soil fertility management for soybean in argentina
DESCRIPTION
VII World Soybean Research Conference Foz do Iguazu, 1-5 March 2004. Soil Fertility Management for Soybean in Argentina. Fernando O. García INPOFOS Cono Sur. www.inpofos.org. Outline. Soybean production and nutrient availability in different regions Nitrogen management - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Soil Fertility Soil Fertility Management for Management for
Soybean in Soybean in ArgentinaArgentina
Fernando O. GarcíaFernando O. GarcíaINPOFOS Cono SurINPOFOS Cono Sur
www.inpofos.www.inpofos.orgorg
VII World Soybean Research ConferenceVII World Soybean Research Conference Foz do Iguazu, 1-5 March 2004Foz do Iguazu, 1-5 March 2004
OutlineOutline Soybean production and nutrient Soybean production and nutrient
availability in different regionsavailability in different regions
Nitrogen managementNitrogen management
Phosphorus managementPhosphorus management
Sulfur: The most recently deficient nutrientSulfur: The most recently deficient nutrient
Balanced fertilization: Nutrient interactionsBalanced fertilization: Nutrient interactions
Fertilization of double cropped soybeanFertilization of double cropped soybean
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
Pla
nte
d a
rea
( t
ho
us
an
d h
a)
Total PampasNorthcentral-Northeast Northwest
Argentina: Soybean planted Argentina: Soybean planted areaarea
RR varietiesRR varieties
Soybean area increased at a rate of 577 thousand ha in the last 12 yearsSoybean area increased at a rate of 577 thousand ha in the last 12 years
Argentina: Soybean average Argentina: Soybean average yieldyield
Yield = 1919 + 49.3 x
R 2 = 0.39
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
So
ybea
n Y
ield
(kg
/ha)
Soybean yield increased at a rate of 49 kg/ha in the last 12 yearsSoybean yield increased at a rate of 49 kg/ha in the last 12 years
NorthcentralNorthcentralNo current nutrient limitationsNo current nutrient limitations
NortheasternNortheasternP and K deficienciesP and K deficiencies
Low pHLow pH
NorthwesternNorthwesternSeveral areas with low PSeveral areas with low P
Eastern PampasEastern PampasP deficiencyP deficiency
Western PampasWestern PampasLow OM, S deficiencyLow OM, S deficiency
Areas with low PAreas with low P
Northern PampasNorthern PampasS deficiencyS deficiencyP deficiencyP deficiency
Southern PampasSouthern PampasP deficiencyP deficiency
Soybean production regions and nutrient availabilitySoybean production regions and nutrient availability
Nutrient Removal and Application in Nutrient Removal and Application in Wheat, Corn, Soybean and SunflowerWheat, Corn, Soybean and SunflowerArgentina - Average 1996-2001
Nutrient application was 29%, 45%, less than 1%, and 9% Nutrient application was 29%, 45%, less than 1%, and 9% of the N, P, K, and S extracted per year, respectivelyof the N, P, K, and S extracted per year, respectively
NPKS Application
0
300
600
900
1200
N P K S
1,00
0 to
ns
NPKS Removal
0
300
600
900
1200
N P K S
1,00
0 to
ns
SunflowerSoybeanWheatCorn
10901090
228228
475475
131131
365365
1161163.73.7 1515
Area I : Low (< 10 ppm)Area I : Low (< 10 ppm)Area II : Medium (10-20 ppm)Area II : Medium (10-20 ppm)Area III : Adequate (> 20 ppm)Area III : Adequate (> 20 ppm)
Darwich, 1980, 1993 and 1999
P availability in the Pampas regionP availability in the Pampas region
N managementN management
Seed inoculation is a generalized practice for Seed inoculation is a generalized practice for most soybean farmersmost soybean farmers
Biological N fixation supplies 30-70% of the Biological N fixation supplies 30-70% of the total N need (González, 1996)total N need (González, 1996)
Direct N fertilization at planting has not Direct N fertilization at planting has not shown grain yield responsesshown grain yield responses
Applications at reproductive stages (R1-R3) Applications at reproductive stages (R1-R3) have shown variable resultshave shown variable results
Inoculation in Soybean in Fields with Soybean Inoculation in Soybean in Fields with Soybean HistoryHistory
A. Perticari (2003), INTA CastelarA. Perticari (2003), INTA Castelar
41203643 3806
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
Check 400 kg N Inoculated
Gra
in y
ield
(k
g/h
a)
Means of 5 sites of the soybean production areas of Argentina2001/02 growing season
P managementP management
Soybean response to P fertilization is Soybean response to P fertilization is widespread in deficient soils of the Pampas widespread in deficient soils of the Pampas and the northeastern and northwestern and the northeastern and northwestern regionsregions
A network of 31 field experiments determined A network of 31 field experiments determined a Bray 1 P critical level of 12 mg/kg for soils a Bray 1 P critical level of 12 mg/kg for soils of the Pampas (Díaz Zorita et al., 2002)of the Pampas (Díaz Zorita et al., 2002)
CheckCheck P fertilizedP fertilized
Yield response to P fertilization as a function of soil Yield response to P fertilization as a function of soil Bray 1 P Bray 1 P
31 field experiments in the provinces of Santa Fe and Buenos Aires31 field experiments in the provinces of Santa Fe and Buenos Aires2000/01 and 2001/022000/01 and 2001/02
Network Proyecto INTA FertilizarNetwork Proyecto INTA Fertilizar
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
P disponible (0-20 cm, ppm, Bray1)
Re
spu
est
a (
kg/h
a)
Buenos Aires
Santa Fe
Resp = 795 - 49 P (P<15.7)
r2 = 0.68 n = 29
ResponseResponse PP(kg / ha)(kg / ha) (mg/kg)(mg/kg)
150150 1313200200 1212300300 1010400400 88
Soil Bray P (mg/kg)
So
ybe
an y
ield
re
spo
nse
(kg
/ha
)
Recommendations of P fertilization for Recommendations of P fertilization for soybean soybean
according to soil Bray P content and yield according to soil Bray P content and yield goal goal
(Echeverría and Garcia, 1998)(Echeverría and Garcia, 1998)Yield goal Bray P content (mg/kg)
< 4 4-6 6-8 8-11 11-16
ton/ha ------------------------------ kg P/ha ------------------------------
2 19 14 12 10 -
2.5 21 17 15 13 -
3 24 20 17 16 11
3.5 27 22 20 18 14
4 29 25 23 21 16
4.5 32 28 25 24 19
Sulfur response in soybeanSulfur response in soybeanINTA Casilda - Santa Fe - 1998/99
With S Without S
2932
3558
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
Ren
dim
ien
to (
kg/h
a)
P P+S
• Full season soybeansFull season soybeans• Averages of 6 sitesAverages of 6 sites• Rate of 12 kg/ha of SRate of 12 kg/ha of S
Without SWithout S
With SWith S
Soybean Response to SulfurSoybean Response to Sulfur
Sulfur deficiencies are common in degraded soils of southern Santa Fe and northern Buenos Aires and in sandy soils of the western Pampas
Average response of 368 kg/ha for full season soybeans in 8 of 11 sites at southern Santa Fe (2000/01). Source: Cordone and Martínez (2002), INTA Casilda
Responses to S of 200 kg/ha or more in 11 of 47 sites in the Pampean Region. Source: Network Project INTA Fertilizar (2001-2002)
Diagnosis of sulfur deficiencies and fertilization recommendations need to be developed
Sulfur responses in soybeanSulfur responses in soybean
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
No S S 15 kg/ha
Gra
in y
ield
(kg
/ha)
No P With P
Soybean: Interaction P*S
Network Project INTA Fertilizar
(Pampean Region , 53 sites)
Soybean fertilization at Videla (Santa Fe) - 2002/03Soybean fertilization at Videla (Santa Fe) - 2002/03H. Vivas y H. Fontanetto – EEA INTA RafaelaH. Vivas y H. Fontanetto – EEA INTA Rafaela
Inoculated + P + SInoculated + P + S InoculatedInoculated
3424
4044
3463
407539204334
40664512
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
S0 S10 S0 S10
Gra
in y
ield
(kg
/ha)
P0 P16
No inoculatedNo inoculated InoculatedInoculated
Network AAPRESID-INPOFOS - 2001/02Network AAPRESID-INPOFOS - 2001/02 Averages of 10 sites in the Pampean RegionAverages of 10 sites in the Pampean Region
430643264137424240183856
0
2000
4000
Check P PS PSK PSKMg PSKMgMicros
Gra
in y
ield
(kg
/ha)
Network Project INTA FertilizarNetwork Project INTA Fertilizar
INTA Cañada de Gomez - G. Gerster et al. - 2001/02INTA Cañada de Gomez - G. Gerster et al. - 2001/02Residual effects in Double-cropped SoybeansResidual effects in Double-cropped Soybeans
Check 2331 kg/ha N in Wheat 2482 kg/ha
NP in Wheat 2544 kg/ha NPS in Wheat 3098 kg/ha
Residual effects of NPS fertilization Residual effects of NPS fertilization in the wheat for double cropped in the wheat for double cropped
soybeanssoybeans
3343
2153
3615
2689
3408
2502
3681
3036
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
CREA network INTA Rafaela
Gra
in y
ield
(kg
/ha)
Check NS NP NPS
11 sites/years11 sites/yearsSW Santa Fe-SE CórdobaSW Santa Fe-SE Córdoba
Thomas et al., 2003Thomas et al., 2003
6 sites/years6 sites/yearsCentral Santa FeCentral Santa Fe
Vivas & Fontanetto, 2003Vivas & Fontanetto, 2003
Future researchFuture research The role of soil organic P fractions in P The role of soil organic P fractions in P
supply for soybeansupply for soybean
P management for the crop rotationP management for the crop rotation
The development of fertilization The development of fertilization recommendations for Srecommendations for S
The evaluation of S sourcesThe evaluation of S sources
Potential responses to secondary nutrients Potential responses to secondary nutrients and micronutrients (Ca, Mg, B, Mo)and micronutrients (Ca, Mg, B, Mo)
Sustainability of current soybean Sustainability of current soybean production systemsproduction systems