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Smart Cities: The Opportunity

• Over 50% of India of 2030 is not yet built

• Massive urbanization, over 590 million people will live in cities by 2030

• Improve quality of life

• Improve productivity of people

• Improve public safety & security, disaster management

• Reduce wastage and improve resource consumption efficiency

2

Source: McKinsey report on India

25 different campuses across 10 different cities3

4

5

6

7

Key attributes of smart Campuses/ Future cities8

Unreasonable goalsStrong

leadership4 X

improvement

Design Disruptive technologyInter-

connected

Operations Data driven Analytics

Behavior Awareness & education

Changes in consumption

patterns

ReportingAnnual

reportingWhite papers

Integrated design process

HVAC Goal Lighting Goal Water Goal

Max envelope heat gain - 30 W/m2

ETTV

Total building @ 750 to 1000 sqft/TR

25 deg C, 55% RH

Lighting power density of 0.48 W/sqft

90% of building to be day lit > 150 lux

No glare throughout the year

Architects

Facade Specialists

IT Specialists

HVAC Engineers

Lighting Specialists

Architects

Facade Specialists

Lighting Specialists

Electrical Designers

PHE Engineers

Architects

Landscape Architects

Less than 25 Liters/day for

office building (fresh+recycled)

Zero discharge

100% self sufficient

TEAM

GOAL

EPI: Energy Performance Index ETTV : Envelope thermal transfer value

9

Integrated team (Green initiatives team )

Set up in 2008

Team of passionate individuals

Specialists in respective field

Lighting, HVAC, BMS, lighting, water,

waste, architecture, etc.

Collective expertise – internal & external

Practice frugal engineering

Question every assumption

Validation through M&V

Green team

HVAC

Architects

Water Mgmt.

Waste Mgmt.

Automation

Lighting

Smart by design - What is possible? Standard Vs. efficient design

11

Performance metric Standard design* Efficient design*% Reduction

1Building energy consumption

250 kWh/m2/year 75 kWh/m2/year 70%

2 Lighting design 1.2 W/sqft 0.48 W/sqft 60%

3Air-conditioning design (Reduction in heat load)

300 sqft per TR 750 sqft per TR 60%

4Total building electrical design**

8 W/sqft 3.5 W/sqft 56%

* Average for commercial office buildings (incl. lights, AC, computers, miscellaneous)

** Total electrical load for commercial office buildings including chiller plant

11

Sl.No.

System Description Units Standard design

Efficient design

Cost savings in Billion COP

Cost savings in COP/sqft

01 Total electrical demandMega Watt

(MW)8 3.5 - -

02Total cost of Transformer, DG, HVAC and electrical system

COP38 billion

Peso27 billion peso 11 billion Peso

11,000 peso/Sqft

03Annual energy consumption (@ INR 6 /kWh)

COP6.3 billion

COP/annum2 billion

cop/annum4.3 billion

COP/annum

4300 COP/Sqft/annum

Electrical infrastructure required for one million sqft building in smart city

12

Benefit of efficient design on capital and operating cost

Link FAR to building performance

Impact of efficient design at Infosys - Growth from 2008 to 2015

Increase in no.

of employees

in India

120%

13%

Absolute

Increase in

energy

900 Million kWh avoided0.75 Million Tons of CO2 emissions avoided300 Billion COP spend on electricity avoided

225

289309

342

392

437449

259249

265 268 262 254

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14

BAU Vs Actual energy consumption

BAU

Actual

44%

Mill

ion k

Wh

13

Leapfrogging Colombia to the best in class

Design target Units Existing (US) Better Best Infosys

Delivered energy performance index (EPI)

kWh/m2/y 280 125-190

Design Strategies

15

HVAC Optimization

Reduce Heat Gain

Energy simulation

Efficient heat transfer

mechanism

Efficient system

Equipment configuration

Efficient equipment

Control strategy

Continuous monitoring

16

4X optimization strategy

Use of simulations and software for designs17

Daylight analysis Shading and glare analysis Building envelope analysis

N-S oriented. Building floor plate : 16m Master plan analysis

Envelope thermal transfer value < 30 W/m2

External heat gain in building to less than 30 W/m2

- Wall insulation with R value of 15

- Roof insulation with R value of 16

• Window-wall ratio < 30%

– Low SHGC of 0.2 with low e glass. Double glazed unit with

argon gas to achieve R value of 5.5

– Glazing completely shaded

18

35 0C 25 0C

Heat ingress through standard wall

35 0C 25 0C

Heat ingress through Double brick wall with insulation

5 times more efficient

2.0 W/m2 deg K

0.40 W/m2 deg K

Outdoor

Outdoor

Indoor

Indoor

18

High performanceHigh tech

Result : Multiple benefits from single expenditure

Lesser heat load

Smaller Chillers Smaller PumpsSmaller Cooling

towers

Smaller Plant room building

Smaller PipesLesser Pipe insulation

Smaller AHUs, HRWs, Valves,

accessories

Smaller transformers

Smaller back-up DG sets

Smaller cables‘4x’ better

efficiency at no additional cost

Have you experienced comfort without AC?

FORTS

TUNNELS

CAVES

PALACES

DESERT HOMES Cave Dwellings

Efficient heat transfer mode and medium

Heat capacity of two bags of air

=

Heat capacity of this cup of water

Water has 3400 times higher heat carrying

capacity than air for the same volumePumping cost is 7.5 times lower with

water as a medium of heat transfer

Pumping Air Vs. Water for

same cooling capacity

Air

Water

22

Infosys case study - Radiant cooling

• 75% more efficient than standard air-conditioning system

• Requires 80% less air compared to conventional system

• Higher thermal comfort on account of better mean radiant

temperature

• Highest indoor air quality. Requires less space compared to

conventional system Radiant slab

AIR-CONDITIONING RADIANT COOLING100

3525

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Standard Air-conditioning

Efficient Air-conditioning

Radiant cooling

Cooling energy consumption (kWh/m2/year)

23

Rad-Fin Panels (patent Pending)

24

Box Profile S Profile

Z ProfileSide view Profile

Lighting Optimization

Passive design

Day lighting and energy simulation

Day lighting

strategies

Artificial lighting

simulation

Efficient fixtures

Efficient light

source

Controls

25

Lighting system

3X optimization strategy 25

Building shape and orientation

Passive design: Right orientation - Restricted building span to 18 m

Window-wall ratio < 30%

Infosys : 90% of occupied space should be naturally lit

Glare free design without blinds

Light shelves for deeper penetration of day light

Daylight panel

Vision panel

27

Day lighting and Glare control – Glass and shading

Day light pane

View pane

External shading

Smart glazing

Interior light shelf

29

SDB-7,

Infosys Mysore

campus

Day lighting – shading strategy implementation

30

Day lighting – shading strategy implementation

SDB-4 & 5,

Infosys Hyderabad campus

31

SDB-6,

Infosys Mysore

campus

Day lighting – shading strategy implementation

West façade

with no windows

I Innovation-xImpact of day lightingImproves,Employee health Employee productivityAddresses Vitamin D deficiency

Artificial lighting strategy

Artificial lighting

strategies

Lighting simulation

Volumetric lighting

Efficient light

sources

Controls (LMS)

Energy harvesting switches

Goal : LPD less than 0.45 W/sqft.

Artificial Lighting system and controls

2X reduction in the installed lighting load ~3X reduction in lighting energy consumption

1,2

0,68

0,5 0,45

0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1

1,2

1,4

Average 2007levels

SDB-5 MYS SDB-1 TVM SDB-1 HYD

W/s

qft

Installed Lighting Power (W/sqft)

0,45

0,17

0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1

1,2

1,4

Average 2007 levels SDB-1 HYD

W/s

qft

Operating Lighting power (W/sqft)

Smart Operations

35

Command center at Infosys Bangalore to monitor, manage and optimize resources usage

Central command center36

Provides data to optimize future building designs

• Standard building designed at 8 W/sqft

• Efficient building designed at 3.5 W/sqft

• Efficient building operating at less than 2.5 W/sqft

37

Data driven building operations

• Energy saving algorithms optimize

operation

• Continuous measurement and

verification

• Improves indoor air quality,

employee comfort and productivity

• 15% reduction in energy as

compared to standard buildings

Example of demand controlled ventilation.Building only uses as much fresh air as required based on CO2 sensing

38

Smart energy metering and benchmarking

• All buildings use smart energy meters and Sub Metering

• Smart meters communicate on internet and send out data continuously

• Capability to communicate allows them to be compared on common platform

• Collected data from buildings in a city can be used to benchmark building’s EPI

against standards. E.g. Office building EPI in Delhi not to exceed 100

kWh/m2/year

• Sub-metering to monitor consumption of sub-systems. E.g. Air-conditioning

systems, lighting, computers, etc.

39

Renewable energy and smart grids in smart campuses (cities)

4040

Renewable energy < Cost of Grid

41

Infosys Hyderabad – 392 kWp car port solar PV on top of parking building

Cars to be parked

below the solar panels

42

Water Sustainability43

Ajit Ninan

(Source: The Times Of India Group) © BCCL

Water Positive strategies

• 100% Water sequestration

• Zero Discharge campus

• Low flow fixtures

• Gravity based systems

• 100% recycling

– Flushing

– Air conditioning

– Gardening

44

Goal : 50% reduction in per capita water consumption

• Low flow fixtures

• Dual flush system

• Waterless urinals

• Flow restrictors and aerators

• Pressure reducing valves at building entry

• Replacement of lawns with low water

consuming native plantation

• Root zone irrigation

• Education and awareness campaigns

Aerators

Per capita fresh water requirement for commercial buildings not to exceed 15 liters per day

Dual flush system

45

Goal : 100% of the water to be recycled and reused

• Practice zero liquid discharge policy

• 100% of waste water is recycled through

in-campus STPs with ultrafiltration/

Membrane bio-reactor (MBR) treatments

• Recycled water is used for irrigation,

flushing and air-conditioning systems

• All buildings have dual piping systems

for fresh water and recycled water

Sewage treatment plant with MBR

technology

46

Goal : Zero discharge campus for rain water

• Roof top water is collected locally and sent to water treatment plants or sequestered in the

ground via bore wells

• Ground water is collected in ponds

• Goal is to sequester more fresh water than we consume

Roof top rain water harvesting Ground water recharge Artificial rain water harvesting pond

47

Infosys case study - Impact of water efficiency initiatives

34% reduction

in 6 years

3,28 3,3 3,323,07

2,47

2,17 2,15

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

3

3,5

4

2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14

Avg

. mo

nth

ly c

on

sum

pti

on

(k

L/m

on

th)

Per capita water consumption

4848

Recharging the shallow aquifer

Bio Diversity: Reviving the ecological cycles

Smart water metering and benchmarking

• All types of buildings and homes to use smart water meters

• Smart water meters can communicate on internet and send out data continuously

• Automated water balance to identify unaccounted water. (leakage, theft, measurement error)

• Collected data from buildings in a city is used to benchmark building’s water performance

index (WPI) against standards. E.g. (Office building WPI in Delhi not to exceed 25

liters/person/day)

• Provide all water consumption data on the cloud and allow users to compare their

consumption with others and with benchmark numbers

• Sub-metering to allow comparison of sub-systems. E.g. Water for domestic use, recycled

water, water for air-conditioning systems

51

Waste management in smart campus (cities)

5252

Aim towards Zero Waste to Landfills

• Organic waste : All organic waste generated, to be treated on campus (No organic waste

to go out of campus)

• Inorganic waste : All non-hazardous dry waste to be handled by authorized recyclers to

ensure zero disposal to landfills

• Hazardous waste : All hazardous waste to be handled by authorized vendors only

53

Biogas Plant for food waste PET to Polyester CFL Crusher

8 PET bottles produce 1 t-shirt1 ton food waste produces INR 6400 worth LPG Separates mercury, plastic & glass

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