soil formation, diversity, and behavior
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Soil Formation, Diversity, and Behavior](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052921/62907e659ed3a121d23b7fc3/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Soil Formation, Diversity, and Behavior
Objectives To gain a general understanding of:
• The 5 soil forming factors and 4 soil forming processes
• Soil diversity • Soil behavior
![Page 2: Soil Formation, Diversity, and Behavior](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052921/62907e659ed3a121d23b7fc3/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Soil = f(PM, Cl, O, R, T) Factors: PM = parent material (rocks) Cl = climate (precipitation and temperature) O = organisms (plants and animals) R = relief (topography, drainage) T = time
Soil Formation
B. Gavenda
B. Gavenda
![Page 3: Soil Formation, Diversity, and Behavior](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052921/62907e659ed3a121d23b7fc3/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Stages of Volcanism
![Page 4: Soil Formation, Diversity, and Behavior](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052921/62907e659ed3a121d23b7fc3/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Volcanic Stages
3 – 4 M
1.7 – 3 M 0.01 - 1 M
Coral volcanic ash
![Page 5: Soil Formation, Diversity, and Behavior](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052921/62907e659ed3a121d23b7fc3/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: Soil Formation, Diversity, and Behavior](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052921/62907e659ed3a121d23b7fc3/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Geology of Tinian
Limestone rock
Volcanic rock
Source: R.L. Carruth (2003), USGS, Report 03-4178
![Page 7: Soil Formation, Diversity, and Behavior](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052921/62907e659ed3a121d23b7fc3/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Oxisols developed on volcanic outcrops
![Page 8: Soil Formation, Diversity, and Behavior](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052921/62907e659ed3a121d23b7fc3/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Limestone rock
Volcanic rock
Volcanic rock
Limestone rock
Source: R.L. Carruth (2003), USGS, Report 03-4178
![Page 9: Soil Formation, Diversity, and Behavior](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052921/62907e659ed3a121d23b7fc3/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Map made by J. Deenik
![Page 10: Soil Formation, Diversity, and Behavior](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052921/62907e659ed3a121d23b7fc3/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Coarse Fine SiO2-rich Fe/Mg-rich
Source: Singer & Munns (1991)
![Page 11: Soil Formation, Diversity, and Behavior](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052921/62907e659ed3a121d23b7fc3/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Chemical composition of some common primary and secondary minerals.
Source: Zumberge & Rotford (1983), p.21
![Page 12: Soil Formation, Diversity, and Behavior](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052921/62907e659ed3a121d23b7fc3/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
• Weathering – Physical: disintegration of parent material into
smaller and smaller particles (no chemical change
– Chemical: primary minerals in parent material subject to a variety of chemical reactions (hydration, hydrolysis, dissolution, acid reactions, complexation) forming secondary clay minerals (phyllosilicates, Al/Fe oxides)
Rocks to Soil
![Page 13: Soil Formation, Diversity, and Behavior](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052921/62907e659ed3a121d23b7fc3/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Least stable Formed at high temperatures
Most stable Formed at low temperatures
Goldich Stability Series
![Page 14: Soil Formation, Diversity, and Behavior](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052921/62907e659ed3a121d23b7fc3/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
H2O + CO2 ------->> H2CO3 2KAlSi3O8 + 2H+ + H2O ------->> Al2Si2O5(OH)4 + 2K+ + 4SiO2 Feldspar Kaolinite
![Page 15: Soil Formation, Diversity, and Behavior](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052921/62907e659ed3a121d23b7fc3/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
(½Ca,Na)(Al,Mg,Fe)4(Si,Al)8O20(OH)4 nH2O
Ca(Mg,Fe)Si2O6 + H2O + H+ = Ca-montmorillonite + H4SiO4 + Ca2+ + Fe(OH)3
Weathering Reactions of Pyroxenes
Step 1: 3 KAlSi3O8 + 2 H+ + 12 H2O --> KAl3Si3O10(OH)2 + 6 H4SiO4 + 2 K+
orthoclase illite(~muscovite) Step 2: 2 KAl3Si3O10(OH)2 + 2 H+ + 3 H2O --> 3 Al2Si2O5(OH)4 + 2 K+
illite kaolinite
Weathering Reactions of Orthoclase (K-Feldspar)
Clay Formation
![Page 16: Soil Formation, Diversity, and Behavior](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052921/62907e659ed3a121d23b7fc3/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Weathering Sequence of Basalt Parent Rock
CaAl2Si2O8 + 2H2O + 4H+ Ca2+ + 2Al3+ + 2Si(OH)4 Ca- plagioclase Soluble silica
Hydrolysis Reaction
Al3+ + Si(OH)4 + 1/2H2O H+ + 1/2Al2Si2O5(OH)4 Kaolinite
Synthesis Reaction
Al2Si2O5(OH)4 + 5H2O 2Si(OH)4 + 2Al(OH)3 Kaolinite Soluble silica Gibbsite
Desilication
![Page 17: Soil Formation, Diversity, and Behavior](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052921/62907e659ed3a121d23b7fc3/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: Soil Formation, Diversity, and Behavior](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052921/62907e659ed3a121d23b7fc3/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Climate and Soil Diversity Precipitation Wet = high weathering, acid & infertile
Haiku series
Dry = less weathering, fertile Keahua series
Photos: J. Deenik
![Page 19: Soil Formation, Diversity, and Behavior](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052921/62907e659ed3a121d23b7fc3/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: Soil Formation, Diversity, and Behavior](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052921/62907e659ed3a121d23b7fc3/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
25 – 30” Precipitation Waimea series - nutrient rich - neutral pH - high organic matter
120 “ Precipitation Honokaa series - nutrient depleted
- acid pH - high organic matter
![Page 21: Soil Formation, Diversity, and Behavior](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052921/62907e659ed3a121d23b7fc3/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: Soil Formation, Diversity, and Behavior](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052921/62907e659ed3a121d23b7fc3/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: Soil Formation, Diversity, and Behavior](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052921/62907e659ed3a121d23b7fc3/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: Soil Formation, Diversity, and Behavior](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052921/62907e659ed3a121d23b7fc3/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: Soil Formation, Diversity, and Behavior](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052921/62907e659ed3a121d23b7fc3/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Soil Forming Processes
![Page 26: Soil Formation, Diversity, and Behavior](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052921/62907e659ed3a121d23b7fc3/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
O Horizon
A Horizon
E Horizon
Bh Horizon
Bs Horizon
translocations
transformations http://www.labsoilscience.ugent.be/image/Albic_Placic_Podzol.jpg
additions
![Page 27: Soil Formation, Diversity, and Behavior](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052921/62907e659ed3a121d23b7fc3/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Human Activities
Terra Preta soil enhanced soil quality
Cultivated Andisol degraded soil quality
http://replantingtherainforests.org/site/images/stories/tp1.jpg
![Page 28: Soil Formation, Diversity, and Behavior](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052921/62907e659ed3a121d23b7fc3/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: Soil Formation, Diversity, and Behavior](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052921/62907e659ed3a121d23b7fc3/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Weathering Intensity and Soil Fertility
Fox et al. (1991)
![Page 30: Soil Formation, Diversity, and Behavior](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052921/62907e659ed3a121d23b7fc3/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Brady & Weil (2004)
![Page 31: Soil Formation, Diversity, and Behavior](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052921/62907e659ed3a121d23b7fc3/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: Soil Formation, Diversity, and Behavior](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052921/62907e659ed3a121d23b7fc3/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Lualualei soil series Fine, smectitic, Isohyperthermic, Typic, Gypsitorrerts - slightly alkaline pH - high CEC - rich in plant nutrients - shrink swell clays
montmorillonite
webmineral.com/specimens/photos/Smectite.jpg
![Page 33: Soil Formation, Diversity, and Behavior](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052921/62907e659ed3a121d23b7fc3/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Weathering Intensity and Soil Fertility
Fox et al. (1991)
![Page 34: Soil Formation, Diversity, and Behavior](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052921/62907e659ed3a121d23b7fc3/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: Soil Formation, Diversity, and Behavior](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052921/62907e659ed3a121d23b7fc3/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Haiku soil series Fine, ferritic, Isohyperthermic, Ustic, Palehumults - acid pH, Al toxicity - low CEC - rich in organic matter - low in plant nutrients
kaolinite
![Page 36: Soil Formation, Diversity, and Behavior](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052921/62907e659ed3a121d23b7fc3/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Weathering Intensity and Soil Fertility
Fox et al. (1991)
![Page 37: Soil Formation, Diversity, and Behavior](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052921/62907e659ed3a121d23b7fc3/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
![Page 38: Soil Formation, Diversity, and Behavior](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052921/62907e659ed3a121d23b7fc3/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Kapaa soil series Very fine, sequic, iso- Hyperthermic, anionic, acrudox - acid pH - very low CEC - low nutrient reserves
![Page 39: Soil Formation, Diversity, and Behavior](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052921/62907e659ed3a121d23b7fc3/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Weathering Intensity and Soil Fertility
Fox et al. (1991)