Wednesday, December 30, 2009

Smoke Control Part 1: Pressurization Systems In Building Escape Route Escape Route accommodation area Positive Pressure Escape Route Fresh Air Pressurization Systems In Building Protected Escape Routes Staircases,Lobbies Corridors

Post I. Introduction to Smoke Control ( - )

II. Pressurization: Basics ConceptsIII. Design Calculations

Fire Protection : Introduction [ http://chawlwin.blogspot.com/2008/10/fire01introduction.html ]

I. Introduction to Smoke Control ( - ) 21% Oxygen Level Toxic Contaminants Level Nervous System, Cardiac, respiratory systems, genetic systemsand reproductive systems Escape Routes Stairwells () Lobbies Escape Routes Occupants ( ) ( ) mass evacuation Stack Effect, buoyancy, expansion, wind HVAC system Temperature & Pressure Differences Stack Effect (Relatively Less Dense) Buoyancy Forces Stairwell Elevator Shafts / Refuse Chute Energy Forces of Expansion Faade Glass HVAC Systems HVAC Design Fire Smoke Control Fire Compartments Ductworks FireDampers AHU (Air Handling Units) Return Smoke Detector Smoke Suppression System Active Fire Protection Smoke Control

i. Smoke Ventingii. Pressurization

Smoke Venting: Space Occupied Spaces Sprinkler Sprinkler Smoke Control System venting () Dilution Space Performance Base Engineered Smoke Control CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamic), Egress Simulation Computer Simulation

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Escape Routes PressurizationSystems Post Pressurization Systems Pressurization Systems Code & Regulations

i. - Natural Ventilationii. - Mechanical Ventilationiii. - Pressurization

Staircase Ventilation External Staircase Louver Area NaturalVentilation Internal Staircase Basement Staircase Mechanical Ventilation ()Basement Internal Staircase Pressurization Systems

II. Pressurization: Basics ConceptsPressure Requirements

1. (To prevent smoke egress) 2.

Minimum Pressure Requirements Maximum Pressure Requirements Minimum Pressure Pressure Air Flowrate ()

i. Air Leakage through Closed Doors ( Gap )ii. Leakage Through Open Doors ( )iii. Air Leakage through Shafts

Door Opening Forces Pressurization Force Door Closer Forces Pressurization

i. Pressure Differentialii. Door Size and Latch Locationiii. Door Opening Directioniv. Door Closer Force

a. Types of Doors

Types of Doors Door Leaf( ) Door Opening Direction

i. Single leaf: opening into a pressurised spaceii. Single leaf: opening outwards from a pressurised spaceiii. Double leaf: opening into pressurised spaceiv. Double leaf: opening outwards from pressurised space

Fire Rated Doors Code 800mm Width x 2,000mm HeightSingle Leaf Door

SCDF Code

Single Leaf

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Double Leaf

IBC (International Building Code) Application (Occupancies Groups) Fire Lift Lobby Lift Landing Door

b. Door Opening DirectionDoor Opening Direction Leakage Door Opening Forces Occupied Floor opening into pressurisedspace ( ) Pressurized Against Pressurized Force Door Opening Force Ground Floor opening outwards from pressurised space Ground Floor openingoutwards from pressurised space Pressurization System

1. Prevent smoke egress ( ) i. Air Leakage through Closed Doors ( Gap )

Pressure Difference Singapore / Malaysia Pressure Difference 50 Pa IBC Fully Sprinklered buildings Pressure Difference 0.05-inch water gage (12.4Pa) Door Leakage Door Gap Average 3mm (1/8 inch) Direction Pressurised Space opening into a pressurised space Leakage Area ( ) Reference

Type Of Door

Door Size CrackLength

(m)

Leakage Area(m)

Leakageat 50Pa(cmh)

Height (mm)

Width(mm)

Single leaf opening into apressurised space

2 0.8 5.6 0.01 210

Single leaf opening outwards from apressurised space

2 0.8 5.6 0.02 420

Double leaf opening into pressurisedspace

2 1.6 9.2 0.03 630

Lift Landing Door 2 2 8 0.06 1,260

Leakage Air Flow (cmh) PressureDifferential = 50 Pa Leakage Air Flow Basic Fluid Dynamic Equation Q = CA (2gh) [ g x h= p/ ] Q = CA (2 p/ )Where;

Q = volumetric airflow rate

C = flow coefficient

A = flow area (leakage area)

p = pressure difference across flow path

= density of air entering flow path

Q A p Flow Coefcient C 0.6 0.7 S.I Unit: = 1.2 kg/m and C = 0.65, [ Q (m/s); A (m); p (Pa) ]Q = 0.839 A pIP Unit: = 0.075 lbm/ft and C =0.65, [ Q (cfm); A (ft); p (in. of water) ]Q = 2610 A p

Undercut Undercut Area Leakage Simple Lobby (Smoke Stop Lobby) (2 doors in series) Leakage (similarto Air-Lock in Industrial Buildings) Ventilation System Code ( Malaysia - Simple Lobby no need to ventilate during re mode;Singapore Mechanically Ventilated Smoke Stop Lobby 10 air changes /hour duringre mode.) Pressurized Staircase Naturalventilation Mechanically Ventilated

ii. Leakage Through Open Doors ( )Fire Emergency Zone by Zone Evacuation GuidedAssumption Code 2 x open doors Malaysia UBBL minimum 2 x open doors but not less than10% of doors quantity (i.e. 21 floors -> 3 doors ) ( The flow velocity shall be attained when a combinationof two doors from any two successive storeys and the main discharge door are fullyopen. ) Egress Velocity 1 m/s ( )

iii. Air Leakage through Shafts20% to 35%

iv. Stack EffectsTo be considered where;

Extreme difference in Outdoor vs Indoor (such as New York - when too cold outside, or Dubai -When too hot outside)

Building is too Tall2. Door Opening Forces ( )

Static Equation M = 0 [ M = moments = force x arm length ] (F - Fdc) x (W-d) = (A x p ) x ( W/2)F = Fdc + (W x A x p ) / { 2 x (W-d) }Where;

i. F = total door-opening forceii. Fdc = force to overcome door closer

iii. W = door widthiv. A= door areav. p= pressure difference across door

vi. d = distance from doorknob to edge of knob side of doorS.I Unit: [F (N); Fdc (N); W (m); A(m); p (Pa); d (m) ]F = Fdc + (W x A x p ) / { 2 x (W-d) }IP Unit: [ F (lbf); Fdc (lbf); W (ft); A(ft); p (in. of water); d (ft) ]

F = Fdc + ( 5.2 x W x A x p ) / { 2 x (W-d) }

IBC NFPA 101 The forces are applied to the latch side. ( )

i. 15-pound (67 N) force is applied = Door latches, including panic hardware must release,then

ii. 30-pound (133 N) force is applied = The door must begin to swing, theniii. 15-pound (67 N) force is applied = The door must swing to a full-open position

http://www.usfa.dhs.gov/downloads/pdf/coffee-break/cb-2006-26.pdf SCDF Code 110 N [ W = 0.85m, H = 2m,A=WxH, p=50 Pa, d=75mm (0.075mm) ]

3. Control of PressureLeakage through gaps Through Open Doors Design Calculation SafetySide Capacity Fan Capacity Pressure Built-up IBC Door Force : 133 N (30 lbf) Pressure 0.25in.wg (62 Pa) Max Door Opening Force -110N 50 Pa

i. Variable Frequency Driveii. Relief Dampers (Barometric Dampers)iii. Fan Air Flow By-Passiv. Fan Blade / Adjustable Guide Vanes

The effect of Fan over-sizing VSD has its limits too.

4. Control of System OperationActivate Automatically in the Events of Fire Signal (upon Fire Alarm / Sprinkler SystemActivation)Must be Powered by Emergency Power Supply Systems

III. Design CalculationsPressurization Systems

i. Staircase (Stairwell) Pressurizationii. Fire Lift Lobby Pressurizationiii. Pressurization of Escape Route (including Corridors)

1. Required Air Flowrate

i. List Door Types and Leakageii. Calculate Air Leakage through Closed Doors (A)iii. Estimate Air Flow through Opened Doors (B)iv. Fan Capacity = A + B + allowance for other leakages (shafts, wall, etc.) [e.g. 1.35 x (A+B)]

2. Required Fan PressureRequired Pressure = Minimum Pressure Required + Friction Losses

3. Sample Design Calculations Excel Spread Sheet Media Fire M'sia FireStair Pressurization Sample.xls

4. Duct SizingDuct Size Flow Velocity = (Flowrate / Free Area) < 10 m/s Space Constraints 14 m/s 14m/s Velocity Pressure Loss Fan Capacity ( Free Area Architect Free Area Masonary Shaft Sheet Metal Duct Shaft Size Free Area )

5. Pressure Balancing

Pressure Multiple Injection Fan

6. Pressurization Systems Calculations Fire ProtectionSpecialist Engineer Fire Protection Specialist Engineer Consultant

IV. Smoke Control Procedure Check List

1. Is it required? Check Code & Regulations2. Smoke Compartments / Zones and Location of and Smoke Curtains, Fire Shutters, etc.3. What is Occupancy? > What is Fire Size? (Heat Capacity)4. Is it Engineered Smoke Control (or) Prescribed Smoke Control? If Engineered Smoke Control,

Computational Fluid Dynamics Comes in 5. Capacity Calculation: Air Changes Method (or) Smoke Capacity Method6. Calculate Smoke Capacity (Check if the zone is protected by sprinkler system, if protected

building Heat Capacity could be limited at Lower value)7. Determine Smoke Vent, Fresh Air Makeup and Fan Capacity Based on the calculated smoke

Capacity8. Air Distribution (Ducting, Fresh air Diffusers, Exhaust Air Grills, Fans, Ductless Fans, etc.)

References:1. ASHRAE Handbook: HVAC Applications, : " Chapter 52: Fire and Smoke Management ", 2007

2. International Code Council (ICC) : Codesi. International Mechanical Code : " Chapter 5, Sec 513: Smoke Control Systems", 2003ii. International Building Code : "Section 909: Smoke Control Systems; Section 1008: Doors, Gates And

Turnstiles", 2003

3. Singapor Standard : Code of Practicesi. CP 13 : "Code of practice for mechanical ventilation and air-conditioning in buildings", 1999 [Revised

As SS 553 : 2009]ii. Fire Code 2007 Master, : " CHAPTER 7: Mechanical Ventilation and Smoke Control Systems ", 2007

4. Malaysia Regulationsi. Uniform Building Bylawii. Guide on Fire Protection Systems in Buildings (Red Book )

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Web-Links:1. Singapore Civil Defence Force ( )

i. Publication Website : Singapore Civil Defence Force [ http://www.scdf.gov.sg/Building_Professionals/Publications/index.html ]

ii. SCDF (Singapore Civil Defence Force): Fire Code 2007 Master Version [ http://www.scdf.gov.sg/Building_Professionals/Publications/fire_code_2007master_version.html ]

iii. SCDF: Fire Code 2002 Handbooks [ http://www.scdf.gov.sg/Building_Professionals/Publications/fire_code_2002handbooks.html ]

2. M'sia Fire Stair Pressurization Sample.xls[ http://www.mediafire.com/file/tymyymh5hzf/M'sia Fire Stair Pressurization Sample.xls ]

3. Fire Protection : Introduction [ http://chawlwin.blogspot.com/2008/10/fire01introduction.html ]

4. U.S. Fire Administration Coffee Break Training : Door Opening Forces [ http://www.usfa.dhs.gov/downloads/pdf/coffee-break/cb-2006-26.pdf ]

Posted by Ko Chaw - at 6:30 PM

Labels: Fire Protection, HVAC

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