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Social support mediates the relationship between extraversion and body mass index in later life

Dr Joanna McHugh

Professor Brian Lawlor Sept 2013

© TRIL Centre 2011, all rights reserved

Personality and the Lifespan

• Change is the only constant in early adulthood1

• Consistent after 302?

TRIL Overview: PAGE 2

1. McCrae & Costa (1990).

2. Terracciano, Costa & McCrae (2006).


Extraversion/Introversion

• Eysenck’s extraversion-stability model3: • personality understood in terms of 2

basic dimensions;


Extraversion Neuroticism

3. Eysenck & Eysenck (1991).


Extraversion & Health?

• Extraversion & Weight • More extraverted individuals

heavier4,5,6,7,8? • Only an association for

women?9,10,5. • Extraversion & Alcohol

• More extraverted individuals drink more11,12,13,14,15

• Perhaps extraversion = disinhibition?


weight

age

Later life – the perfect time to look at the relationship between personality and weight?

4.Kakizaki et al. (2008).

5. Brummett et al. (2006).

6. Sutin et al. (2011.

7. Roehling, Roehling, & Odland (2008)..

8. Terracciano et al. (2009)..

9. Hallstrom & Noppa (1981).

10. Kittel et al. (1978).

11. Martsch & Miller (1997)..

12. Vollrath & Torgerson (2002)..

13. Allsopp (1986)..

14. Cook et al. (1998).

15. Tarnai & Young (1983).


Mechanism of action?

Extraversion

• Motivation to enjoy16

• Extraversion = low basal arousal, sensation

seeking = over-eating?17 & binge drinking?18

• Via serotonin?19,20,21


Weight

Alcohol intake

?

16. Kuntsche, von Fischer & Gmel (2008).

17. Davis et al. (2007)..

18. McAdams & Donnellan (2009).

19. Cleare & Bond (1997)..

20. Manuck et al. (2000)..

21. Blundell (1984).


Mechanism of action?

Extraversion


Weight

Alcohol intake

Social support?

Stress?


Social Support


Social

support

Weight22 Alcohol23

22. Zettel-Watson & Britton (2008)

23. Sieber (1981)


Stress

• Overeating, binge drinking as stress behaviours?24,25. • Tension reduction hypothesis26.


24. Ensel & Lin (2004)

25. Kassel, Stroud & Paronis (2003)

26. Conger (1951)


Hypotheses

• Extraversion will be related to weight (differentially for men and women?) • Mediated by:

• Social support • Stress

• Extraversion will be related to alcohol intake • Mediated by:

• Social support • Stress



TRIL Clinic


• Established in 2007 to gain a holistic understanding of the physical, cognitive and social health of older people.

• Between 2007 and 2009, The TRIL Clinic at St James’s Hospital in Dublin assessed 625 older adults aged 65+. In 2010-2011, the Clinic completed a longitudinal follow up.


Methodology: Extraversion & Social Support & Alcohol Intake


Data collected:

1. Social Support (LSNS27)

2. Alcohol intake: ‘how often do you take an alcoholic drink?’

3. Extraversion (EPQ-R3)

4. Body Mass Index (kg and cm); underweight & normal, overweight, obese

5. Perceived Stress (PSS28)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

3. Eysenck & Eysenck (1991)

27. Lubben & Gironda (2004)

28. Cohen, Kamarck & Mermelstein (1983)


Results: Extraversion, BMI & Gender


Does extraversion vary

according to weight

category and gender? • Weight category:[F1,529

= 7.71, p<0.01],

• Gender:[F1,529 = 1.3,

p>0.05].

• Interaction: [F1,529 =

3.56, p=0.06].

9

9.5

10

10.5

11

11.5

12

12.5

13

13.5

14

normal weight overweight obese

Weight Category

EP

Q-R

Ex

tra

versio

n S

co

re

Males

Females


Results: Extraversion, alcohol intake & Gender


Does extraversion vary

according to alcohol

intake and gender? • Alcohol intake:[F3,556

=2.89,p<0.05]

• Gender:[F1,556 <1].

• Interaction: [F3,556 <1].


Mediation Analyses

Extraversion


Weight

Alcohol intake

Social support?

Stress?

n.s. [F2,471 = 2.27, p>0.05; Adjusted R2 = 0.005]

Significant: [weight: [F2,566 = 5.18, p<0.001; Adj. R2 = 0.0145]

Alcohol [F2,557 = 4.19, p<0.05; Adj. R2 = 0.0113]


Hypotheses & Findings

• Extraversion related to weight YES (differentially for men and women?) NO • Mediated by:

• Social support YES • Stress NO

• Extraversion related to alcohol intake YES • Mediated by:

• Social support YES • Stress NO



Conclusions


• Cross-sectional findings suggest that extraversion varies

across weight categories, with greater levels found in the

heavier categories.

• Social support mediates the relationship between

extraversion and weight, and between extraversion and

alcohol intake.

High levels of extraversion may co-vary with

poor health behaviours but the impact can be

ameliorated with social support.


Implications for improving health


• Personality-contingent effect of social support

• Points of modification in the extraversion – weight –

alcohol intake relationships?

• Take home:

Health behaviour interventions should incorporate social

support components, allowing a level of personalisation

according to extraversion levels in the target population.


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sectional analysis from the Miyagi Cohort Study. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 64, 71-80. 5. Brummett, B.H., Babyak, M.A., Williams, R.B., Barefoot, J.C., Costa, P.T. & Siegler, I.C. (2006). NEO personality domains and gender predict levels and trends in body

mass over 14 years during midlife. Journal of Research in Personality, 40, 222-236 6. Sutin, A.R., Ferrucci, L., Zonderman, A.B., & Terracciano, A. (2011). Personality and obesity across the adult life span. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(3),

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