soil d management
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/13/2019 Soil d Management
1/17
s.praveenkumar final year,Department of Civil Engineering
VLB Janakiammal College of Engineering and technology,Coimbatore!"# $"%.
&'L(D )*&+E *-*EE-+
*B&+/*C+0
Solid wastes are all wastes arising from human and animal activities that are
normally solid in nature and that are discarded as useless or unwanted. It is a
generic term used to describe the things we through away that include garbage,
refuse, trash, and others. Contamination of ground water is the major
environmental risk related to unsanitary land filling of solid waste. Managementof these solid wastes may be defined as that discipline associated with the
control of generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing, and
disposal of solid wastes in a manner that is in accord with the best principles of
public health, economics, engineering, conservation, aesthetics, and other
environmental considerations. This project includes a case study on amakkal
district, !igh "ate #iomethanation of vegetable wastes at Chennai, Composting
of Solid $astes in Tirupur Town, %umpsite "ehabilitation by Chennai
Corporation town and &otential "euse of &lastics in "oads.
(-+/'D1C+('-0
$ith the rapid urbanisation, industrialisation, infrastructure developmental
activities, intensive agriculture and livestock farming, solid waste management is
faced with new pressures and challenges. '!ow will solid waste be managed() It
is an important *uestion demanding attention all over the world. &ollutants
generated from solid wastes have potential adverse effect on the environment. If
not dealt with properly, they can cause pollution to groundwater, surface water,
create health problems and affect the environment. Successful solid waste
management can only be achieved by applying proper techno+scientific
principles. The fundamental objectives of solid waste management program are to
-
8/13/2019 Soil d Management
2/17
minimie the pollution of the environment as well as utiliing the waste as a
resource. These goals should be achieved in a way that is financially sustainable.
Methods of solid waste management vary greatly with types of wastes and local
conditions. The best systems are designed by fi-ing together the fundamental goals,
a clear analysis of local conditions and factors, an understanding of the full range of
technology options that are available and an awareness of the traditional wisdom
and systems that the local people have developed.
&'L(D )*&+E0
Since the beginning, humankind has been
generating waste, be it the bones and other parts of
animals they slaughter for their food or the woodthey cut to make their carts. $ith the progress of
civiliation, the waste generated became of a more
comple- nature. ot only did the air get more and
more polluted but the earth itself became more polluted with the generation of
nonbiodegradable solid waste.
ach household generates garbage or waste day in and day out. Items
that we no longer need or do not have any further use for fall in the category of
waste, and we tend to throw them away. There are different types of solid waste
depending on their source. Segregation is an important method of handling
municipal solid waste. /ne of the important methods of managing and treating
wastes is composting.
0s the cities are growing in sie and in problems such as the generation of
plasticwaste, various municipal waste treatment and disposal methodsare now
being used to try and resolve these problems. /ne common sight in all cities is
the rag pickerwho plays an important role in the segregationof this waste.
1arbage generated in households can be recycled and reusedto prevent
creation of waste at source and reducing amount of waste thrown into the
http://www.edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/solwaste/types.htmhttp://www.edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/solwaste/segre.htmhttp://www.edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/solwaste/compost.htmhttp://www.edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/solwaste/plastics.htmhttp://www.edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/solwaste/disposal.htmhttp://www.edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/solwaste/disposal.htmhttp://www.edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/solwaste/segre.htm#raghttp://www.edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/solwaste/segre.htmhttp://www.edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/solwaste/recycle.htmhttp://www.edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/solwaste/types.htmhttp://www.edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/solwaste/segre.htmhttp://www.edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/solwaste/compost.htmhttp://www.edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/solwaste/plastics.htmhttp://www.edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/solwaste/disposal.htmhttp://www.edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/solwaste/segre.htm#raghttp://www.edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/solwaste/segre.htmhttp://www.edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/solwaste/recycle.htm -
8/13/2019 Soil d Management
3/17
community dustbins. Solid waste can be classified into different types depending
on their source.
a2 Municipal solid waste.
b2 !aardous waste.
c2 #iomedical waste or hospital waste as infectious waste.
1-(C(2*L &'L(D )*&+E0
Municipal solid waste consists of household
waste, construction and demolition debris, sanitation
residue, and waste from streets. $ith rising
urbaniation and change in lifestyle and food habits, the
amount of municipal solid waste has been increasing
rapidly and its composition changing. In 3456 cities and
towns in India generated an estimated 7 million tonnes
of solid waste8 in 3446 it was about 59 million tonnes.
3*4*/D'1& )*&+E0
Industrial and hospital waste is considered haardous as they may contain
to-ic substances. Certain types of household waste are also haardous.
!aardous wastes could be highly to-ic to humans, animals, and plants8 are
corrosive, highly inflammable, or e-plosive8 and react when e-posed to certain
things e.g. gases.India generates around 6 million tonnes of haardous wastes
every year, most of which is concentrated in four states: 0ndhra &radesh, #ihar,
;ttar &radesh, and Tamil adu.
3'&2(+*L )*&+E0
-
8/13/2019 Soil d Management
4/17
-
8/13/2019 Soil d Management
5/17
atmosphere causing skin cancer to human being and other skin
diseases in animals.
These effects necessitate the management of solid wastes all over the
world.
&'L(D )*&+E *-*EE-+0
&olid 6aste management is the collection, transport, processing,
recyclingor disposal of wastematerials. $aste management practices differ for
developedand developing nations, for urbanand rural areas, and for residential
and industrial, producers. Management for non+haardous residential and
institutional waste in metropolitan areas is usually the responsibility of local
governmentauthorities, while management for non+haardous commercial and
industrial waste is usually the responsibility of the generator.There are many
techni*ues in solid waste management.
-
8/13/2019 Soil d Management
6/17
-
8/13/2019 Soil d Management
7/17
landfill to prevent seepage of rainwater. This can reduce the *uantity of leachate
generation from landfill. The leachate generated should be collected through a
pipe network. &roper care should be given to prevent the damage of synthetic
bottom liner. /nce solid waste is filled over it, it can not be replaced. /nce
complete filling of trench of landfill, it should be covered by a thick layer of cover
materials. The cover materials can be combination of different types of soil, or
composite liner @soil and synthetic materials2. The cover materials should be
compacted properly to prevent water seeping through and gas escaping from
landfill. The leachate should be collected and stored in ponds and subse*uently
treated before discharging into natural water bodies. The treatment can be onsite
or offsite depending upon various factors. &roper care should be given for the
management of leachate.
&olid )aste 2rocessing0$aste processing is used to
"educe the volume
"ecover usable materials, or
alter the physical form of the solid wastes.
&olid )aste /ecycling0 "ecycling is the best way to solve solid wastemanagement problem. This process e-ists in all cities. !owever, the recycling
system differs from developing countries and developed countries. %eveloped
countries have well organied source separation and recycling system. 0lthough
developing countries have their long tradition of recycling system, it is still in the
hand of informal sectors. This sector is unorganied.
&olid )aste anagement +ransfer &tation0Transfer station is the place totransfer the waste from small collection vehicles to large transportation trucks.
Transfer station is essential if the final disposal site is far from the service area.
This is also place to separate recyclables and useful materials.&olid )aste anagement +ransportation0Transportation system is anotherpart of solid waste management system which is becoming costly. ;navailability
of suitable land and IM#A syndrome are some of the reasons for locating final
disposal site far away from the service areas
-
8/13/2019 Soil d Management
8/17
C*&E &+1D(E&
#.3(3 /*+E B('E+3*-*+('- '5 VEE+*BLE )*&+E& *+ C3E--*( 7
The Chennai Metropolitan %evelopment 0uthority @CM%02 and theMinistry of on+conventional nergy Sources @MS2, 1overnment of India,
have established a high rate biomethanation plant for power generation from
vegetable wastes at Boyembedu, Chennai at a cost of about "s.? millions.
&3/EDDE/ B(* D(E&+'/
;dunuwara MT goes for composting and 3MT of
non+biodegradable materials like polythene are dumped. The production of bio+
fertilier is the main aim of the
-
8/13/2019 Soil d Management
9/17
although the system was established in %ecember >D, under the supervision
of an eminent MS$ specialist.
&alient 5eatures of the Digester0
+ype of digester0 #iogas Induced Mi-ing 0rrangement %igester @#IM02.
&olid handling capacity0 >+3>E dry solids
Loading rate0 D+5 kg dry =SFmDFday
3ydraulic retention time0 >? days
&pecial features0 The digestion is in two chambers and the mi-ing arrangement
is well designed to prevent scum formation as the top layer is forced down every
few hours. This arrangement prevents scum formation at the top of the digester.
Can remove hydrogen sulfide if the range of 3 ppm in the same digester with
an additional compressor to send air. The *uantity of air depends on hydrogen
sulfide levels.
2rocess Description
G =egetable waste is loaded on to a moving conveyor using a hydraulic grab.
G &lastics and other non+biodegradable constituents are manually removed. Iron
particles are removed using a magnetic separator.G The waste is shredded to obtain particles in the range of 6mm H 3>mm.
Shredded waste is fed into a feed preparation tank where waterFrecycled water is
added to prepare feed slurry.
G $aste is further macerated to reduce the sie of the particles @less than 5mm2.
G The feed slurry is pumped through a macerator into a high rate anaerobic #IM0
digester.
G The biogas generated is used in biogas engines to generate power.
G &art of the power produced is used to meet the plant re*uirement @D k$2
G The e-cess power is sold to Tamil adu lectricity #oard for in+house
consumption @> k$2.
G The substrate leaving the digester is mechanically dewatered in a screw press
and used as fertilier after drying.
-
8/13/2019 Soil d Management
10/17
G The water is taken back to feed preparation tanks.
%.-**88*L 1-(C(2*L(+9 7 * &E/' */B*E C(+90
amakkal is the first municipality in India to attain ero garbage
status through privatiation of all components of Solid $aste Management
@S$M2. Infact, the Supreme Court of India has applauded
this town for having complied with Municipal Solid $aste
Management "ules with no financial input from State or
Centre. This has been possible due to cooperative efforts
from the district administration, the municipality, 1/s,
women self+help groups, schools, residential and industrial associations and rag
pickers.
amakkal is known for two major industries, vi., body+building of 7E of
C1 tankers in the country and poultry farms. The town sprawls over an area of
3.?5 s*.km with a population of ?,+7,. It comprises of D wards, >>D
streets and ?D.69 km of roadways. The public health staff in the municipality
includes D sanitary inspectors, 9 sanitary supervisors and 353 sanitary workers.
The vehicles used for S$M consist of D mini lorries, > tipper lorries, > mop upvans, 3 sullage tanker, 4 door to door private push carts, D5> door to door
private containers and 4 municipal sweeping push carts. The waste generation
rate of the town is 5 gpcd. The municipality handles >3MT of garbage daily.
1arbage consists of 9 MT organic, 3 MT inorganic and D MT recyclables.
C/
-
8/13/2019 Soil d Management
11/17
S1"10TI/
+he 2rogram0
The highlight of the S$M program is the vermi culture unit
e-tended over an area of 9.?D acres located > Bms outside
the town. The activities include the following:
G Segregation and collection: %oor to door collection, no storage depots or
collection spots. Color coding for collection of segregated waste
0t Source: two #in systems at each household ST"T
S$&I1 + #lue bin for dry @inorganic2 waste
M0C!I
+ 1reen bin for wet @organic2 waste
%oor to door collection: ive #in system
+ 1reen color for organic waste
+ #lue color for inorganic waste
+ /range color for recyclable waste
+ "ed color for haardous waste+ #rown tray for metallic waste
G =ermi+composting of organic waste:
&roduction of > MT of vermi+compost from organic waste daily.
Income generation of "s. .5 million per annum @operated on #./.T
basis2.
Sale of recyclables at the rate of "s.?F+ per MT.
G
-
8/13/2019 Soil d Management
12/17
Two mop+up vans with public address systems "emoval of
encroachments, stray animals from streets and preventing re+
encroachments.
G ;p gradation of dumpsite at Bosuvampatti:
Closure of e-isting dump with passive gas vent
systems and cover layers. "estriction of dumping to 5E of
e-isting dumpsite. > E of dump yard developed into a
garden and for vermi+composting
. G #an on littering, burning of waste, use of plastics
:.C'2'&+(- '5 &'L(D )*&+E& (- +(/121/ +')-0
Tirupur is well known for its hosiery and te-tile industries. The town is
spread over an area of nearly D s*.km with a population of 5 lakhs. 0round 3
tons of solid waste is generated in the town per day. Tirupur Municipal
Corporation @TMC2, in agreement with I=" nviro &vt
-
8/13/2019 Soil d Management
13/17
#/#C;T M01TIC
$I%"/$S
S&"0TI/
2hysical 2rocesses
Collection and Separation at source
G Two #in system: 1reen colored for degradable K "ed for
on degradableG Transport+trucks, mini
-
8/13/2019 Soil d Management
14/17
p! 9+9.?
C @mmoleFcm2 5
Microbial Count D to 5 billion C; F ml
Biological 2rocesses
Sie reduction and homogeniation
G to ? cm using a bobcut
Mi-ing materials, forming and shaping the $indrows
G $indrows are 3.? to D m height and D to 7 m wide.
G %uring autumn the height is increased to >.? m and width to ? m
G In winter height is further increased to D.?m.Turning $indrows
G $indrows are turned once in every 3? days during which the ffective Microbes
@ms + mi-ed culture of 9?Ft.
The compost produced is sold to the farmers at "s DFt.
C'-CL1&('-0
Thus the various case studies have been e-plained briefly. This paper
makes it very clear that, the solid waste management is very important in order to
protect our environment. Therefore the solid waste management techni*ues
should be affordable. It is our duty to protect our mother earth lets do itO....
-
8/13/2019 Soil d Management
15/17
-
8/13/2019 Soil d Management
16/17
-
8/13/2019 Soil d Management
17/17