Social Work 120

Valerie SouthardSection 1 – Spring ‘11

Week 9 4/1/11

In Your Research Paper

Do Not Use the Following Personal Pronouns

- I - My - You - Your - We - Our - Us ….except in the first paragraph in the sentence where you explain why you are interested in the topic.

Example:I am interested in this subject because my grandmother is living on a limited income, which is supplemented by Social Security. I see that it would be very difficult for her to live, if she did not receive Social Security. There is a debate about privatizing Social Security, and I wonder what that would mean for me.

• We know what happens when the radicals get power.– It is known what happens when the radicals

get power.

• You never know what the consequences of that policy will be.– One does not know what the consequences

of that policy will be.

• Do not use contractions such as: don’t, it’s, wouldn’t, aren’t, etc.

• Watch your capitalization

• Avoid asking questions in your paper

• Make sure your information is accurate!

• Proof read your paper or have someone proof read it

Do not use slang

…stick around

…It’s no big deal

Do not editorialize. This is not an opinion paper.

Stay away from drama language.

Do not make absolute guess or assumptions.

A Professional without Respect

• NASW ethics are often in conflict with “standard” American values.

• Its clients are generally “deviants” from the social norm

• Largely made up of women

• Targets many groups and problems, so no exclusive domain of practice.

How Is Social Work Different from Other Helping Professions

• Focus on the client system• Looks at the relationships and reciprocal interactions

that cause and perpetuate social problems

• Focus on clients in their environment

• Client may be an individual, group or community

• Its ethical stance is codified in the National Association of Social Workers’ code of ethics

Areas of Social Work

• Casework – personal counseling• Group work – treatment centers or volunteer

groups• Community practice – grassroots organizations to

address housing, employment, services• Administration – directing organizations,

supervising staff• Policy practice – Program planning and

evaluation• Research and teaching

Beginnings of Social Work

• Started in the mid-1800’s with the rise of the Industrial Revolution and the waves of immigrants that came to America

• Charitable Organization Societies were developed to regulate charity to the poor

• Child-saving emerged around the time of the Civil War

• Settlement Houses developed around the concept that that people could work together to change society in ways that would address the needs of the poor.

Charity Organization Societies (COS)

• Began in England• First one in American established

in Buffalo, NY in 1877• By 1904, there were 150

throughout the States

• Developed by the elite classes, the initial goal of COSs was to restore the “natural order” or class stratification

• Initially saw poverty as the result of “bad heredity” and was against providing outdoor relief

– Promoted indoor relief: orphanages and almshouses

• Maintained case registries and used “friendly visitors”

• As a result of the data collected, COSs eventually operated on the premise that causes of poverty were social rather than personal in natureJosephine Shaw Lowell – 1843-1905

Hull House

• Founded in 1889 in Chicago by Jane Addams

• Part of the Settlement House movement

• Emphasized social reform rather than relief or assistance

1860-1935

Social Workers

• By the end of the 19th century, social work was paid employment and given recognition as a profession

• In the beginning of the 1900’s schools that taught social work skills were beginning to spring up.– Graduates of these programs were thought to

have authoritative knowledge about the needs of the disadvantaged and deviant populations

Social Welfare in the 1900s

• Settlement Houses progressively excluded from the field of social work

• Social work professionalism took on social diagnosis and casework method

• Bureaucratization created structures for accountability in social work

• Social workers formed coalitions with public agencies providing relief

• Welfare became a business issue to defuse political agitation

Professional Associations

17 Schools of Social Work• Association of Professional Schools of

Social Work• Council on Social Work Education

Council on Charities and Corrections• American Association of Social Workers• National Association of Social Workers

Casework vs. Social Reform

• The status of medical science was being raised– Focus of practice– Body of knowledge that could be taught

• Settlement Houses were being related to socialism and revolutionary thought

Medical and Psychiatric Social Work

• American Association of Hospital Social Workers 1918

• Psychiatric social work programs began being offered in colleges

• The mental hygiene movement led to explaining psychological problems in the disease model

• Mental health clinics gave impetus to trained social workers

• Parens patriae was legitimized through intimated conformity to middle-class standards of child rearing

Mary Richmond – 1861-1928

• Pioneer in developing the social work profession

• Authored books "Social Diagnosis" in which she demonstrated her understanding of social casework

• Believed in the relationship between people and their social environment as the major factor of their life situation or status

Professionalization of Social Work

• Rift between tax supported relief and private casework developed

• The profession embraced casework, based on the medical model -Middle-class profession

• American Association of Social Workers -1921 (later became NASW)– Required 4 years experience or college education

The Progressive Era

• 1900 to 1917

• Progressive Movement– More citizen participation – More government responsiveness and

honesty

• Big Trusts and monopolies formed

4 Goals of Progressives:• Promote Moral Reform

– Improve Personal Behavior

• Protect Social Welfare– Improve City Life

• Create Economic Reform– Improve workers’ lives

• Improve Factory Efficiency– Raise Production

The Progressive Era reform movement sought to:

• Create economic reform through the break up of corporate monopolies

• Improve the conditions of workers, children, and all those in need, regardless of race, ethnicity, or religion

• Apply social welfare reform from an institutional perspective

• All of the above

Two notable African-American women of the Progressive Era who fought for

social justice were:

• Sojourner Truth

• Ida B. Wells

• Harriet Tubman

• Mary Church Terrell

The goal of the Immigration Act of 1924 was to open immigration to Europeans and Asians because a bigger labor force was needed to fuel the growing industries of the U.S.

• True

• False

W.E.B. DuBois was a social reformist who:

• Was the first president of the American Federation of Labor (AFL)

• Promoted issues of economic opportunity and social equality for African-Americans

• Wanted African-Americans to strive for economic gains before they moved on to social reform

• Worked with Mary Richmond in establishing casework practice among pioneering social workers

During the Progressive Era, protective legislation aimed at women in the workforce promoted women’s right to work.

• True

• False

Which factor did not contribute to Mexican immigration to the U.S. in the early 1900’s were:

• World War I and the need for factory laborers

• Irrigation systems that brought arable land to the southwest dessert

• The promise of citizenship for anyone who worked in the U.S. for one year

• The Mexican Revolution

Seeing Asian-Americans as having secret super-powers which threatened

Whites is an example of which two:

• An argument put fort by pioneers in casework who used social diagnosis to explain behaviors

• Conflict theory

• Xenophobia

• An argument put forth by the Eugenics Movement

At the turn of the 20th century, a significant portion of the workforce was children. Working conditions were dangerous and inhumane.

• Established in 1917

• Purpose was to protect children from early employment, dangerous working conditions, and disease

• Child labor reform1) Businesses found loopholes

in child labor reforms and 2) reforms were consistently

declared unconstitutional

Children’s Bureau

Mother’s Pensions

• Social workers opposed this, believing in institutionalization; they demanded to be able to investigate the applicants

• Payments were very low

• State (government) began giving outdoor relief in the form of pensions to poverty-stricken widows

• By 1926 aid was given to women whose husbands were unable to provide support, not just widows

• Target white women, primarily of Anglo-Saxon decent

Child and Maternal Health

• Sheppard-Towner Act of 1921 established public health clinics

• Infant mortality rates dropped

Mother’s pensions were a form of outdoor relief provided to those women considered to be needy but morally upstanding.

•True

•False

The Children’s Bureau, established in 1917, had as one of its main goals to

reforms child labor laws.

• True

• False

The term parens patriae is a Latin term that is used to mean:

• A parent who is patriotic to the country

• The State having the power to act as the parent to a child who is abused or neglected

• Parents rearing their children to be productive members of society

• Parents having the power to refuse State involvement in the way they rear their children

Veteran’s Welfare

• WWI resulted in increased benefits for veterans

• Veterans’s Bureau established in 1921 under the federal government

• Social workers began attending to issues of mental illness of shell-shocked soldiers

Aid to the Blind and Disabled

• The Blind were one of the first groups to be granted outdoor relief (late 1880s)

• Disabled were ushered into employments

• Vocational rehabilitation established in 1920

• Need outpaced that available resources

Old Age Assistance – early 20th century

• Because people began living longer, meant that children could not support them and savings did not go far enough

• There continued an increase in poverty of the aged

• Public aid in the form of old age pensions was provided on a state to state level– Most states adopted

some form of old age pensions

Unemployment Insurance and Workmen’s Compensation

• High rates of industrial injuries and deaths

• Federal Employment Act 1906 – insurance for federal employees

• By the 1920’s the majority of states had some compensation for those who could not work due to injuries

• Health insurance was opposed because it was seen as socialistic

Juvenile and Criminal Justice

• Separate facilities for juveniles and adults

• For adults, probation, parole, and rehabilitation was used

• Expanded services for prisoners including medical care and vocational training

Women’s Movements

• Women continued reform movements in the Progressive Era– Sufferage– Health

Cont. notes page

Women’s Suffrage

• National American Women’s Suffrage Association (NAWAS)

• 19th amendment did not guarantee equal rights for women

• 1920 - The Nineteenth (19th) Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits each state and the federal government from denying any citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's sex.

Woman Suffrage Headquarters, Cleveland, 1912

Women and Health

• Public Health movement

• Margaret Sanger founded Planned Parenthood

• One goal of public health was to conquer SDT’s which were prevalent– Targeted prostitution

• Distribution of contraception remained illegal until 1938

Population Movements and Immigration

• From 1900-1920, the U.S. population doubled

• Immigration Acts

• Asian Immigration

• Hispanic Immigration

Japanese American farm women. Creator/Contributor:

Unknown. Date:1915.

African-Americans

• Civil Rights ignored

• Migration to northern factories

• Segregated and denied services

• Denied the right to join unions

Native Americans

• Native American activism was repressed in early 1900s but continued

• Pan-Indian Society

• Served in WWI

• 1924 Indian Citizenship Act

Labor and the Unions

• Series of depressions led to labor strikes and riots– 1907, 1910, 1919, 1920

• Protective legislation for women and children in the workplace

• Women in labor unions– International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union

Social Welfare in the Progressive Era

• Welfare became increasingly a business issue

• The upward economy engendered a feeling of triumph over poverty

• Expansion of public education

Reforms for Children

• New child labor laws and compulsory education led to a decrease in number of child laborers

• 1909 - White House Conference on Child Dependency

• 1912 – Children Bureau established under the Dept. of Commerce and Labor (federal)

Other Areas of Reform (cont.)

• Mother’s Pensions

• Child and maternal health

• Medical and psychiatric social work

• Veteran’s Welfare

• Aid to blind people and those with disabilities

Other Areas of Reform (cont.)

• Old Age Assistance

• Unemployment Insurance and worker’s compensation

• Juvenile and criminal justice

Women’s Suffrage Movement

Women and Health

• Protection against STDs

• Contraception

– Margaret Sanger – founder of Planned Parenthood