soil carbon sequestraon and climate change · 2019-03-04 · parameter soil scientists...
TRANSCRIPT
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SoilCarbonSequestra0onandClimateChange
Rattan Lal Ohio State University
Columbus, OH 43210 USA
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PARAMETER SOIL SCIENTISTS GEOMORPHOLOGISTS/SEDIMENTOLOGISTS
1. Can soils make a difference?
Yes No, small if any
2. Is soil erosion a source or sink?
Source Sink
3. Can agriculture be a solution?
Of course, it must be No, may not make much difference
SOME ANOMALIES AND CONTRADICTIONS
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Carbon Management and Sequestration Center
ANTHROPOGENIC EMISSIONS (Pg) BY CARBON CIVILIZATION
I. Land use (i) Prehistoric : 320 (ii) 1750-2010 : 136 (iii) 2010-2030 : 30
II. Fossil Fuel combustion (i) 1750-2010 : 200 (ii) 2010-2030 : 190
These emissions have and will affect the ecosystems from which we derive food, feed, fiber, fuel and shelter.
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Short-Term : Exchange of C between atmosphere, biosphere, soil and the ocean, 100-103
years (decadel scale)
Long-Term : Geochemical cycles which affect C exchange between rocks and the surficial reservoirs, 100-107 years (multimillion years scale)
SHORT VS. LONG-TERM CYCLE
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Reservoir C Pool (1018 g) Carbonate in Rocks 60,000
Organic C in Rocks 15,000
Ocean (HCO3-, CO3
-2) 42
Soils 4
Atmosphere 0.8
Biosphere 0.6
There is extremely little CO2 in the atmosphere compared to that in the rocks. Thus, if inputs and outputs are not closely balanced, the atmosphere would become overwhelmed with CO2.
CARBON POOLS IN DIFFERENT RESERVOIRS FOR THE LONG-TERM CYCLE
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1. Uptake of atmospheric CO2 by weathering of Ca and Mg silicates. 2. Weathering of ancient organic matter on the continent and burial
of new OM in marine sediments. 3. The thermal breakdown at depth of carbonate minerals and OM
via metamorphism, magmatism and diagenesis.
Fossil fuel combustion by humans is a special case of greatly accelerated OM weathering.
PROCESSES OF LONG-TERM C CYCLE
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OCEAN (42) SOILS (4)
ATMOSPHERE (0.8) BIOTA (0.6)
CARBONATES (60,000)
ROCK ORGANICS (15,000)
Volc
anis
m, M
etam
orph
ism
, D
iage
nesi
s
Bur
ial
Wea
ther
ing W
eathering
Diagenesis
Volcanism, M
etamorphism
Burial
THE LONG-TERM CARBON CYCLE (1018G) BERNER (2009)
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CO2 + CaSiO3 CaCO3 + SiO2 CO2 + MgSiO3 MgCO3 + SiO2 -Urey Reactions
WEATHERING OF SILICATES
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Reservoir Pool (1015 g) Ocean 42,000 Fossil Fuel 5,000 Soils (2-m) 4,000 Atmosphere 780 Biota 620
CARBON POOLS IN DIFFERENT RESERVOIRS FOR THE SHORT-TERM CYCLE
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Land Fossil Fuel Ocean
THE TERRESTRIAL AND OCEANIC PROCESSES IMPACTING ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY
Atmosphere 800 Pg
(400 ppmv) + 4.3 Pg/yr (2.2 ppm/yr)
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GLOBAL CARBON BUDGET SOURCES
FF combustion and cement production (10 PgC/yr) +
Land Use Conversion (1.6 PgC/yr) +
Erosion (1.1 PgC/yr) +
Ocean Precipitation (0.77 PgC/yr)
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GLOBAL CARBON BUDGET SINK
Ocean Uptake (2.3 PgC/yr) +
Atmosphere Uptake (4.3 PgC/yr) +
Weathering (0.22 PgC/yr) +
NBP (0.75 PgC/yr) +
Unknown Land Sink (3.8 PgC/yr)
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KNOWN UNKNOWNS IN GLOBAL C BUDGET
Source: Erosion-Induced C Emission Sinks: Soil uptake, forest uptake
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Burial of Biomass
Burying trees in a landfill
Biochar burial Oceanic burial • Crop residues • Trees • Legislation
restriction Karlen, Lal et al., 2009. Crop residues: The rest of the story. Env. Sci. & Tech. 43: 8011-8015.
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TROPICAL DEFORESTATION
Decade
Deforestation (106 ha/yr)
C Emission (TgC/yr)
C removal by Regrowth (TgC/yr)
Average Range Average Range Average Range 1990s 887 646-1238 115 61-168 115 61-168
2000s 880 602-1237 97 53-141 97 53-141
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The efficiency of natural sinks has decreased by 5% over the last 50 years, and will continue to do so in the future.
DECLINING EFFICIENCY OF NATURAL SINKS
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GRAIN YIELD AND GLOBAL WARMING
Each (°C) degree of global warming could potentially cut grain yield by 10%, with devastating
effects on food security.
Nabhan (2013)
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URBAN AGRICULTURE
It is more than just about growing food in urban lands, but also the nurturing of friendship and community spirit of solidarity among neighbors by sharing the produce, and fostering the culture of restoring drastically disturbed soils around the homesteads of
urbanites.
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CLIMATE-RESILIENT AGRICULTURE
• If thought of global warming creeps into your mind while restoring degraded soils by establishing a cover crop, applying mulch, using compost or planting trees; don’t stop nurturing the soil but instead do so with even a greater enthusiasm and urgency.
• To reduce to size of the over-grown footprint of the C-civilization, we need more than just the science. We also need the political willpower to restore eroded, salinized, compacted, and depleted soils and strengthen their ecosystem functions and services.
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Mitigating Climate Change
Geo-Engineering
Sequestering Emission Carbonation
Improve Efficiency
Low C-Fuel
No C-Fuel
Biotic
Terrestrial
Oceanic
Oceanic Geologic
Abiotic
C-Neutral Fuel
Reducing Emission
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1. Geologic sequestration EOR, CBM, Saline Aquifers
2. Oceanic sequestration
3. Carbonation
Will reactions which occur over hundreds of millions of years over the geologic time scale be effective over human time scales of decades?
MIMICKING THE LONG-TERM C CYCLE (SHORT-CUT)
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Atmosphere Fossil Fuel Ocean
Terrestrial Biosphere
• Soil • Biota
POTENTIAL MITIGATION STRATEGIES INVOLVING THE TERRESTRIAL BIOSPHERE
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• Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) = 123 Gt C/yr
• Net Primary Productivity (NPP) = 63 Gt C/yr
• Net Ecosystem Productivity (NEP) = 10 Gt C/yr
• Net Biome Productivity (NBP) = 3 Gt C/yr
“If we control what plants do with carbon, the fate of CO2 in the atmosphere is in our hands”
-Freman Dyson (2008), BioScience (10/10)
Only 0.05% of the 3800 zettajoules (1021J) of solar energy is absorbed annually as GPP
BIOSEQUESTRATION OF ATMOSPHERIC CO2
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VULNERABLE CARBON POOLS
TROPIC REGION
HIMALAYAS
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1500 x 1 0 15 C
1.1 x 10 15 g/ y r
5.7 x 10 15 g/ y r C
3.99 x 10 15 g/ y r
0.57 x 10 15 g/ y r
decomposition and emission to the atmosphere
Stored within the terrestrial ecosystem
Displaced due to erosion
Transported to the ocean
In world soil
GLOBAL SOIL EROSION & DYNAMICS OF SOIL ORGANIC CARBON
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Accelerated erosion
Innovative Technology II
Innovative Technology I Subsistence
farming, none or low off-farm input soil degradation
New equilibrium
Adoption of RMPs
Time (Yrs) Lal, 2004
80
100
20
40 60 80 100 120 140 160
40
60
20
Rel
ativ
e So
il C
Poo
l
0
Maximum Potential
Rate ΔY
ΔX
Attainable Potential
C Sink C
apacity
Δt
• NT • INM & NUE • Cover Crops • Biochar • Agroforestry • Desert. Control • Afforestation • Pasture Mgmt • H2O harv., DSI
MRT = Pool Flux
SOIL C SEQUESTRATION
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Sustainable Intensification
NO PANACEA NOR A SILVER BULLET
Precision Farming
Farming System Analysis
INM Disease/
Suppressive Soils
Nutrition- Sensitive
Agriculture
The Nexus
Approach
GMOs Micro-Irrigation
Agroforestry
CA
T R
A D
E O F
F
S Nutrition- Sensitive
Agriculture
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Surface drainage (Ridge/furrow system)
No-tillage (Periodic fallowing)
No-tillage (Periodic fallowing and
Chiseling)
Minimum tillage (Disc plowing)
Plowing at the end of rain (Rough seedbed)
Dry farming Water harvesting
Water erosion
Water erosion- crusting
Water logging- water erosion
Water and wind erosion
Wind erosion – drought stress
Perhumid Humid Subhumid Semi-arid Arid Sand
Sandy loam
Clay loam
Silty clay loam
Silt loam
Loamy sand
Soi
l Tex
ture
Clay
Moisture Regime
SOIL TILLAGE GUIDE TEXTURE VS. MOISTURE REGIME
Lal 1985
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Microaggregates
Soil Aggregates
Sand or Silt particles
Domain of clay crystals forming part of microaggregates
CARBON SEQUESTRATION IN STABLE MICROAGGREGATES (WILLIAMS et al., 1967)
A hypothetical model of a soil aggregate, illustrating the clustering of clay crystals to form domains, of domains to form microaggregates, and of microaggregates to form aggregates. Molecules of soil organic matter acts as bonding agents between domains and microaggregates, and sand and silt particles (after Williams et al., 1967)
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Crop Residues Humus Biochemical Transformations
+ (N, P, S etc.)
Elemental Ratio Cereal Residues Humus
Elemental Ratio Cereal Residues Humus C:N 100 12 C:P 200 50 C:S 500 70
C:N 100 12 C:P 200 50 C:S 500 70
Straw photo: http://shannahatfield.com/2013/09/24/hay-vs-straw/ Humus photo: http://www.davecullen.com/forum/index.php?topic=26820.3285
NUTRIENTS REQUIRED TO CONVERT BIOMASS INTO HUMUS
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TRADING NUTRIENTS FOR CARBON
Sequestration of 10,000 kg of biomass C as humus requires additional nutrients:
• 833 kg N
• 200 kg P
• 143 kg S
These ingredients will produce + 17,241 kgof humus
28,000 kg of C in residues 62,000 kg of residues (oven dry)
Recalculated from Himes, 1998.
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1. Measurements are lacking 2. Soils have been used exploitatively/extractively 3. Soil management has been such as to make them
source • Drainage • Plowing • Residue removal
WORLD SOILS HAVE NOT BEEN A MAJOR SINK IN THE PAST
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1. Understand the biogeochemical mechanisms determining the carbon exchanges between the land, oceans and atmosphere,
2. How these exchanges respond to climate change through climate-ecosystem feedbacks, which may accentuate or dampen both regional and global climate change, and
3. What are possible interventions to manage these feedbacks.
SCIENTIFIC CHALLENGES IN-SHORT-TERM CARBON CYCLE
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1. By being a source or sink of atmospheric gases via (i) Natural and anthropogenic disturbances (ii) N enrichment by converting N2 into reactive N (iii) S deposition
2. Climate change and soil carbon (i) Release of CO2 by warming induced decomposition, (ii) Increase in erosion
ROLE OF TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS IN THE SHORT-TERM CARBON CYCLE
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• Total SOC pool to 2-m depth = 2400 Pg
• Increasing SOC pool by 1% = 24 Pg • 1 Pg = 0.47 ppm
C sink capacity for every 1% increment ≈ 11 ppm
CAPACITY OF SOIL CARBON SINK
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WHERE MANAGEMENT IS POSSIBLE
2. Mined lands 3. Drained peatlands
Managed Ecosystems 1. Croplands 2. Plantations 3. Grasslands
1. Degraded Soils (i) Eroded (ii) Salinized (iii) Chemically degraded (iv) Physically degraded
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N, P, K, Zn, H2O
TOWARDS C-NEUTRAL AGRICULTURE
Chatting with plants
through molecular-
based signals No-till Farming
INM
Soil biota and ecosystems services
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• Animal Power • Rotations
• Sustainable intensification (SI)
• Rhizospheric processes
• Disease- suppressive soils
• Soil-less agriculture
• Sky farming
• Urban agriculture
• Sky farming
• Recarbon-
ization of the biosphere
• Nutrition-sensitive agriculture
• SI
• Soil-less agriculture
• Sky farming
• Urban agriculture
• Restorative agriculture
TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS
• Hand Tools GR
EEN
REV
OLU
TIO
N
� M
achi
ne p
ower
�
Ferti
lizer
s �
Ger
mpl
asm
YEAR
REL
ATIV
E FO
OD
PR
OD
UC
TIO
N (M
g/ha
)
WORLD POPULATION (BILLIONS)
12
8
6
4
1
0.8
15 20
1750 1850 1950 1975 2000 2025 2050 2015
0.8 1 3 4 6 8 9.6 7.6
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� Improved cultivars
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� No-till farming
� INM
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� Carbon sequestration
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Will Climate Change: 1. Amplify SOM depletion 2. Exacerbate soil erosion 3. Alter global C cycle
more drastically 4. Affect NPP through CO2
fertilization effect
Will Soil Processes: 1. Have mitigative impact 2. Adversely impact
agronomic yield 3. Increase the land-based
C sink 4. Decrease SOC pool
through C-input in soil at high temperatures
SOIL ORGANIC MATTER AND CLIMATE CHANGE
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• No, C sink capacity of soils of agro-ecosystems is finite (~1 PgC/yr for 50-100 years).
• But, it has numerous co-benefits and is the more cost-effective option.
• Restoring soil quality , of which SOC pool is the important determinant, is essential to human wellbeing and nature conservancy.
CAN SOIL C SEQUESTRATION MITIGATE CLIMATE CHANGE?
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Carbon Management and Sequestration Center
SOIL STEWARDSHIP
Soil stewardship and care must be embedded in every fruit and vegetable eaten, in each grain
ground into the bread consumed, in every cup of water used, in every breath of air inhaled, and in
every scenic landscape cherished.
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Carbon Management and Sequestration Center
en.wikipedia.org www.worldwildlife.org
www.seeturtles.org HANDOUT / Reuters
Water Carbon
Nitrogen Phosphorous
Sulfur
SOIL: THE GLOBAL ICON LAL, 2014