SOCIALIZATION

The process in which people learn the skills, knowledge, values, motives, and roles that is, culture of the groups to which they belong or the communities in which they live

 Different cultures use different techniques to socialize their children There are two broad types of teaching method;

formal and informal

Formal education what primarily happens in a classroomusually is structuredControlleddirected primarily by adult teachers who

are professional "knowers."

Informal education can occur anywhereinvolves imitation of what others do and

say experimentation and repetitive practice

of basic skills. This is what happens when children role-

play adult interactions in their games

Primary and Secondary Socialization

Socialization is divided into two parts; Primary and Secondary

Primary socialization takes place early in life, as a child and adolescent

Secondary socialization refers to the socialization that takes place throughout one's life, both as a child and as one encounters new groups that require additional socialization.

AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION

1. FAMILYSource of emotional supportAcquisition of social positions in the societyReproduction of a class structure in the next

generation2. THE SCHOOL Teach specific knowledge and skillsTeach children to be productive members of

societyTransmit cultureSocial control and personality development

3. PEER GROUPS

Contribute to sense of belonging and feeling of self worth.

4. MASS MEDIA Inform about eventsIntroduce to a variety of peopleMake us aware of products and services Entertain us

PROFESSIONAL SOCIALIZATION

The process whereby the values and norms of the profession are internalized into one’s own behavior and concepts of self

The knowledge, skills, attitudes characteristic of profession are acquired.

From the perspective of professional nursing, the socialization, process focuses on the provision of values and behavior basic to the delivery of quality client care.

Standards for this process are derived from the norms of service professions and guide the specific role of professional nurse.

The professional educational concept of the nurse is the one who:

Defines clients in terms of promoting and maintaining health.

Views the relationship between the nurse and clients as a therapeutic and analytic process

Learns technical mastery of procedures and tools from the aspect of principles guiding their use

Uses critical inquiry and creativity processes to manipulate knowledge in relation to the client’s concerns.

Accepts responsibility and accountability for client care decisions.

STAGE 2: Labeled recognition of Incongruity

Students begin to identity articulate and share their concerns

They learn that they are not alone, peers share the same concern

STAGE 3: “Psyching out” and role simulationThe basic cognitive framework for the

internalization of professional nursing values begins to take shape.

Students begin to identify the behaviors they are expected to demonstrate and through modeling begin to practice the behaviors.

STAGES OF PROFESSIONAL SOCIALIZATION

STAGE 1: Initial InnocenceStudents enter a professional program with

image of what they expect to become and how they should act or behave.

Nursing students with service orientation and expect to look after sick people.

Educational experiences often differ from what the student expect.

The students may express disssapointment and frustration and may question their value.

STAGE 4: “Psyching out” and role simulationThe basic cognitive framework for the internalization of

professional nursing values begins to take shape.Students begin to identify the behaviors they are

expected to demonstrate and through modeling begin to practice the behaviors.

STAGE 5: Provisional InternalizationStudents vacillate between commitment to their former

image of nursing and performance of new behaviors attaches to the professional image.

Factors that increase the students` use of the new professional image are: an increasing ability to use professional language, and an increasing identification with professional role (nursing faculty)

STAGE 6: Stable Internalization

Students` behavior reflects the educationally and professionally approved model.

Preparation of the student for the work setting is only the initial process in socialization

New values and behaviors continue to be formed in the work setting.

SOCIALIZATION AND THE STUDENT NURSE

Two stages:

ANTICIPATORY STAGE: Learning takes place before training begins.Student makes a research and formulates

expectations about the future career.(Talk to professionals, find out about the

qualifications, length of training, tasks involved) and if feels comfortable with expectations a positive decision is made.

Environment conducive for learning should be provided

Exposure

 Occurs immediately training starts and

continues as long as the person is in the profession.

Student learns to conform to all aspects of behavior involved and training.

Orientation, guidance and reassurance is vital at this stage.

SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS

Normative structures that get the work of the society done1. FAMILY DEF: Robertson 1997- Relatively permanent group of people related by ancestry,

marriage or adoption, who live together and form an economic unit, whose adult members assume responsibility for the young.

 Duberman: A universal institution whose most important

functions are socializing and nurturing the young generations.

TYPES OF FAMILIES

1. The family of orientation in to which one is born2. The family of procreation which is created by

marriageCHARACTERISTICS OF A FAMILYPrincipal source of social controlPrimary agent of socializationmajor group of people recognized by the communityUsually composed of husband (man) and wife

(woman) and may be children from either cohabiting or adopted. There may be also grandfather, grandmother, uncles and aunts.

CONT………The members live together for long

periods of time and are a community within itself, where relationships are on a personal basis

FORMS/TYPES OF FAMILIES There are two formsNuclear familyExtended family

NUCLEAR FAMILY

Consists of a conjugal pair (man and woman) and either offspring sometimes augmented by other individuals.

THE EXTENDED FAMILY

Any grouping larger than nuclear family which is related by descent marriage or adoption

FUNCTIONS OF A FAMILY

There are two main functions of a family 1. To ensure the perpetuation of species2. Satisfaction of social needs and ensuring

the survival of the individual.OTHER FUNCTIONSEconomic Functions-There is division of

labour and it provides food and clothing for its members.

Protective Function: Protection from violence, diseases and economic factors.

Socializing Functionsee to it that their children learn society’s

norms, values, beliefs, rules and attitudes.Other functions include educational,

religious, sexual regulation, recreational, legal and the choice of marriage partners.

EDUCATIONSystem that ensures the preservation and

transmission of culture from one generation to another.

CONT…….Takes place in schoolsThe structure and organization of educational

institutions depend on the needs of society and their level of development, hence different geographical locations.

The environment should be conducive for learning

Two types of educationFormal Informal

1. FORMAL EDUCATION

Usually provided by the state/government as a basic right for all the citizens

Depends of the needs of the societyFormal institutions such as primary and secondary

schools, colleges, polytechnics, universities are responsible for providing formal education

 2. INFORMAL EDUCATION Begins during infancy and continues to adulthood

and through out life.Includes all the knowledge and skills(informal)

acquired from society.

FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS

Classified as primary and secondary functions

 PRIMARY FUNCTIONS

Transmission of accepted values, attitudes and behavior

Transmission of skills and knowledgeProvision of job security and economic

stability

SECONDARY FUNCTIONS

Social/psychological functionsSchools provide opportunities for young

people to interact with teachers and peer groups. Teachers act as role models.

 CUSTODIAL FUNCTIONS While at school parents can perform other

activitiesChildren protected from certain elementsFrees young women and men from

competing for jobs with adults

INNOVATIVE FUNCTIONS

Existing cultures are transmitted and new knowledge is constantly being sort through research and scientific studies. 

POLITICAL FUNCTION Political system can be maintained.

IMPACT ON HEALTH

The level of education correlates positively with nutritional status, use of health services and hygiene in the home.

RELIGION

 .Emotional attitude towards the unknown and uncontrolled

According to Emile Durkheim:Can be defined as a limited system of

beliefs and practices relative to sacred things, uniting in to a single moral community all those who adhere to those beliefs and practices.

Any religion is made of a combination of ritual, feelings, belief and organization 

CHARACTERISTICS OF RELIGION

Religious belief is a supernatural being which is sacred and should be worshipped and obeyed without being questioned.

A supernatural being exist which is more than man and is scientifically unknowable.

It is a body of practices and beliefs that provide Followers with mechanism of identifying with

supernatural being and accepting that he is holy of holies.

Outlines to its members what is moral (good) and what is immoral (bad)

FUNCTIONS OF RELIGION Group integration-binds the group together in a

feeling of solidaritySocial control-rules and regulations should be

adhered to.Stress control-offers some help when it comes

to treating certain diseases through prayer and other rituals.

HUMANITARIAN FUNCTION Offers humanitarian services for the society,

schools and hospitals. 

HEALTH IMPLICATIONS OF RELIGION

Some religious affiliations prohibits members from using contraceptives which may lead to unwanted pregnancies

The practice of post mortem is against some religious beliefs.

Religious beliefs with regard to food taboos can lead to health problems

Religious faith can help some people through tough times(illness, )

CONT……….Some religious beliefs reject

administration of blood transmissions, which may

Lead to complications in emergency situations