soil erosion: causes, control & estimation
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Soil Erosion: Causes, Control & Estimation. AGME 1613 - Fundamentals of Agricultural Systems Technology. Photos courtesy of NRCS of USDA. Objectives. Describe the two causes of soil erosion Describe the types of soil erosion by water - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Soil Erosion: Causes, Control & Estimation
AGME 1613 - Fundamentals of Agricultural Systems Technology
Photos courtesy of NRCS of USDA
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Objectives
• Describe the two causes of soil erosion
• Describe the types of soil erosion by water
• Estimate the rate (tons/ac) of soil erosion using the RUSLE
• Describe common erosion control practices
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Soil Erosion
• The detachment and movement of soil particles by the erosive forces of wind or water.
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USDA estimates 70% of Soil Lost by Erosion is from Agricultural Land
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Soil Erosion by Wind
Factors Affecting:Soil erodibility
Climate
Soil roughness
Field length
Vegetation
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Soil Erosion by Water
Raindrop Sheet Interrill Erosion
Rill Erosion Gully Erosion
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Raindrop Erosion
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Estimating Soil Erosion
• Revised Universal Soil loss Equation (RUSLE)
A = R x K x L x S x C x P
A = Average annual soil loss (tons/ac/year)R = Rainfall factor (approximately 275 for
Fayetteville)K = Soil erodibility factor (p. 221)L = Slope length factor (p. 222)S = Slope gradient factor (p. 222)C = Cropping management factor (p. 223)P = Erosion control practice factor (p. 223)
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Example RUSLE Problem
• Estimate the annual erosion for a field having the following characteristics:– Rainfall factor = 275– Continuous small grain – Silt loam soil
• 1% organic matter• 6% slope with a length of 400-ft.
– Farmed up and down the slope– Moderate residue (worked under)
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Example RUSLE Problem
• Rainfall factor = 275• Continuous small grain• Silt loam soil
– 2% organic matter– 6% slope with a length of
400-ft.
• Farmed up and down the slope
• Moderate residue (worked under)
A = R x K x LS x CP
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Decreasing Erosion by Changing Cropping Practices
• Assume same situation as before, except:– We plant on the contour
• Assume same situation as before, except:– We plant into residue of previous crop (ROS)
• Assume same situation as before, except:– We plant on the contour, and – We plant into residue of previous crop (ROS)
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Erosion Control Practices
• No-Till Farming
• Minimum Till Farming
• Contour Farming
• Strip Cropping
• Terracing
• Grass Waterways
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No-Till and Minimum Till Farming
• Leave plant residue on soil surface.
• Reduce erosion by absorbing energy from falling raindrops, increasing water infiltration, and reducing run-off.– No-Till– Minimum Till
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Contour Farming
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Minimum Tillage/Contour Farming
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Strip Cropping
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Contour and Strip-Cropping
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Terraces
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Terrace after Storm
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Drop Inlet Terrace
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Grass Waterways
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