HGU

Byungdeok Kang

A Framework for Social Welfare

Policy Analysis

Analytic Perspectives on the Study

Social Welfare Policy

Three P’s

Process

The study of social, political, and technical

processes in policy formation

Product

The study of basic components of policy design

Performance

The study of factual and substantive materials of

policy

Goods and services

produced and

distributed by

profit-making

enterprise

Context of Social Welfare: Social & Economic Markets of Welfare

Public Sector Private Sector

- Direct provision

of transfers by

central and local

government.

- Indirect

transfers through

tax expenditures.

- Regulatory

transfers

Informal

supports

by family

& friends

Services by

voluntary

(nonprofit)

agencies

Social Market of the Welfare State

Economic Market of the Welfare State

Services by

profit-

making

agencies

Merger between Social Welfare &

Private Enterprise

Harmony vs. Conflict?

Effectiveness/Efficiency

Saving the least / the last

Individual ambitions

Collective responsibilities

Market exchange (from buyer to seller)

Social transfers (from society to the individual)

What are the common elements in

social welfare policies?

- What dimensions do we need

include?

What benefits are offered Nature and amount of benefits

To Whom they(benefits) are offered Eligibility and types of risks to be covered

How they(benefits) are delivered Structure and character of administration

How they(benefits) are financed Means of financing

Most decisions are interdependent in the design of social welfare policies (See Gilbert & Terrell pp. 61-64)

Dimension of Choice in Social

Welfare Policies

Allocation(Who) & Provision(What)

Allocation (who)

Bases of social allocation

Can social welfare policies help everyone equally?

Criteria of Eligibility

Nominal Definition

Operational Definition

Provision (what)

Nature/type of social provision (benefits)

What types?

Cash / In-Kind / Vouchers / Power / Opportunities

Delivery & Finance: How

Delivery

Arrangements between providers and consumers of social welfare benefits

A centralized office or Local branch offices

Government agencies, Non-profit organizations, or Profit-making organizations

Strategies to enhance the flow of services from providers to consumers

Finance

Sources and types of financing

From public, private, or mixed

Analysis of Values and Social Welfare Policy

Who

What

&

How - Delivery - Finance

Dimensions of Choice

Equality

Equity

&

Adequacy

Distributive Justice

Equality

Proportional Equality

The same treatment of similar persons – to each

according to his or her merit or virtue “equity”

Numerical Equality

The same treatment of everyone – to all an equal

share

Equal Result

Equal Opportunity

Equity

Proportional Equality

Fair Treatment

Deservedness/rewards should be based on

contributions to society

“Equitable Inequalities”?

Adequacy

The desirability of providing a decent standard of physical and spiritual well-being

Standards of adequacy vary according to time and circumstances

Official standards of adequacy vs. Realistic standard of adequacy

Poverty guideline/threshold

Market basket / Engel formula / Relative poverty line

Living wage/basic needs budget

http://www.livingwage.geog.psu.edu/

Keystone, SD vs. New York, NY

Keystone Town

Estimated Population (2012) = 342

New York City

Estimated Population (2014) = 8,491,079

Keystone Town, SD vs. New York, NY

Hourly Wages (SD) One AdultOne Adult,

One ChildTwo Adults

Two Adults,

Two Children

- Living Wage $7.96 $17.14 $13.25 $17.67

- Poverty Wage $5.21 $7.00 $7.00 $10.60

- Minimum Wage $7.25 $7.25 $7.25 $7.25

Required Annual Income

before Tax $16,551 $35,653 $27,557 $36,754

Hourly Wages (NY) One AdultOne Adult,

One ChildTwo Adults

Two Adults,

Two Children

- Living Wage $12.75 $24.69 $17.75 $22.32

- Poverty Wage $5.21 $7.00 $7.00 $10.06

- Minimum Wage $7.25 $7.25 $7.25 $7.25

Required Annual Income

before Tax $26,521 $51,357 $36,913 $46,421

Updated March 2014

Year 1인가구 2인가구 4인가구

2000 324,011 536,614 928,398

2002 345,412 572,058 989,719

2004 368,226 609,842 1,055,090

2006 418,309 700,489 1,170,422

2008 463,047 784,319 1,265,848

2010 504,344 858,747 1,363,091

2012 553,354 942,197 1,495,550

2013 572,168 974,231 1,546,399

(단위:원)

출처 : 보건복지가족부

Poverty Lines in Korea

적정생계비 (Decent Living Expenses): ‘건강하고 문화적인 생활을 하기 위해 필요한 가구의 적정생계비 총액은 얼마입니까?’

라는 물음에 대한 응답을 평균분석

가구원수조사참가자평균가구소득

최저생계비(정부)

적정생계비총액

비율 (%)

1인가구 1,520,975 490,845 2,003,276 24.5%

2인가구 3,002,955 835,763 3,040,309 27.5%

4인가구 3,452,137 1,326,609 4,035,645 32.9%

(단위:원)2008년적정생계비 실태조사 기회단 (빈곤사회연대)

N = 1,830 1인 가구 = 15%, 2인 가구 = 13%, 3인 가구 = 21%, 4인 가구 = 34%, 5인 이상 가구 = 17%

1•2분위 = 15%, 3•4분위 = 23%, 5•6분위 = 25%, 7•8분위 = 16%, 9•10분위 = 21%

Different Emphasis by Societies

Capitalist Societies

Socialist Societies

?

?

Different Emphasis by Societies

Capitalist Societies

Socialist Societies

Equity

Equality

Search for Equity

Equity

Key Slogan: “Work Hard and Play by the Rules”

Equity = A Fair Treatment

What is FAIR?

Equity = A Fair Treatment?

How do we live with minority people in society?

College Entrance … a race issue in the US: entrance

quota by race – White & Black

Poor White students vs. Rich Black students

국제중학교 입학 … 사회적 배려 대상자 경제적 배려 대상자

비경제적 배려 대상자 (한부모 가정, 다자녀 가정 등)

Dependents’ Benefits

Husband Wife Husband Wife Husband Wife

Work Yes No Yes Yes Yes No

Income ($) 60,600 0 25,000 11,400 11,400 0

Social

Security

Benefit ($)

7,470 6,470 3,245

2013년 1월 22일 한겨레

Allocation: Who

Cost Effectiveness

No waste of resources

Measured by the extent to

which each dollar of

benefit is allocated to

those most in need

High degree of selectivity

in determining those who

are eligible for benefits

Division of people into

groups: the incompetent

and the self-sufficient

Social Effectiveness

No shame or stigma

Measured in allocative

decisions is by the extent

to which all individuals are

treated as equal members

of the social body

Universal allocation

The “badge of citizenship”

is sufficient basis for

entitlement

Provision: What

Freedom of Choice

Offer recipients

considerable latitude to

exercise their individual

preferences

Cash

Social Control

Limit individual choice

Freedom to take the

benefit or leave the

benefit

In-Kind

Delivery: How

Freedom of Dissent

Democratic lines

Participation in program

planning and

implementation

Model Cities Program of

the 1960s … Federal

urban aid program

Efficient

Bureaucratic lines

Clients do not vote to

establish the level of

their grants or eligibility

criteria

TANF (Temporary Aid to

the Needy Families)

Finance: How

Local Autonomy

Block grant (high degree

of local autonomy)

Centralization

Specific-purpose

categorical grant with

specific/detailed

standards

Cost-Sharing Arrangement:

Program costs are shared intergovernmentally or, in the private sector,

between nationwide and local voluntary organizations

Individual & Community Values in

Public Assistance

Individual ValueDimensions of

ChoiceCommunity Value

Cost

EffectivenessAllocation

Social

Effectiveness

Freedom of

ChoiceProvision

Social

Control

Freedom of

DissentDelivery Efficiency

Local

AutonomyFinance Centralization

Theories, Assumptions, and Social Choice:

“WHY”

WHY

Theoretical/value assumptions (belief) about the

dimensions of choice (how clients, delivery

systems, methods of finance, and types of social

provisions) function, both independently and in

concert