social software: the building blocks of online communities imke csc2006 kaido kikkas
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Social software: the building blocks of online communities
IMKE CSC2006Kaido Kikkas
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Innovation or another buzzword?
IT 'magic words' through the ages: programming expert system multimedia e- (learning, banking, work etc) new media
Social software? Yes and no
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Hard to define
Roughly overlapping with new media New communication technologies plus their
impact on human interaction and formation of virtual communities
Stowe Boyd: SoSo is the antithesis of groupware: traditional collaborative software approach – project-
based, 'top-down' social software approach – stemming from individual,
spontaneous, 'bottom-up'
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Boyd's criteria
Support for conversational interaction between individuals or groups – incl. chance to determine the pace of interaction by choosing a suitable channel (see previous lecture)
Support for social feedback – E. S. Raymond and CatB: reputation as the basis (whether connected to the real identity or not). Sometimes can have direct financial influence
Support for social networks – reflects existing relationships and builds new ones. 6 degrees!
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Matt Webb: 6 factors
identity: steady <= social capital (reputation) presence: awareness of others; state indicators relationships: friendship => privileges conversations: ct. messaging – cont. vs discrete reputation: objective or tradeable sharing: helping, community building, fame
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Categories of social software
Today's Internet is not only a 'network of network' but a network of very diverse social applications
All the previously seen factors are evident, but the proportions vary a lot
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Mailing lists
Among the oldest, sometimes not counted among social software proper
First attempts soon after 1972 Wider spread after the software arrived:
LISTSERV 1986 Majordomo 1992
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Usenet
Probably one of the least known 1979 UUCP, 1985 NNTP (TCP/IP) - “Usenet is
not Internet” Network of news servers, each hosts a number of
newsgroups An article posted to one server is forwarded to
others A “pull” medium (ct. lists)
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The Great 8
comp.*: computer-related discussions (comp.software, comp.sys.amiga)
misc.*: Miscellaneous topics (misc.education, misc.forsale, misc.kids)
news.*: Discussions and announcements about news (meaning Usenet, not current events) (news.groups, news.admin)
rec.*: Recreation and entertainment (rec.music, rec.arts.movies)
sci.*: Science related discussions (sci.psychology, sci.research)
soc.*: Social discussions (soc.college.org, soc.culture.african)
talk.*: Talk about various controversial topics (talk.religion, talk.politics, talk.origins)
humanities.*: Fine arts, literature, and philosophy (humanities.classics, humanities.design.misc)
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Others
alt.* - informal, more freedom, specific groups alt.binaries.* - various files Regional and language groups Business groups
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Web groups
Similar to the previous ones, but has a Web interface and users can choose the operation mode: purely web-based (like a web forum) like a newsgroup (messages are downloaded) like a mailing list (messages are mailed)
Big players: Yahoo!, Google, MSN
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IRC
Internet Relay Chat , Jarkko Oikarinen 1988 Usenet-like server system, channels, text-based
communication Dynamic and informal (no logins) Was used during many international crises to
forward objective information
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Talkers & chatrooms
Virtual spaces for real-time interaction First one 1984, the golden age were the 90s Layout often imitates reality Three-level conversation Telnet vs clients vs Web interface
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IM
I Seek You => ICQ, 1995 MSN, AIM, Yahoo!, Jabber Multi-protocol messengers:
Trillian GAIM
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Web forums
Simpler than the web groups, but easier to maintain (more control locally) easier to build one's own
Lots of free/open-source packages: phpBB Slash PHP-Nuke ....
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Blogs
Early ones: Tim Berners Lee, Justin Hall “Weblog” 1997 “We blog” 1999 The boom <== aggregation standards (RSS etc) Like IRC, have been used as free-speech tool Photo- and videoblogs
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Podcasting
iPod + broadcasting – actually iPod was not needed
Audio blog or on-demand radio uses RSS to spread the content
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Wiki
wiki <= “quickly”. “Wiki-wiki!” Ward Cunningham 1995 – WikiWikiWeb
everyone can edit editing is simple, no need for HTML
Wikipedia, NuPedia, GNUpedia Wider use Less open now, 'soft security' is not enough
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Social bookmarking, tagging
First link repository: Yahoo! 1994 attempts during the dot-com boom del.icio.us – 1999
bookmarks + tags Tagging is superior to automatic metadata Technorati – blog search + tags Targetted advertising
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Media sharing
Wild times – beginning of the 90s Mad times – end of the 90s New century brought some reason Flickr – photoes; many use CC licenses YouTube – Flash-based videos
community censorship large players start to reconsider their position
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Online games
First MUDs - automatic AD&D 90s New century: MMORPG MUDs are still alive Pictures: ready-made vs DIY?
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Social networking
Personal profiles + something else groups messaging ratings ...
MySpace, Friendster, Orkut... Various problems
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Social shopping
Introduction of many SoSo features to online shops (especially Amazon.com)
Parallel with real life: shopping centres => entertainment facilities
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Social citations
More scientific variant of social bookmarking – exact quotes and references are needed
Connotea, BibSonomy
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Evolutionary computing
aka human-based computation specific parts of a problem are assigned to
different people, solutions are synthesized from answers
Google Answers, Yahoo! Answers, 3form.com
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Virtual or real? Or both?
Clay Shirky's experiment: Real-life meeting online chat between people in the same room
Two-tier communication Ct. EUDORA LEARN IP 2006 Haapsalu Sometimes gives good results
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Conclusions
SoSo is a crucial component in widening the influence of IT
Like all IT, changes rapidly Sometimes mixing real and virtual pays off