soils at work - latornell conservation symposium · 2017. 12. 6. · soils at work the biology of...
TRANSCRIPT
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SOILS at WORK The Biology of Soil Health
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About the Compost Council of Canada
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Soil Health Matters Initiative
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Introduction: What is “soil health”?
One handful of garden soil: more living organisms than there are people on the planet!
Soils = Living Ecosystems
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Soil Functions Soil Structure – vital to
all functions, particularly water management
Soil Fertility
Disease and Pest Management
Carbon Sequestration
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The Biology of Soil Structure ….and the key to water management
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Good soil structure – crumbly, well aggregated
Photo credit: Mel Luymes and Adam Ireland
What is happening in the soil on the left to improve its structure?
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The Soil Food Web
Introducing Bacteria and Fungi: The Base of the Web
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Bacteria: The Glue Guys
Microscopic: fraction of a micron diameter; a few microns in length (micron = one millionth of a meter)
Photo credit: Soil and Water Conservation Society. SWCS. 2000. Soil Biology Primer
One teaspoon of healthy soil contains roughly how many bacteria?
Between 100 million and a billion
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Bacteria – The Harmful, the Helpful and the Ancient Partners
3 main functional groups (defined by where they get their food energy):
Source: Soil and Water Conservation Society A productive soil has
the bacterial biomass equivalent to 2 cows per acre
-Pathogens -Decomposers -Mutualists
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Fungi – Some Key Facts Important decomposers, breaking down tough materials, such as lignin
Mycelia are groups of hyphae massed together (these are often visible)
Grow as long threads, known as “hyphae”, which are just a few microns in width
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Fungi: The Nice, the Nasty and the Carbon Traders
Fungus decomposing leaf -- Source: Soil and Water Conservation Society
Plant parasites (pathogenic fungi)
Mutualists (mycorrhizal fungi)
Decomposers (saprophytic fungi)
3 types of soil fungi:
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Soil Aggregate Formation: Step by Step
2 - Bacteria, earthworms, fungi secrete organic glues, bind particles of clay, silt, sand into tiny aggregates
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3 - Fungal hyphae (filaments) bind these into larger soil aggregates
1 - Electrical charges on clay & organic particles cause clumping
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Attributes of Stable Soil Aggregates
1 Large aggregates of different sizes and shapes create pore spaces
2 Glues and hyphae are water-resistant and thus stable under most conditions
3 Well-aggregated soils are ideal environment for both microbes and plant roots
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Network of fungal hyphae stabilizing an aggregate
Eickhorst, Thilo & Tippkoetter, Rolf. Micropedology – The hidden world of soils. University of Bremen, Germany. http://www.microped.uni-bremen.de
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Good Soil Structure = Resilience
Good rainfall infiltration rates means:
Reduced run-off, flooding
less erosion, nutrient loss/pollution, sedimentation, etc.
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Good water-holding capacity means: Drought resistance Higher productivity Other soil functions remain active
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The Biology of Soil Fertility …and the key to input efficiencies
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Natural Fertility What used to be the full story:
Weathering & decomposition
Mass flow of nutrients
Diffusion
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What were we missing in this story?
• making nutrients plant-available in the right place, at the right time
• trading nutrients for carbon
Action in the Root Zone! The role of microbes in:
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Action in the root zone…
We talked about bacteria and fungi under soil structure. They are both important to soil fertility as well. However, the rhizosphere fertility story requires an expanded cast of characters, namely….
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Like this?
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No, more like this….
Or this…. Protozoa and nematodes
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Protozoa - Flagellates
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Protozoa – Amoeba
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Protozoa - Ciliate
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Protozoa Also single celled, but more organized cell structure
Source: Soil and Water Conservation Society
Consume bacteria, each other, some also consume fungi
Several times larger than bacteria
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Nematodes
Microscopic unsegmented worms
Many different kinds of nematodes
Beneficial ones include those that eat bacteria and fungi, as well as the larger predatory nematodes that eat the smaller species
Source for both images: Soil and Water Conservation Society
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Nematodes
Root feeders are the ones that cause plant damage
The latter can be controlled by predatory nematodes and other beneficial organisms if conditions are good
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Nematodes in Action under the Microscope
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Microbes and Soil Fertility
Basic concept --- Plants trade carbon for nutrients to get faster and better nutrient delivery! Two basic systems to do this: 1 The Root-Zone Exchange (aka “the
microbial loop”)
2 The Fungal Express (aka “mycorrhizae”)
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The Root Zone Exchange: root exudates and fertility
Plants “exude” up to half of their photosynthate into the soil from their roots
These “exudates” are substances rich in carbon, and therefore energy
Some of these substances have specific uses beneficial to the plant Bacteria on a plant root
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Plant root exudates and fertility – cont’d
However --- most of the exudates become food for the microbes in the root zone, or “rhizosphere”
This creates the “rhizosphere effect” – much greater populations of microbes near roots because of these rich energy sources
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Plant root exudates and fertility – cont’d This “give-away” is actually a trading system, where the plant trades C for nutrients:
predators are attracted to root zone because of the high density of prey (bacteria and fungi)
the predators consume the prey and release plant-available nutrients as wastes, right where the plant needs them
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The Fungal Express: Mycorrhizal Fungi and Fertility Most common
mycorrhizal fungi in farm fields are VAM, a type of endo-mycorrhizae
VAM stands for “vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae”
Many different species
Vesicles and arbuscular structures – Source: U of Edinburgh
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Mycorrhizal Fungi and Fertility – cont’d
Confer many benefits, including: water and nutrients, disease suppression, soil structure, increased C levels
Actively search out water & nutrients and bring to plants in return for C
Source: Soil and Water Conservation Society
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Conclusion: Creating healthy soil ecosystems --- concepts, principles, practices
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Giving and Getting
What Healthy Soil Gives Us:
What Soil Needs From Us to be Healthy:
Water management
Energy/Food management
Nutrient management
Habitat protection
Disease & pest suppression
Diversity management
Climate regulation Awareness
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Be a Soil Builder
Cover the soil Keep roots in the ground Add organic amendments Support plant & soil diversity Minimize soil disturbance
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Acknowledgements