs/kWh Tariff for serving system demand

20 Cβ 150.00 Rs. Value of award for Beta

26

Scheduling results of WDBS system

0 5 10 15 20 2505

101520253035404550

Consumer Load Demand

Hour of the Day

Con

sum

er lo

ad D

eman

d (in

kW

)

0 5 10 15 20 2505

101520253035404550Load Served to the Autonomous System

Hour of the Day

Disp

atch

ed L

oad

PALK

(in

kW)

0 5 10 15 20 250

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

Hourly variation of Beta(Load served/Load demand)

Hour of the Day

Val

ue o

f Bet

a

0 5 10 15 20 2505

101520253035404550

Hourly Profile of served and required demand

Demand Profile

Served Demand

Hour of the Day

Pow

er P

rofil

e (in

kW

)

27

Contribution of power from wind, diesel and battery storage

0 5 10 15 20 2505

1015202530

Contribution of Power from Wind

Hour Of the Day

Pow

er f

rom

Win

d to

Loa

d PW

LK

(in k

W)

0 5 10 15 20 2505

101520253035

Contribution of Power from Diesel Generator

Hour of the Day

Pow

er fr

om D

G se

t to

Loa

d PD

LK

(in

kW)

0 5 10 15 20 2502468

1012

Power from Battery Bank to Load

Hour of the Day

Pow

er fr

om B

atte

ry B

ank

to

Load

PB

LK (i

n kW

)

0 5 10 15 20 2505

101520253035

Hourly Profile of All Sources

Contribution from Wind Generator

Contribution from DG set

Contribution from Battery Bank

Hour of the Day

Pow

er P

rofil

e (in

kW

)

28

Distribution of wind power

0 5 10 15 20 250

5

10

15

20

25

30

Wind Power distribution for Load Demand & Battery Charging

Wind Power Fed to the Load

Wind Power Fed to the Battery Bank

Hour of the Day

Win

d Po

wer

to L

oad

& B

atte

ry B

ank(

in k

W)

29

Battery charging & discharging power

0 5 10 15 20 250

2

4

6

8

10

12

Hourly Power after Rectification and Inversion process of Battery bank

Hourly Power after Rec-tification Process

Hourly Power after Inversion Process

Hour of the Day

In &

Out

Bat

tery

Pow

er (i

n kW

)

30

Hourly battery energy state

0 5 10 15 20 250

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Hourly Battery Energy State

Hour of the Day

Bat

tery

Ene

rgy

Stat

e V

K (i

n kA

h)

31

Beta with & without DG set and battery bank

0 5 10 15 20 250

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

Hourly Variation of Beta with & without DG Set and Battery Bank

Hourly Variation of Beta with DG Set & Battery Bank

Hourly Variation of Beta without DG Set & Battery Bank

Hour of the Day

Val

ue o

f the

Bet

a(Se

rved

dem

and/

Req

uire

d de

man

d)

32

• Display of generation cost to consumer

• Power system status display to consumer

• Spot pricing based on power system status

• Alarm activation during high cost of generation period

• Application of intelligent electronic devices in hybrid system

• Automatic heavy load rejection during high cost of generation period

Smart utilization of energy

33

Circuit diagram for smart utilization of energy

34

The power from wind-diesel and battery storage is simulated by power available from 1-Ф, 230V, 3 pin socket.

Four feeders are sectionalized using tie switches. Overall load current is sensed with the help of voltage developed across the standard resistance. An isolation Transformer is used to isolate the HV and LV circuit. The voltage signal is divided into four parts for showing four power system states After rectification and averaging process, signal is given to the AT Mega 32 microcontroller. The necessary biasing voltage is obtained with the help of Transformer, Diode Bridge, IC LM

7912, IC LM 7805, BS 170, capacitor, and resistor. IC LM 7912 provide positive VCC (+12V) while LM 7805 provide negative VCC (-12V). Four resistances, each of 330 Ω, is inserted between four different colours LEDs and

microcontroller which limits the LEDs current. For changing LCD back light intensity 10 Mega Ω variable resistance is connected between

display and controller. 0.01 μF capacitor is connected in port A of the controller to provide stable reference voltage. After 230/15 V transformer and diode bridge, two capacitors having capacitance of 4700 μF

each is connected which provide stabilized DC voltage to IC 7912 and 7812. After IC, two capacitors are inserted to obtain stabilized +VCC and –VCC which is fed to the

controller.

Circuit description

35

S.NO Component Purpose Cost(Rs.)1 230/12V Transformer As a Battery and supply power to controller 502 12/12V Transformer Isolation from HV & LV circuit 1003 Ordinary diode Full bridge used for rectification 104 Standard resister Limiting Current 505 Reset switch & 2 Way tie switch Reset & load management 1206 MOSFET Controlled Switch 507 16×2 Display Display 1408 AT Mega 32 Controller Providing Control instruction 2509 AVR High speed USB programmer Program Development 70010 Electrical Load, cable and holder Demand, connections 30011 Load Shedding Alarm Remote alarm 10012 IC-7912, 7805 and BS 170 Biasing voltage(+VCC & -VCC) 7513 741 OPAMP Voltage follower provide high impedance 1014 Capacitor Stabilizing reference & DC Voltage 5015 LED Indication 1016 Zener Diode Voltage Clipping 1017 Relay Load control of High power appliances 25

Major components name, purpose and cost

36

Functional Diagram for display of LED, Alarm and Relay operation

START

Initialize the LCD Unit

Initialize the ADC

Read the Digital Value of the Signal

Check

PS St

atus

Is Voltage < 1.25 V?

Is PS Status is E or P?

Check Voltage Level

Is Voltage < 2.5 V?

Is Voltage < 3.75 V?

Display PS Status :E

Rs. 12: Cost Highest

Display PS Status :N

Rs. 9 : Cost Normal

Display PS Status :S

Rs. 8: Cost Least

Display PS Status :P

Rs. 11 : Cost High

YES

NO

YES

NO

YES

NO

Actuate Alarm Circuitry

YES

Relay Supply OFF

NO

STOP

STOP

37

Developed model

1. Four feeder and each sectionalized into two parts

2. Four set of sectionalizing switch

3. Four power system state (E,S,N,P)

4. Different tariff rates in different power system state

5. Tariff display panel

6. System status sensor

7. Controller , relay and alarm

38

Different States of Power System and Corresponding Load

Emergency State Saving State

Normal StatePeak State

39

Various connections and system state sensor

Connection between controller, Relay and display Connection between power and control circuit

Tie switch and Current sensor

40

• During Emergency(E) state, load considered is less than 40%• During Saving(S) state, load is less than 55%• During Normal(N) state, load is less than 88%• During Peak(P) state, load is equal to installed capacity of the plant

Results

Details of controlling actionsVoltage(V) PS Status Unit Cost Alarm State Relay State LED glows

V<1.25V E 12 ON ON Red

[1.25V,2.5V) S 8 OFF OFF Green

[2.5V,3.75V) N 9 OFF OFF White

[3.75V,5V) P 11 ON ON Yellow

41

Cost analysis• Per house hold maximum connected load= 400W (2×100W bulb+2×60W fan+80W Auxiliaries)• Let us assume, 50 percentage of house hold load (200W) is kept off for one hour in a day due to

awareness of the grid status. • Total amount of energy saved during whole year considering electricity is available to the consumer

throughout the year is 0.200 kW ×365 days = 73 units. • Cost of one unit energy through WDBS system =Rs. 9.00 • Hence annual cost of energy saving comes to be Rs. 9×73U = Rs 657.00

Equipment Name Cost of Equipment Cost of saved energy Saving in Rs.Controller 250

Rs 657 Rs 657- 645=Rs. 12

Display 140Wireless Alarm 100LED & Zener Diode 10Relay 25MOSFET and IC 50Capacitor, Resistor 50Connecting Leads 20Total Rs. 645

42

Advantages of implementation of model

• Peak demand reduced

• A proper load management

• Saving in consumer tariff bill

• Improvement in reliability of supply

• Effective utilization of energy

• Improvement in diversity factor

• Consumer will be more aware of generation cost and cost sensitive

43

Conclusions and future scope of the work• Combination of Smart generation, smart distribution, smart utilization and energy

management in an autonomous system Leads to SOGES. • Off grid hybrid generation can be the one of reliable method for electrification of remote

areas where grid extension is not techno-economically feasible.• Profit obtained daily Rs. 7913.50• Wind is supplying the load unless it is not available, for low wind availability period DG

and battery is supplying the load and Excess wind energy is used to charge the battery bank

• Sectionalization of feeder based on priority & battery storage meet out peak demand,• Demand and generation side management can be effectively implemented in OGES

Reliability of the supply improved,• A high diversity factor can be achieved that can reduce system installation capacity• Consumer will be aware of system stateFuture scope of the work:• Design of Load controller to perform load scheduling process of WDBS System • Minimization of GHG Emissions From DG set• Replacement of Diesel generator with other RES• Advanced Meter Reading and Prepaid billing System• System Status and Spot price Messaging System• Facilitation and implementation of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) in Off Grid

Energy System

44

Various standards for designing smart grid energy system and list of companies

S.NO Standards Application1 IEC 61850[23] Communication for PS automation, Communication for monitoring & control

of DER, SCADA, hydro power and harmonization issues.2 IEC 61968[24] Common distribution power system model (CDPSM), messaging & interface.3 IEC 61970[25] Common information model (CIM) and generic interface definition (GID)4 IEC 62325[26] CIM for energy markets5 IEC 62351[27] Communication security, protection, control, and process bus messaging.

Companies NameEchelon Elster Comverge GE Itron

Aclara Grid Net Landis Gyr Sensus ABB

Grid Point OSI soft SEL G AREVA

Enernoc Trilliant O current System Microsoft

Tendril ORACLE CISCO IBM

Siemens SPRING Eka systems Avantha

Silver Spring Cooper Power Smart Synch Google

45

List of publications

1. Farman Md., Khatod D. K., Kumar A., “Design of Smart Off-Grid Energy

System,”International Conference on Deregulated Environment and Energy Market,

(DEEM 2011), Chitkara University Panjab, India, July 22-23, 2011 (Accepted).

2. Farman Md., Khatod D. K., Kumar A., “Off grid Generation Scheduling with Wind-

Diesel and Battery Storage System, “International Conference on Emerging Green

Technologies (ICEGT-2011), Periyar Maniammai University Vallam, Tamilnadu,

India, July 27-30, 2011(Accepted).

46

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47

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References continued

48

17. Bala S, Venkataramanan G, “Autonomous power electronic interfaces between micro grids,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition, Sept 2009, pp. 3006-3011.

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