Soci111 – Human SocietiesModule 13 – Industrial Revolution

François Nielsen

University of North CarolinaChapel Hill

October 23, 2014

Outline

Main Themes

Long Term Causes of the Industrial Revolution

Phase I of IR (1750–1850)

Phase II (1850–1900)

Phase III (1900 to World War II)

Phase IV (World War II to Present)

Industrial Societies Today

Main Themes

I long term causes of the Industrial Revolution (IR), i.e.why did IR took place when and where it did?

I four phases of the IR from 1750 to today

I how development of distillation technology in Franceillustrates several features of the IR

I how to measure level of industrialization and identifyindustrial societies today

Industrial RevolutionLong Term Causes of Industrial Revolution

I Industrial Revolution (IR) began about 1750 in England

I principal cause of IR is store of technologicalinformation accumulated in latter part of agrarian era,particularly in two areas

1. advances in navigation & shipbuilding2. printing press & metal mobile type (lead, tin, antimony)

by Johann Gutenberg, Germany 1445 (clay mobile typeinvented by Bi Sheng, China 1041–1048 AD)

I technological advances lead to IR through long chain ofcauses & consequences e.g.

I discovery of New World → more gold & silver → inflation→ rise of entrepreneurs. . .

I spread of knowledge → success of ProtestantReformation. . .

Industrial RevolutionLong Term Causes of Industrial Revolution – Model of IR

Industrial RevolutionLong Term Causes of Industrial Revolution – Advance in Shipbuilding

Industrial RevolutionLong Term Causes of Industrial Revolution – Printing Press

I early depiction ofprinting press

I origin of uppercase &lowercase?

I skeletons reflectfatalism &preoccupation withdeath typical of MiddleAges

I e.g. Name of the Roseby Umberto Ecco(movie with SeanConnery)

Industrial RevolutionLong Term Causes of Industrial Revolution – Precious Metals & Inflation

Industrial RevolutionLong Term Causes of Industrial Revolution – Protestant Ethic

I German sociologist Max Weber suggests in ProtestantEthic and the Spirit of Capitalism that the ethic ofascetic (Calvinist) Protestantism directly facilitated theIR

I Weber’s thesis controversial becauseI regions first industrialized after England (Belgium,

northern & eastern France, western Germany) arelargely Catholic

I causality may be the other way around, i.e. technicalprogress that led to IR also favored spread of rationalism& success of the Protestant Reformation

Industrial RevolutionLong Term Causes of Industrial Revolution – Review Questions

I Q – Why was the discovery of the New World importantin preparing the way for the IR?

I Q – What was the single most important cause of the IR?

I Q – The IR began about what date?

I Q – What did Max Weber say about the relationshipbetween the Protestant Reformation and the IR?

Industrial RevolutionPhase I (1750–1850) – Putting Out or Cottage Industry System

Industrial RevolutionPhase I (1750–1850) – Emergence of Factories

The IR begins in textile industry:

I innovation in spinning (e.g. Spinning Jenny) →innovation in weaving (e.g. flying shuttle), andvice-versa (positive feedback)

I → machines become heavier

I → extra power needed

I → use of watermill, then steam engine

I → need to concentrate production near power source +machines too expensive to be owned by workers

I → emergence of factory system (eventually replacesputting out system)

I → profound social transformations. . . (next slide)

Industrial RevolutionPhase I (1750–1850) – Immediate Consequences of IR

Emergence and growth of the factory system entailed:

I → urban influx

I → crowding

I → social problems on unprecedented scale

I → industrial pollution

I → young children put to work in factories . . .

It is probable that in the early stages of IR living conditionsdeteriorated for large parts of population (although this iscontroversial among historians).

Industrial RevolutionPhase I (1750–1850) – Work by Children in NC Textile Mill

Industrial RevolutionPhase I (1750–1850) – English Industrial Town

Industrial RevolutionPhase I (1750–1850) – History of Distillation in French Book on IndustrialTechnology

I The next series of slidescomes from the bookMarvels of Industry byLouis Figuier published1873–1876 (4 volumes)

I The title illustrates thepositivist attitude towardindustrial progress

I The history of distillationtechnology illustratesseveral typical features ofPhase I of IR

Industrial RevolutionPhase I (1750–1850) – Evolution of Distillation: Middle Ages Still

Industrial RevolutionPhase I (1750–1850) – Evolution of Distillation: Early Wine Still (Check Condenser

Industrial RevolutionPhase I (1750–1850) – Evolution of Distillation: Chaptal Standard Still

Industrial RevolutionPhase I (1750–1850) – Evolution of Distillation: Logic of Industrial Progress

I In 1780 industrialist Chaptal adopted a standard modelof still for the distillation of wine.

I After 1780 distillation technology evolved in search oftwo major goals.

1. A one-pass process yielding any degree of purity (proof).2. A continuous (rather than batch) process.

I Other minor goals were also achieved.

1. Elimination of “fire-taste” (by the use of overheatedsteam instead of naked fire).

2. Greater fuel economy.3. Improved safety (reduced risk of explosion).

Industrial RevolutionPhase I (1750–1850) – Evolution of Distillation: Woolf Laboratory Device

Industrial RevolutionPhase I (1750–1850) – Evolution of Distillation: Edouard Adams Device, IndustryFollows Science

Industrial RevolutionPhase I (1750–1850) – Evolution of Distillation: Isaac Bérard, Prototypical IR Hero

Industrial RevolutionPhase I (1750–1850) – Evolution of Distillation: Isaac Bérard’s Device

I Bérard’sdevice is aseffective,cheaper andsafer thanAdam’sdevice

I can be justadded asupgrade tostandardChaptal still

Industrial RevolutionPhase I (1750–1850) – Evolution of Distillation: Detail of Bérard Cylinder

Industrial RevolutionPhase I (1750–1850) – Derosne & Cail Device of 1825

I in later technologicaldevelopments Berard’scylinder goes fromhorizontal to vertical

Industrial RevolutionPhase I (1750–1850) – Evolution of Distillation: Details of Distillation Column

Industrial RevolutionPhase I (1750–1850) – Evolution of Distillation: Désiré Savalle Device

I a later model ofdistillation column,evolving into. . .

Industrial RevolutionPhase I (1750–1850) – Evolution of Distillation: Modern Fractionating Column

I The fractionating columnis the basic machine ofthe oil refining industry.

Industrial RevolutionPhase I (1750–1850) – Evolution of Distillation

Evolution of distillation illustrates several features of earlyIR

I growing impact of science on industrial technology (e.g.Woolf device)

I central role of self-taught amateur-inventor businessman(later will shift to trained professionals e.g. engineers &scientists)

I mystique surrounding lone, idealist, hard-workingindustrialist

I impact of industrialization on legal system (developmentof patent laws, e.g. Adams vs. Bérard)

I adaptation of technology from one type of industry toanother (e.g. fractionating column → oil refining)

Industrial RevolutionPhase II (1850–1900)

Industrialization spreads to other industries and othersocieties

I principal industriesI railroadsI rubber (Charles Goodyear discovers vulcanization; What

is vulcanization?)I synthetic (artificial) dyes (derived from aniline)

(especially Germany)

Organizational changes take place

I modern bureaucratic firms (corporations) replacetraditional family-owned firms

I trained professionals (engineers, scientists) replaceself-taught amateurs

Industrial RevolutionPhase III (1900 to World War II)

Principal industries are related to new energy sources

I electricity (Thomas Edison)

I internal combustion engine → automobile industry (firstin Germany and France, later in the United States)

Industrial RevolutionPhase IV (World War II to Present)

Technological progress in many industries accelerated bywar effort

I aviation industry, inI technology (jet engine, radar)I personnel (demobilized pilots)

I plastics

I nuclear

I aluminum

I electronics

I computers

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Societies Today

I today’s technological progress is continuation of the IR

I two common measures of industrialization must beinterpreted with caution

1. Gross Domestic Product per Capita (GDPPC) or GrossNational Income per Capita (GNIPC)

I beware high GNI of oil producing countries

2. Energy Consumption per Capita (in KWH, Kg of coal, orKg of oil equivalent)

I beware effects of climate on energy consumption

I Who are the industrial societies today?

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Societies Today - Gross National Income Per Capita

Table: Gross National Income Per Capita 2003 (Current US $; World = $5,559)

Country GNIPC Country GNIPC Country GNIPC

Luxembourg 46,150 Singapore 21,890 St. Kitts and Nevis 6,980Norway 43,140 Italy 21,630 Hungary 6,430Switzerland 41,900 United Arab Emirates 21,170 Palau 6,420United States 37,780 Kuwait 19,870 Mexico 6,370Japan 33,860 Spain 17,450 Estonia 5,480Denmark 33,620 Israel 16,330 Poland 5,440Iceland 30,430 New Zealand 15,650 Croatia 5,370Sweden 28,950 Cyprus 13,420 Lebanon 5,240United Kingdom 28,220 Greece 13,340 Slovak Republic 4,970Isle of Man 27,770 Bahrain 12,630 Libya 4,620Ireland 27,430 Korea Rep. 12,060 Lithuania 4,590Finland 26,970 Slovenia 12,000 Latvia 4,450Austria 26,920 Portugal 11,870 Chile 4,320Netherlands 26,650 Malta 10,650 Costa Rica 4,120Belgium 25,870 Antigua and Barbuda 9,220 Mauritius 4,080Germany 25,700 Saudi Arabia 8,880 St. Lucia 4,040Hong Kong, China 25,590 Oman 8,130 Malaysia 3,940France 25,220 Trinidad and Tobago 7,770 Panama 3,900Canada 24,560 Seychelles 7,450 Uruguay 3,750Australia 22,090 Czech Republic 7,160 Grenada 3,730

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Societies Today - Energy Consumption Per Capita (Kg Oil Equivalent)

Table: Energy Consumption Per Capita 2003 (Kg Oil Equiv.; World = 1734)

Country ECPC Country ECPC Country ECPC

Qatar 20,726 France 4,519 Italy 3,140Iceland 11,694 Russian Federation 4,424 Israel 3,086Bahrain 10,253 New Zealand 4,333 Ukraine 2,772United Arab Emirates 9,707 Czech Republic 4,324 Greece 2,709Kuwait 9,566 Korea, Rep 4,291 Belarus 2,613Luxembourg 9,472 Germany 4,205 Hungary 2,600Netherlands Antilles 9,210 Austria 4,086 South Africa 2,587Trinidad and Tobago 8,553 Japan 4,053 Lithuania 2,585Canada 8,240 United Kingdom 3,893 Bulgaria 2,494United States 7,843 Denmark 3,853 Portugal 2,469Brunei 7,495 Ireland 3,777 Poland 2,452Finland 7,204 Switzerland 3,689 Hong Kong, China 2,428Sweden 5,754 Turkmenistan 3,662 Malaysia 2,318Belgium 5,701 Estonia 3,631 Malta 2,236Australia 5,668 Slovenia 3,518 Venezuela 2,112Saudi Arabia 5,607 Slovak Republic 3,443 Iran 2,055Singapore 5,359 Kazakhstan 3,342 Uzbekistan 2,023Norway 5,100 Cyprus 3,279 Serbia & Montenegro 1,991Netherlands 4,982 Spain 3,240 Croatia 1,976Oman 4,975 Libya 3,191 Latvia 1,881

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Societies Today - Industrial Societies on World Map: North vs. South

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Societies Today - Industrial Societies on World Map (1995)

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Societies Today - Share of World Product

Industrial RevolutionReview Questions

I Q – “In the early stages of the IR, living conditionsimproved greatly for the vast majority of thepopulation.” (TRUE/FALSE?)

I Q – In the United States, when did machine-basedindustry replace agriculture as the most importantactivity? (1730; 1780; 1800; 1870; 1930)