soft tissue cytopathology: practical approach · and parachordoma, myoepithelial tumors of soft...

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4/1/2020 1 Liron Pantanowitz, MD Department of Pathology University of Pittsburgh Medical Center [email protected] Soft Tissue Cytopathology: A Practical Approach What does the clinician want to know? Is the lesion of mesenchymal origin or not? Is it begin or malignant? If it is malignant: Is it a small round cell tumor & if so what type? Is this soft tissue neoplasm of low or highgrade? Practical diagnostic categories used in soft tissue cytopathology

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Page 1: Soft Tissue Cytopathology: Practical Approach · and parachordoma, myoepithelial tumors of soft tissue, metastatic mucinous carcinomas Myxoid Stroma Gross Pathology (Myxoma) FNA (cytopathology

4/1/2020

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Liron Pantanowitz, MDDepartment of Pathology

University of Pittsburgh Medical Center

[email protected]

Soft Tissue Cytopathology:A Practical Approach

What does the clinician want to know?

• Is the lesion of mesenchymal origin or not? 

• Is it begin or malignant? 

• If it is malignant:

– Is it a small round cell tumor & if so what type?

– Is this soft tissue neoplasm of low or high‐grade?

Practical diagnostic categories used in soft tissue cytopathology

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Practical approach to interpret FNA of soft tissue lesions involves:

1. Predominant cell type present

2. Background pattern recognition 

Cell Type

• Lipomatous• Spindle cells• Giant cells• Round cells• Epithelioid• Pleomorphic

Stroma

• Myxoid• Other

Lipomatous                        Spindle cell                     Small round cell

Myxoid                            Epithelioid                      Pleomorphic

Fibrolipoma                                  Leiomyosarcoma                              Ewing sarcoma

Myxoid sarcoma                                Clear cell sarcoma                        Pleomorphic sarcoma

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CASE #1• 45yr Man

• Thigh mass (fatty)

• CNB with TP (DQ stain)

DQ Mag 20x

ALT – Floret cells

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Adipocytic Lesions

• Lipoma ‐most common soft tissue neoplasm

• Liposarcoma ‐most common adult soft tissue sarcoma

• Benign features: 

– Large, univacuolated adipocytes of uniform size

– Small, bland nuclei without atypia

• Malignant features:

– Lipoblasts, pleomorphic giant cells or round cells

– Vascular myxoid stroma

• Pitfalls: Lipophages & pseudo‐lipoblasts

• Fat easily destroyed (oil globules) & lost with preparation

Lipoma & Variants

Angiolipoma (prominent vessels)

Myolipoma (smooth muscle)

Angiomyolipoma (vessels + smooth muscle)

Myelolipoma (hematopoietic elements)

Chondroid lipoma (chondromyxoid matrix)

Spindle cell lipoma (CD34+ spindle cells)

Pleomorphic lipoma

Intramuscular lipoma

Lipoma

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Angiolipoma

Myelolipoma

Lipoblasts

• Typically multivacuolated

• Can be monovacuolated

• Hyperchromatic nuclei

• Irregular (scalloped) nuclei

• Nucleoli not typically seen

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WD liposarcoma

Layfield et al. Musculoskeletal Cytohistology. Cambridge University Press. 2012

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Myxoid Liposarcoma Lipoblasts are often present

Univacuolated Multivacuolated

Myxoid Liposarcoma Characteristic branching (crow’s feet) vessels

Myxoid liposarcoma

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Myxoid/Round Cell LiposarcomaFleshy areas (arrows) indicate progression to high‐grade round cell sarcoma

Hornick. Elsevier Saunders. 2013

Myxoid/Round Cell LiposarcomaProgression from myxoid to round cell liposarcoma

Round Cell Component

Myxoid Component

Round cell liposarcoma

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CASE #2• 88yr Female

• Thigh mass

• CNB with TP (DQ stain)

LIVE VIEW

Spindle Cell Lesions

Benign EntitiesNodular fasciitis (pseudosarcomas), schwannoma, neurofibroma, spindle cell lipoma/fibrolipoma, leiomyoma, fibromatosis, granulomatous inflammation, extra‐dural meningioma

Malignant TumorsLow‐grade fibromyxoid sarcoma, DFSP, fibrosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, synovial sarcoma, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST), Kaposi sarcoma, some angiosarcomas, some liposarcomas, gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST), metastatic spindle cell carcinoma, spindle cell melanoma

Hemangiopericytoma Pattern

Branching dilated (staghorn) blood vessels

• Solitary fibrous tumor• Synovial sarcoma• Myopericytoma• Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma• Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor

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SOLITARY FIBROUS TUMOR

• Previously these were called “hemagiopericytoma”

• Pleural & occurs at other sites• Cellular to fibrous tumors• Hyper‐ and hypocellular areas• “Patternless” tumors• Dilated branching vessels• Immunohistochemistry:

– STAT6+, CD34+ (90%), CD99+ (70%), EMA+ (30%), bcl‐2+ (30%), and actin+ (20%)

Hornick. Elsevier Saunders. 2013

Collagen stroma

Round hyalinized vessels

SOLITARY FIBROUS TUMORS (SFT)

Cellular SFT Malignant SFT

Monotonous cells & dilated vessels Nuclear atypia & mitoses

Hornick. Elsevier Saunders. 2013

MYOFIBROBLASTIC PSEUDOSARCOMAS

• Nodular fasciitis and variants:

– Proliferative fasciitis & myositis

– Intravascular fasciitis

– Ischemic fasciitis (“atypical decubitis fibroplasia”)

– Fasciitis ossificans

• Pseudosarcomatous myofibrobalsticproliferation:

– e.g. Post‐operative spindle cell nodule

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Nodular fasciitis

Proliferative fasciitis

Layfield et al. Musculoskeletal Cytohistology. Cambridge University Press. 2012

Synovial sarcoma

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NON‐MESENCHYMALSPINDLE CELL NEOPLASMS

• Spindle cell carcinoma

• Spindle cell/desmoplastic melanoma

• Spindle cell/desmoplastic mesothelioma

• Others (metastatic gliosarcoma, extracranial meningioma, myeloid sarcoma, interdigitating dendritic cell sarcoma, mast cell neoplasms)

UNCLASSIFIED SPINDLE CELL SARCOMA

• 5‐10% of spindle cell sarcomas remain unclassifiable

• Avoid calling these fibrosarcoma

• This typically includes:

– MPNST

– Post‐radiation sarcomas

• Myogenic differentiation implies a worse prognosis

Hornick. Elsevier Saunders. 2013

CASE #3• 22yr Male

• Knee tumor

• CNB with TP

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22M Knee tumor DQ 40x

Diffuse type tenosynovial giant cell tumor (PVNS)

Giant Cell Lesions

• Predominance of multinucleated giant cells

• Giant cells can be reactive or tumorous

– Benign: Multiple, uniform, bland nuclei (e.g. foreign‐body giant cells)

– Malignant: Hyperchromatic atypical nuclei (pleomorphic tumor cells)

• Giant‐rich malignancies contain reactive osteoclastic cells

• Megakaryocytes can be seen in myelolipoma & extramedullary hematopoeitic tumors

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Giant Cell Lesions

Benign

Localized tenosynovial giant cell tumor (giant cell tumor of tendon sheath or nodular tenosynovitis), diffuse type tenosynovial giant cell tumor (pigmented villonodular synovitis), myositis ossificans, nodular fasciitis

Malignant

Soft tissue giant cell tumor of low malignant potential,pleomorphic sarcomas (undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma or MFH), pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma, pleomorphic liposarcoma, dedifferentiated liposarcoma, pleomorphic leiomyosarcoma, giant cell‐rich osteosarcoma, myxofibrosarcoma), giant cell tumor of bone, metastatic giant cell carcinoma, melanoma, anaplastic large cell lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma (RS cells)

Gout

CASE #4• 59yr Female

• Thigh mass

• CNB with TP (DQ stain)

LIVE VIEW

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Small Round Cell Tumors

Mesenchymal

Neuroblastoma, Ewing sarcoma/PNET, desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT), rhabdomyosarcoma, poorly differentiated synovial sarcoma, extraskeletal mesenchymal chondrosarcoma, small cell osteosarcoma

Non‐MesenchymalSmall cell carcinoma, basaloid squamous cell carcinoma, Merkel cell carcinoma, lymphoma/leukemia, germ cell tumor, melanoma with small cell morphology, hepatoblastoma, Wilm’s tumor, retinoblastoma

Ewing sarcoma

• Cellular isolated cells

• 2‐3x small lymphocytes

• Light (viable) cells

• Dark (dying) cells

• Nuclear molding 

• Tigroid background

• Pseudorosettes 

Ewing sarcoma

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PNET

Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma

Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma  MYOGENIN

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Melanoma with small cell features  HMB45

Burkitt lymphoma

CASE #5• 38yr Man

• Mid arm mass

• FNA

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Arm mass (DQ)

Cell block. Granular cell tumor

Cell block. S100+

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Epithelioid Cell Lesions

• Rhabdomyoma• Granular cell tumor• Epithelioid sarcoma• Epithelioid variant of leiomyosarcoma• Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor• Epithelioid variant of angiosarcoma• Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma• Malignant extrarenal rhabdoid tumor• Pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma• Clear cell sarcoma of soft tissue• Alveolar soft part sarcoma• Metastases (melanoma, carcinoma, mesothelioma)• Hematolymphoid tumors (lymphoma, plasmacytoma, myeloid sarcoma)

Epithelioid sarcoma

Keratin+ & CD34+

Pleomorphic Lesions

• There are several pleomorphic sarcomas             (rhabdomyosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma)

• Pleomorphic undifferentiated sarcoma (PLUS)

– High‐grade (pleomorphic MFH)

– Most common sarcoma >40 years

– Hypercellular smears with necrosis

– Marked nuclear atypia (anaplasia)

– Giant cells (bizarre cells)

– Numerous mitoses including atypical forms

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Rhabdomyosarcoma Undifferentiated sarcoma

CASE #7• 50yr Man

• Knee cyst

• FNA

50M Knee cyst. DQ Mag 20x

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Differential Diagnosis of Myxoid Lesions

Hypocellular Benign Entities

Myxoma, seroma, ganglion cyst, nodular fasciitis

Cellular Benign Entities

Nodular fasciitis, cellular myxoma, schwannoma, neurofibroma, benign mesenchymal tumors with myxoid change (fibrolipoma etc)

Malignant Entities

Myxofibrosarcoma, myxoid liposarcoma, extraskeletal myxoid chrondrosarcoma, low‐grade fibromyxoid sarcoma, sarcoma with myxoid features, chordoma and parachordoma, myoepithelial tumors of soft tissue, metastatic mucinous carcinomas

Myxoid StromaGross Pathology (Myxoma)

FNA (cytopathology of myxoma)

Histopathology (Myxoid Liposarcoma)

Gelatinous

Appears granular Myxoid stroma

Myxoid Tumors with Pleomorphism

• Myxofibrosarcoma

• Myoepithelial carcinoma

• Myxoinflammatory fibroblastic sarcoma

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Myxofibrosarcoma (low grade)

Myxofibrosarcoma (high grade)

Examples of Myxoid Variants

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans Solitary fibrous tumor

Hornick. Elsevier Saunders. 2013

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